국립공원 구역 조정에 따른 환경,경제,사회적 파급효과 분석

홍현정 ( Hyun Jung Hong ),최현아 ( Hyun Ah Choi ),변병설 ( Byung Seol Byun ),박용하 ( Yong Ha Park ) 한국환경복원기술학회(구 한국환경복원녹화기술학회) 2013 한국환경복원기술학회지 Vol.16 No.6

As ten years have passed since national parks were adjusted and released inceptively, it is the time for evaluating the effectiveness of the national park policy and improving it on the basis of the evaluation result. In this study, the method of appraising the environmental and socio-economical ripple effect on the implementation of national park regulation were provided, based on the institutional consideration, the environment analysis, the survey of residents consciousness, the statistical analysis and so on. It is applied to target sites where were released from national parks, and the policy direction was suggested for sustainable use and management of national parks. National parks, that exhibit various characteristics depending on geographical and local conditions, were categorized through the statistical approach. Released sites from Seoraksan National park, where was categorized as the core national park for sustainable use and management, were evaluated environmentally based on the time-series analysis of environmental thematic maps and socio-economically based on the survey on residents perceptions. As a result of this study, the environmental effect of released sites has been declined or threatened, and the residents` economic, social and living condition in these areas are still not improved(p<0.05) since the adjustment of national parks. Based on the policy approach reflecting regional characteristics, natural resources are kept and enhanced for the sustainable use and management of national parks. And a consensus on the national park policy of national park should be developed between local residents and voluntary participation and public awareness should be attracted from them, based on the construction and the supplement of the infrastructure.

이용자간 만족도를 고려한 공원의 공간개선 방향연구 - 목포시 삼학도공원을 중심으로 -

박성현 ( Park Sung-hyun ),배현미 ( Bae Hyun-mi ) 한국도서(섬)학회 2020 韓國島嶼硏究 Vol.32 No.4

본 연구에서는 역사와 문화를 품고 있는 목포 삼학도공원의 재정비계획 수립과정에서 이용만족도를 높이기 위한 계획 및 설계에 필요한 기초자료를 제공하고자, 공원 이용자들을 대상으로 만족도 분석을 진행하였다. 구체적으로 먼저, 역사적인 측면에서 삼학도공원의 특징을 살펴본 후, 공원시설의 구성과 운용실태에 대해 살펴보았다. 다음으로 삼학도공원의 이용과 만족도 조사를 시민과 관광객을 대상으로 실시한 결과로는 첫째, 삼학도공원은 주말을 이용해서 가족 및 친구와 함께 여가를 즐기기 위한 공간으로서 근린공원의 특징을 보이고 있는데, 이는 시민들이 삼학도공원을 근린공원의 이미지로 인식하는 것과 맥락을 같이 하고 있다. 둘째, 삼학도공원을 찾는 관광객들은 전남지역에 거주하는 사람들이 많았고, 연령층은 시민과 비슷하게 40대와 50대가 가장 높은 것으로 나타났고, 이들은 가족과 함께 관광목적으로 방문한 것으로 나타났다. 셋째, 시민과 관광객 모두 삼학도공원의 이용 및 시설에 대해서는 대체로 만족하는 것으로 나타났으며, 시민은 그 이유로 편안한 쉼터와 좋은 자연환경이라고 응답하였다. 넷째, 시민과 관광객 모두 삼학도공원 이용 시 관리실, 화장실, 매점 등 안내 및 편의시설의 부족하다는 문제점을 제기하고 있으며, 삼학도에 새롭게 만들어졌으면 하는 시설과 사업에 대해시민과 관광객들은 섬의 정체성을 나타내기 위해 특색 없는 다리를 대신하여 육지와 삼학도를 이어주는 가동교 설치를 원하는 것으로 나타났다. 이용자간 만족도를 고려한 공원 공간개선 방향은 정리하면, 첫째 매립지의 기존 공원Zone(A)은 현재 공원시설을 최대한 활용함을 원칙으로 하고 이용측면에서 제기된 문제점을 개선하면서 지역 정체성을 살리고 최근의 트렌드에 맞는 새로운 아이템을 도입하는 방향으로 설계한다. 둘째, 삼학도 활용 Zone(B)은 복원된 삼학도를 적극적으로 활용하는 방향으로 설계한다. 셋째, 공원입구 Zone(C)는 공원의 위치 등 인지도 향상을 위한 안내 홍보 및 가동교 등 랜드마크 설치, 동선 유도책 등이 필요하다. 넷째, 목포내항 삼학도 해안 Zone(D)는 우수한 조망점이라는 특징을 적극 활용하고, 내륙과 내항측에서 접근이 용이한 동선 및 시선 유도계획 방향으로 설계한다. 본 연구의 결과를 통해 섬을 활용한 공원을 조성할 시 시설이용도 및 이용자 만족도를 높이 기 위해 일반적인 근린공원으로 그 역할을 제안하는 것보다는 해당 공원을 통해 지역의 문화와 정서를 담고 섬만의 정체성을 살리는 전략과 계획이 필요하며, 이러한 방식이 섬을 활용한 공원의 지속가능성을 보장할 수 있을 것이다. In this study, the author analyzed satisfaction with Samhak Island Park among park users with an aim to provide basic data essential to be applied in the planning and design phases in a way that enhances their satisfaction in the process of setting up the reorganization plan of this park entailing both the history and culture of Mokpo City. As a first step, the author first examined the characteristics of this park in terms of history and closely looked into the organization and features of park facilities. Secondly, the direction of space improvement plans was proposed based on the findings of the survey on satisfaction among residents and visitors at Samhak Island Park. To summarize the ways to improve park space considering satisfaction among park users, the current park Zone(A) at Mokpo landfill should be designed to address problems in terms of visiting, uphold the local identity, and introduce popular and trendy items, while maintaining the principle of making the best use of the present park facilities. Second, Zone(B) should be designed in a way that takes greater advantages of the restored Samhak Island. Third, Zone(C) representing an entrance requires tasks such as promotional activities to make public its location, landmark installments such as a movable bridge, and improved path guidance. Fourth, Zone(D) by the ocean of this island at the inner harbor should be designed to reflect its outstanding view point in the way that the users are allowed to have easier access from land as well as from the inner harbor as part of its view-attracting plan. The findings revealed that when it comes to building new parks using existing islands, strategies and plans to maintain its identity as an island while upholding its culture and feeling are needed rather than proposing its role as an ordinary neighborhood park to boost facility use and user satisfaction. This way is expected to successfully ensure sustainability related to parks using existing islands.

장기미집행 공원 부지를 활용한 주거 개발 방안

박현정(Park, Hyun-Jung),양우현(Yang, Woo-Hyun) 한국주거학회 2018 한국주거학회 학술대회논문집 Vol.30 No.1

The purpose of this investigation is to propose a planning method for the possibility of accepting a housing as a utilization plan of a long term unexecuted park site. Currently, the park has been neglected due to lack of financial resources of the local government. In 2009, It is possible to develop a certain area as a non-park facility under condition that the park is built and donated. In the several cities, various projects for development of parks are being carried out, so the standard for securing the publicness of the park is needed. So, I would like to solve the problems such as social conflict with existing residents due to privatization of the park site and formation of park without considering the conditions of the park, and to study how to effectively utilize the park. To do this, we examine the conditions such as location condition, proximity to public transportation, site size, topography, and contact conditions. And we will present realization methods such as land use, development density, appropriate development method considering landscape, efficient housing type, and type of community facility.

DJ-1/park7 modulates vasorelaxation and blood pressure via epigenetic modification of endothelial nitric oxide synthase

Won, Kyung Jong,Jung, Seung Hyo,Jung, Soo Hyun,Lee, Kang Pa,Lee, Hwan Myung,Lee, Dong-Youb,Park, Eun-Seok,Kim, Junghwan,Kim, Bokyung Oxford University Press 2014 Cardiovascular research Vol.101 No.3

<P><B>Aims</B></P><P>DJ-1/park7, a multifunctional protein, may play essential roles in the vascular system. However, the function of DJ-1/park7 in vascular contractility has remained unclear. The present study was designed to investigate whether the DJ-1/park7 is involved in the regulation of vascular contractility and systolic blood pressure (SBP).</P><P><B>Methods and results</B></P><P>Norepinephrine (NE) elevated contraction in endothelium-intact vessels in a dose-dependent manner, to a greater extent in DJ-1/park7 knockout (DJ-1/park7<SUP>−/−</SUP>) mice than in wild-type (DJ-1/park7<SUP>+/+</SUP>) mice. Acetylcholine inhibited NE-evoked contraction in endothelium-intact vessels, and this was markedly impaired in DJ-1/park7<SUP>−/−</SUP> mice compared with DJ-1/park7<SUP>+/+</SUP>. Nitric oxide (NO) production (82.1 ± 2.8% of control) and endothelial NO synthase (eNOS) expression (61.7 ± 8.9%) were lower, but H<SUB>2</SUB>O<SUB>2</SUB> production (126.4 ± 8.6%) was higher, in endothelial cells from DJ-1/park7<SUP>−/−</SUP> mice than in those from DJ-1/park7<SUP>+/+</SUP> controls; these effects were reversed by DJ-1/park7-overexpressing endothelial cells from DJ-1/park7<SUP>−/−</SUP> mice. Histone deacetylase (HDAC)-1 recruitment and H3 histone acetylation at the eNOS promoter were elevated and diminished, respectively, in DJ-1/park7<SUP>−/−</SUP> mice compared with DJ-1/park7<SUP>+/+</SUP> controls. Moreover, SBP was significantly elevated in DJ-1/park7<SUP>−/−</SUP> mice compared with DJ-1/park7<SUP>+/+</SUP> controls, but this elevation was inhibited in mice treated with valproic acid, an inhibitor of Class I HDACs including HDAC-1.</P><P><B>Conclusion</B></P><P>These results demonstrate that DJ-1/park7 protein may be implicated in the regulation of vascular contractility and blood pressure, probably by the impairment of NO production through H<SUB>2</SUB>O<SUB>2</SUB>-mediated epigenetic inhibition of eNOS expression.</P>

Carbon reduction and planning strategies for urban parks in Seoul

Jo, Hyun-Kil,Kim, Jin-Young,Park, Hye-Mi Elsevier 2019 Urban forestry & urban greening Vol.41 No.-

<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>This study quantified carbon storage and uptake for urban parks in Seoul, the capital of the Republic of Korea. A total of 38 study parks were selected using a systematic random sampling method and all the trees in the parks were field-inventoried. Carbon storage and uptake by the park trees were estimated applying a quantitative model for urban open-grown trees of each species. Mean carbon storage per unit of park area, basal area, and crown cover by the trees was 38.5 ± 3.0 t/ha, 27.3 ± 0.8 kg/100 cm<SUP>2</SUP>, and 7.4 ± 0.4 kg/m<SUP>2</SUP>, respectively. Annual carbon uptake per unit area and cover by the trees averaged 3.5 ± 0.2 t/ha/yr, 2.5 ± 0.1 kg/100 cm<SUP>2</SUP>/yr, and 0.7 ± 0.0 kg/m<SUP>2</SUP>/yr, respectively. The major determinants of the levels of carbon storage and uptake were species, density, sizes, and layering structures of the planted trees. The trees across all urban parks in Seoul were estimated to store 222.3 kt of carbon and to annually sequester 20.2 kt of carbon. The trees in these parks played an important role in annually offsetting carbon emissions from gasoline consumption by approximately 2.3% of the total population of the city. The economic value of the annual carbon uptake, which was $7.1million/yr, equaled 15.1% of the annual maintenance budget of the parks in the city. However, the role of study parks as a source of carbon uptake was limited due to the distribution of large grass and impervious areas, the single-layered structures, and the dominance of small trees. Planning strategies were explored to enhance carbon reduction effects of the parks. They included the expansion of tree planting spaces through the minimization of unnecessary grass and paving areas, the active tree planting in the potential planting spaces, the multi-layered planting grouped with larger trees, and the planting of tree species having satisfactory growth rates. This study puts an emphasis on finding out the present carbon offset levels of urban parks on which information is limited and suggesting a future direction of park planning based on a detailed actual survey.</P>

미국, 일본 도시공원의 면적 산정에 대한 비교 연구

김현(Kim, Hyun),최희선(Choi, Hee-Sun),박은별(Park, Eun-Byul) 한국도시설계학회 2014 도시설계 : 한국도시설계학회지 Vol.15 No.6

우리나라의 공원녹지정책에서는 인구당 원단위 기준을 적용한 1인당 공원면적 6㎡/인을 목표로 설정하고 있다. 게다가 2013년 수립된 국토해양부 지침에 따라 12.5㎡/인이라는 지표가 모든 기초자치단체에 일괄 적용되면서 지자체의 부담은 가중되고 있는 현실이다. 1인당 도시공원 면적의 적정성에 대한 의문과 논의는 오래전부터 지속적으로 제기되어 오고 있으나, 이러한 논의와 달리 정책적인 변화는 없다. 실제로 해외 도시의 공원 조성 면적에 대한 정확한 자료와 공원 조성 면적 관련 정책 연구는 미흡한 실정이다. 이에 본 연구에서는 문헌조사와 인터뷰조사를 실시하여 1인당 도시공원 면적 산정기준의 배경과 흐름을 파악하고 미국과 일본을 대상으로 공원 확충 정책의 흐름과 현황을 분석하였으며 그 결과는 다음과 같다. 1) 공원 조성목표의 경우 일관된 수치보다는 자치체가 자기 지역의 특성을 감안하여 목표를 수립하도록 열린 목표치를 설정한다. 2) 공원계획의 대상은 도시공원뿐만 아니라 녹지, 하천, 운동장, 도립공원, 옥상과 벽면녹화 등을 포함시켜 도시의 질적 제고를 지향하고 있다. 3) 공원정책에 있어 양적 확충보다는 공원서비스 개선, 주민 참여를 통한 질적 개선에 대하여 정책의 비중이 높아지고 있다. 이를 기반으로 본 연 구에서는 도시의 특성을 고려한 자율적인 공원면적 확충 목표 설정, 목표 대상에 녹지, 하천 등의 다양한 녹지자원 포함, 공원의 질적 서비스 향상을 위한 주민 참여와 만족도 조사가 실시되어야 함을 제안하였다. In Korea, the goal of urban park policies is obsessively set to meet 6㎡ park area/person, But since 2013, a new guideline of 12.5㎡ park area/person is established by the Ministry of Maritime Affairs and Fisheries As the new guideline is applied to all primary local authorities, the burden of local authorities is being increased. While the question related to the minimum park area per person has been consistently raised, there has been little research on the minimum. In practice, correct materials on park creation area and park area used for park-related policies in other cities around the world. Focusing on the cases in U.S. and Japan, case studies are conducted based on literature review and interviews to find out the international trends related to the minimum park area. The results are as follows. 1) In case of setting park creation goal, open target values are set such that local authorities establish goals in consideration of local characteristics instead of monolithic values. 2) The target of park project includes green belt, river, playground, provincial park, rooftop and green wall, so that quality enhancement of cities is aimed. 3) Park policies are focused on qualitative enhancement rather than quantitative expansion, through park service improvement and resident participation. Based on these suggestions, it is suggested that flexible park creation goal should be set in consideration of urban characteristics - a variety of green resources, such as greenbelt and river should be added to quantify minimum per capita park area, Resident participation and satisfaction surveys should also be performed in order to enhance qualitative measure of park service.

행정중심복합도시 중앙녹지공간 국제설계공모에 나타난 대형 공원의 설계 전략

박근현,배정한,Park, Keun-Hyun,Pae, Jeong-Hann 한국조경학회 2008 韓國造景學會誌 Vol.36 No.5

Although competitions for large parks are increasing rapidly across the world, theoretical research and critiques of these competitions are as yet insufficient. The 'International Design Competition for Central Open Space in Multi-functional Administrative City, Korea', a representative competition for large park design, can be a significant resource for examining the contemporary design strategies that go into the design of a large park. In this study, the authors make a framework for analysis by looking at the competition's design guidelines and literatures on 'large parks', and by then analyzing the ten finalists. Four questions that were derived from the framework were: 'what are the approaches to large parks?', 'what is the process of design?', 'what is the sustainability of the park?', and 'what are the relations between city and park?' The results of the study are as follows. First, the design concepts for large parks are primarily site-specific. It is particularly important in ensuring the identity of the large park. Second, it is difficult to find design proposals which satisfy the four main questions sufficiently, and works submitted tend to be visual-oriented, form-oriented, and results-centered. Third, the notion of 'sustainability' in large parks is a comprehensive one which includes various aspects such as ecology, finance, programming, and community. However, the notion remains ambiguous, and plans for operation and management are not concretely proposed. Finally, design proposals for large parks accompany positive relations with the city. Especially, 'productive parks' and 'city self-sufficiency' are very important demands in regards to large parks. 전 세계적으로 대형 공원 설계공모가 급증하고 있지만 이에 대한 체계적 검토와 비판적 연구는 드물다. 대표적인 대형 공원 설계공모였던 행정중심복합도시 중앙녹지공간 국제설계공모는 동시대 대형 공원의 설계 전략을 고찰할 수 있는 의미 있는 소재이다. 본 연구는 공모전의 지침서 및 '대형 공원'과 관련된 기존의 문헌 연구를 통해 분석틀을 마련하고, 이를 바탕으로 열개의 결선작을 분석하였다. 분석틀로 도출된 네 가지 질문은 대형 공원에 대한 접근 방식, 프로세스 설계, 공원의 지속가능성, 도시와의 관계이다. 본 연구의 결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 대형 공원의 설계 개념은 주로 대상지 내부의 특성에서 나온다. 특히 공원의 정체성 확보가 대형 공원에서는 중요하다. 둘째, 본 연구의 네 가지 질문을 모두 만족시킨 설계안은 찾기 어려웠으며, 여전히 시각적, 형태중심적, 결과중심적 설계가 많았다. 셋째, 대형 공원의 '지속가능성'은 생태적 측면, 재정적 측면, 프로그램 측면, 커뮤니티 측면 등 다양한 측면을 아우르는 포괄적인 개념이다. 하지만 그 개념이 아직 모호하고, 구체적인 운영 및 관리 프로그램들이 부족하다. 넷째, 대형 공원은 도시와의 관계 맺기에 적극적으로 나선다. 특히, '생산하는 공원'과 '도시의 자급자족성 확보'는 대형 공원에 요청되는 중요한 필요조건이다.

도시의 모험놀이터‘플레이파크’에 관한 고찰

신순호(Shin Soon Ho),박성현(Park Sung Hyun) 한국도시행정학회 2011 도시 행정 학보 Vol.24 No.1

The purpose of this study is to suggest a preliminary data based upon implications from the analysis of Japan’ s Play Park that how we could introduce Play Park in the urban environment. With this in mind, We have looked at the concept of Play Park, the history of Play Park, and the role of Play Park. After that, We have examined “Hanegi Play Park”, which is known for the most advanced model in Japan, based on the following analytical frameworks. First of all, We identified geographic characteristics (location, area, space, facilities, and tools), and then looked into utilization(number of users, age of users, and contents of play), operating structure(operating system and solidarity), and operating contents and method(finance, safety, program, and insurance). In order to enhance the accuracy of research, We have used the different way of research according to its characteristics such as geographic characteristics with observation and utilization, operating structure, and operating contents and method with interview. After analyses, We have found out that a few thing were shall be considered before it introduced Play Park in urban environment. First, Play Park did not require special components such as condition of site and man-made structures, therefore We suggested that we should consider trying the existing park that hardly uses or becomes obsolete on a trial basis. Second, We suggested that we need to take account of operating solidarity in order to make the best use of Play Park. In other words, it shall be an organic cooperation system that local government limits their role to provide only place and finance, while residents could take charge of Play Park operation and all other matters as a “trust”way. Last but not least, it should be discussed how to raise funds. In case of “Hanegi Play Park”, it consists of two parts with ratio of 3:1; consignment fee from local government and earnings from own business. We, however, need to discuss whether this ratio is reasonable or not. It is more desirable to raise funds through own business as much as possible rather than local government financial support.

민간공원특례사업의 추진에 따른 사업특성에 관한 연구

권영달,박현빈,김동필,Gweon, Young-Dal,Park, Hyun-Bin,Kim, Dong-Pil 한국조경학회 2021 韓國造景學會誌 Vol.49 No.5

본 연구는 도시공원 일몰의 대응수단으로 추진 중인 전국의 민간공원특례사업을 대상으로 지자체 및 공원현황, 사업특성과 시행 등에 관련된 내용을 세부적으로 분류 후 비교·분석하여 제도시행 후 진행되어진 지자체별 사업을 점검하고, 그 가운데 제도의 의미와 보완점을 구축하고자 실시하였다. 분석결과로서 첫째, 전국에서 시행 중인 민간공원특례사업은 주로 인구 10만명 이상의 도시에서 시행되어 군 지역이나 지방소도시의 적용에는 한계성이 있었다. 이에 특례제도를 일괄적으로 적용하기보다 지자체의 특성과 규모를 고려한 제도 적용의 유연성이 필요할 것으로 판단되어졌다. 둘째, 공원조성 기부채납 방식에 의한 현재의 특례사업은 공동주택 위주의 단조로운 개발유형을 나타내고 있어, 이의 개선을 위해 공원부지만 매입하여 기부 채납하는 공원 보전형 방식 등을 도입하여 개발의 다양화를 도모할 필요가 있는 것으로 나타났다. 셋째, 공원의 유형과 면적이 한정되어 사업대상에 한계를 보이고 있어, 대도시 도심지내 이용도가 높고 접근성이 좋은 공원들까지 포함할 수 있도록 면적기준을 5만m² 이하까지 완화할 필요가 있는 것으로 나타났다. 넷째, 특례사업의 대상지가 대부분 산지형 공원으로 자연지형 및 스카이라인의 훼손 우려가 있어 공원별 입지특성을 고려한 건폐율과 용적률을 별도 조례를 설정하여 적용하는 것과 비공원시설 유형별 건축 가이드라인을 세부적으로 설정하여 공원과 공존할 수 있는 개발접근이 이루어져야 할 것이다. 향후 과제로는 첫째, 전국의 민간공원특례사업이 완료된 후, 각 사업별 수익률을 데이터화 하여 향후 유사사업의 적정수익률에 대한 기준을 설정하고, 초과이익분의 환수 등 제도적 기준을 마련하며, 둘째, 사업기간의 단축을 위해 지자체별 TF팀 구성, 통합심의 전환, 제안단계에서 환경성 검토 도입 등이 검토되어야 할 것이다. 셋째, 지자체는 민간협의체를 구성을 제도화하여 협치시스템을 통한 사업의 효율적 관리를 도모하고, 넷째, 특례공원의 기부채납 이후 유지관리에 대한 로드맵을 수립하여, 시민이 함께 하는 시민 참여형 공원 운영·관리방안 모델의 도입을 검토하여야 할 것으로 나타났다. This study was conducted to examine and analyze local governments, park status, project characteristics, and the implementation in detail for private park special projects across the country as a means of responding to the sunsetting of urban parks. As a result of the analysis, first, the private park special project, was found to be mainly implemented in cities with a population of more than 100,000, so there was a limit to the application on military installations or in local small cities. Therefore, rather than applying the special system collectively, it was judged that institutional flexibility, considering the characteristics and size of local government, was needed. Second, the current special projects by the park creation donation collection method shows monotonous development centered on apartment houses, so it is necessary to diversify the development by introducing a park preservation method that purchases and donates park sites. Third, it was found that the area standard needs to be eased to less than 50,000m² to include parks with high utilization and good accessibility in urban areas of large cities, as the type and area of parks are limited. Fourth, most special projects are mountain parks, which are feared to damage the natural terrain and skyline, so separate ordinances should be established and applied, and development approaches should be made to allow nature and parks to coexist with the setting of detailed building guidelines for each type of facility. The guidelines should include, first, after the nationwide private park special projects are completed, standards for appropriate returns for similar projects should be established, institutional standards such as the recovery of excess profits should be established, and environmental reviews should be conducted. Second, it was found that local governments should institutionalize the composition of private consultations to promote the efficient management of projects through a cooperative system, and third, a roadmap for maintenance after the donation of special parks should be established.

테마파크 이벤트프로그램 屬性의 滿足度에 관한 硏究

朴玹祐(Park, Hyun-Woo),孫善美(Son, Seon-Mi) 청운대학교 관광산업연구소 2008 관광산업연구 Vol.2 No.2

In recent years, theme parks and events have become the most favorite modes of the mass tourism and leisure. This article analyses the difference from the satisfaction of event programs' attributes between visitors at two theme parks in Korea. The data were collected from 286 visitors visiting Korea's two representative theme parks regarded to lead the future industry in Korea. The empirical analysis showed that Everland theme park had four more satisfied attributes: 'uniqueness of event program', 'educational achievement', ' smooth progress', and 'safety on the event zone', and Lotteworld theme park had five ones: 'interesting', 'diversity', 'contents appropriate to the event purpose', 'the events everyone can enjoy', 'information'. The findings provide the information on the strength and the weakness of the two theme parks. Although this study has some limitations, future studies should be conducted in this field.