사계 김장생의 이기론과 심성론 소고

이학당 ( Li Xue-tang ),왕천천 ( Wang Qian-qian ) 우리한문학회 2017 漢文學報 Vol.37 No.-

사계 김장생은 조선 중기의 저명한 예학가이고 교육가이다. 그는 스승 율곡의 "기발리승설"과 "리통기국설" 리기론 사상을 계승하면서 리와 기를 혼연일체의 존재로 보았다. 또한 리는 무형무위이고 기는 유형유위라고 보았다. 사계는 퇴계의 이기호발설을 부정한다. 그는 정호의 “기가 도이고 도가 기이다’는 주장을 근거로 이기불상리를 해석한다. 또한 주희의 “리는 리이고 기는 기이다”는 주장을 근거로 이기불상잡을 해석한다. 율곡이 제창한 ‘기발 이승’을 따르면서 리와 기는 “하나이면서 둘이고 둘이면서 하나다.”는 주장을 하면서 리와 기의 조화를 강조한다. 사계는 리와 기가 둘이면서 하나인 관계를 해석할 적에 이기가 합쳐지는 것이 시간적 선후로 구분하는 것은 아니라는 점을 밝힘과 동시에 공간적으로는 기가 리를 포함한다는 입장을 견지한다. 사계는 리는 기 안에 있고 원래 떨어지지 않는다고 하는데 이런 말은 기의 능동성을 중시하는 사계의 입장을 잘 보여주며 그의 심성론과 예악사상의 이론적 기초를 구성한다. 구용에 이해 방식은 사계 사상의 독자성을 보여준다. 사계는 송강이 “구용은 리이다”라고 하는 주장을 두고 체용을 원용하여 구용을 리의 작용으로 설명한다. 따라서 사계는 율곡의 입장에 기반하여 송강의 주장을 반대하지 않는다. 그러나 “형이상자는 기이고 형이하자는 도이다”는 구절에 대한 사계의 해석은 다소 문제가 있다. 사계는 도와 형을 다른 개념으로 이해하고 형과 기를 같은 개념으로 이해하는데 이런 이해는 사실에 부합하지 않는다. 사계는 율곡사상에 기초하여 심, 성, 정, 의, 지 등 성리학 심성론의 기초 개념을 심도 있게 해석한다. 본 연구는 이후 그가 주장하는 사단칠정론과 인심도심설의 이론적 토대가 된다. Shagai Kim jang-saeng was a famous scientist and educator in the middle of the Chosun Dynasty, on Confucianism he basicly inherited Zhu xi and Lee er's overall spirits, in the view of qi he claimedLi is of intangible and inaction, while Qi is of visible and action, so he denied Lee huang’s theory of which Li and Qi are inspired with each other. He cited Cheng hao’s theory of that "Qi is Dao and Dao is Qi" to explain the Li and Qi are not separated, and also quoted zhu xi's theory of that "Li is Li, Qi is Qi" to explain that the Li and Qi are not mixed. He agreed the Lee er’s idea of that"the Qi emits and Li follows " , he advocated "one is two, two is one", emphasizing the harmony of the Li and Qi. In the explanation of the relationship between "two is one", he was not only explained the combination of Li and Qi in chronological order, but also considered that the combination of Li and Qi was "Li was surrounded by Li"in space order. Shagai often said that "Li is in the Qi and they are not dissimilar"which reflected that he emphasised motility of the Qi, and also laid a theoretical foundation for his theory of mindand ritual thought. The understanding of the problem of "nine looks" reflected the autonomy of Shaxi’s thought. He believed that Songgang’s theory of which"nine looks are Li" was the use of Li from the perspective of body and function, so he did not denid Songgang's viewpoint in accordance with Lee er's thought. But he had some problems in the understanding of that "the person who is above, what is the Dao; There are some problems with the understanding of the "Meta physics is the Dao while the opposite is Qi". He seed that the Xing and Dao are different concept, but he thought that Xing and Qi are the same concept, which was lack of science. In terms of theory of mind, he based on the Yulgok’s thoughts, he made the detailed explanation for the basic concepts of neo-confucianism, such as the heart, character, feeling, idea, aspiration, whichbecame the necessary theoretical matting of the theory of four sides and seven feelings and the theory of people’s mind and Dao’s mind for the next step.

Effect of Zn2+ and F- Co-Modification on the Structure and Electrochemical Performance of Li4Ti5O12 Anode Material

Aijia Wei,Wen Li,Lihui Zhang,Xiaohui Li,Xue Bai,Zhenfa Liu 성균관대학교(자연과학캠퍼스) 성균나노과학기술원 2017 NANO Vol.12 No.5

Zn2+ and F- ions are successfully used to modify pure Li4Ti5O12 via a co-precipitation method followed by calcination at 400℃ for 5 h in an Ar atmosphere in order to further investigate the reaction mechanism of the fluoride modification process. Zn2+ and F- co-modified Li4Ti5O12 samples are characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and electrochemical measurements. After the modification process, no ZnF2 coating layer is formed on the surface of Li4Ti5O12, instead, F- ions react with Li4Ti5O12 to generate a new phase, composed of a small amount of anatase TiO2, rutile TiO2, LiF, and Zn2+ ions are suspected to form a ZnO coating layer on Li4Ti5O12 particles. The electrolyte reduction decomposition is suppressed in Zn2+ and F- co-modified Li4Ti5O12 due to the ZnO coating layer. 1 wt.% Zn2+ and F- co-modified Li4Ti5O12 exhibits the best rate capability, which leads to a charge capacity of 236.7, 227.8, 222.1, 202.7, 188.9 and 150.7 mAh g -1 at 0.2C, 0.5C, 1C, 3C, 5C and 10C, respectively, between 0 V and 3 V. Furthermore, 1 wt.% Zn2+ and F- comodified Li4Ti5O12 exhibits 96.0% charge capacity retention at 3C rate after 200 cycles, which is significantly higher than that of pure Li4Ti5O12 (78.4%).

LncRNA A2M-AS1 lessens the injury of cardiomyocytes caused by hypoxia and reoxygenation via regulating IL1R2

Xue‑Lian Song,Fei‑Fei Zhang,Wen‑Jing Wang,Xin‑Ning Li,Yi Dang,Ying‑Xiao Li,Qian Yang,Mei‑Jing Shi,Xiao‑Yong Qi 한국유전학회 2020 Genes & Genomics Vol.42 No.12

Background: Myocardial ischemia and reperfusion injury (MI/RI) is a complex pathophysiological process, which can lead to severe myocardial injury. The long noncoding RNA alpha-2-macroglobulin antisense RNA 1 (A2M-AS1) has been revealed to be abnormally expressed in MI, However, its function in MI and the potential mechanism are still unclear. Objective: To evaluate the functional role of A2M-AS1 in hypoxia/reoxygenation (H/R)-induced neonatal cardiomyocytes and its potential molecular mechanism. Methods: Dataset GSE66360 was obtained from GEO database for analyzing the RNA expression of A2M-AS1 and interleukin 1 receptor type 2 (IL1R2). KEGG pathway enrichment analysis of the genes that co-expressed with A2M-AS1 was performed. Human neonatal cardiomyocytes were subjected to H/R to construct in vitro models. QRT-PCR and Western blot were adopted to test the levels of mRNA and protein. The viability and apoptosis of cardiomyocytes were tested by CCK-8 and flow cytometry assays, respectively. Results: The expression of A2M-AS1 was notably downregulated in H/R-treated cardiomyocytes. Overexpression of A2M-AS1 can notably enhance the cell viability of H/R-damaged cardiomyocytes, whereas knockdown of A2M-AS1 showed the opposite outcomes. Besides, a negative correlation was showed between A2M-AS1 and IL1R2 expression. In H/R-treated cardiomyocytes, overexpression of IL1R2 weakened the promoting proliferation and anti-apoptosis effects caused by overexpressing A2M-AS1, however, IL1R2-knockdown abolished the anti-proliferation and pro-apoptosis effects caused by silencing A2M-AS1. Conclusion: This study demonstrates the potential regulatory role of A2M-AS1/ IL1R2 axis in cardiomyocytes suffered from H/R, and provides insight into the protection of MI/RI.

Design and Application of Monitoring System of Li-ion Battery Pack

Haiying Wang,Chao Xue,Yujiao Liu,Gechen Li 보안공학연구지원센터 2014 International Journal of Hybrid Information Techno Vol.7 No.5

Effect of carbon black on properties of 0–3 piezoelectric ceramic/cement composites

Huang Shifeng,Li Xue,Liu Futian,Chang Jun,Xu Dongyu,Cheng Xin 한국물리학회 2009 Current Applied Physics Vol.9 No.6

0–3 cement-based piezoelectric composites were fabricated using sulphoaluminate cement and piezoelectric ceramic [0.08Pb(Li1/4Nb3/4)O3 . 0.47PbTiO3 . 0.45PbZrO3] [P(LN)ZT] as raw materials by compressing technique. The influences of carbon black content on the piezoelectric and dielectric properties, electric conductivity and impedance were investigated. The results indicate that the piezoelectric strain constant d33 and piezoelectric voltage constant g33 of the composites increase gradually with a suitable carbon black addition. When the carbon black content is 0.3 wt%, both of the piezoelectric strain constant d33 and piezoelectric voltage constant g33 of the composite exist the maximum value, which are 17.45 pC N-1 and 36.3 mV m N-1, respectively. As the carbon black content increases, the dielectric constant εr, dielectric loss tanδ and electric conductivity σ of the composites all increase, while the impedance decreases. In the frequency range tested, the more the carbon black content, the higher the εr value. The planar electromechanical coupling coefficient Kp, the thickness electromechanical coupling coefficient Kt and the mechanical quality factor Qm are almost unaffected by the carbon black content.

TSSG growth, morphology and properties of potassium lithium niobate (KLN) crystals

Chong, Tow-Chong,Xu, Xue-Wu,Li, Lian,Zhang, Guang-Yu,Kumagai, H.,Hirano, M. The Korea Association of Crystal Growth 1999 한국결정성장학회지 Vol.9 No.4

In the present paper, potassium lithium niobate(KLN) crystals have been grown along <001>, <100> and <110> directions by the top seeded solution growth (TSSG) method from Li-richer melts with different compositions. The morphologies of KLN crystals grown along different directions have been studied, and the well-developed facets have been unambiguously indexed using X-ray goniometer and stereographic projection analysis. The growth mechanism and defects such as cracks and inclusions were discussed on the basis of observations of facets on the crystal-solution interfaces. The crystal compositions were determined by a chemical analysis method. The structure and lattice constants of KLN crystals were determined and calculated on the basis of XRD data by using TREOR90 and PIRUM programs. The Curie temperature and optical absorption were determined by dielectric constant peak and spectrum measurements. respectively. The blue second harmonic generation (SHG) characteristics of KLN sample were also investigated using a pulsed dye laser.

KLF4 suppresses the tumor activity of cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) cells via the regulation of SMAD signaling and SOX2 expression

Li, Xue Mei,Kim, Soo Jung,Hong, Dong-Kyun,Jung, Kyoung Eun,Choi, Chong Won,Seo, Young-Joon,Lee, Jeung-Hoon,Lee, Young,Kim, Chang-Deok Elsevier 2019 Biochemical and biophysical research communication Vol.516 No.4

<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>Kruppel-like factor 4 (KLF4) is a zinc-finger transcription factor that plays a role in terminal differentiation of epidermal keratinocytes. There are conflicting reports regarding the role of KLF4 in tumor development, with both the tumor suppressive and/or oncogenic properties depending on different conditions and cell types. In this study, we investigated the functional importance of KLF4 in cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). Immunohistochemistry showed that KLF4 expression was relatively low in SCC lesion compared to normal epidermis. To examine the effects of KFL4, we transduced SCC lines (SCC12 and SCC13 cells) with the KLF4-expressing recombinant adenovirus. Overexpression of KLF4 significantly decreased cell proliferation and colony forming activity. In addition, overexpression of KLF4 markedly reduced invasive potential, along with the downregulation of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT)-related molecules. In a mechanistic study, KLF4 inhibited SOX2, of which expression is critical for tumor initiation and growth of SCC. Further investigations indicated that SOX2 expression is induced by TGF-β/SMAD signaling, and that overexpression of KLF4 inhibited SMAD signaling via upregulation of SMAD7, an important inhibitory SMAD molecule. Based on these data, KLF4 plays a tumor suppressive role in cutaneous SCC cells.</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P> <P> <UL> <LI> Overexpression of KLF4 decreased the cell proliferation, colony forming activity, invasion and EMT potential in cutaneous SCC cells. </LI> <LI> Overexpression of KLF4 decreased SOX2 level via inhibition of SMAD2 phosphorylation. </LI> <LI> Overexpression of KLF4 inhibited SMAD signaling via upregualtion of SMAD7, an inhibitory SMAD molecule. </LI> </UL> </P>

Well-designed Te/SnS₂/Ag artificial nanoleaves for enabling and enhancing visible-light driven overall splitting of pure water

Yan, Changzeng,Xue, Xiaolan,Zhang, Wenjun,Li, Xiaojie,Liu, Juan,Yang, Songyuan,Hu, Yi,Chen, Renpeng,Yan, Yaping,Zhu, Guoyin,Kang, Zhenhui,Kang, Dae Joon,Liu, Jie,Jin, Zhong unknown 2017 Nano energy Vol.39 No.-

<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>To produce hydrogen and oxygen from photocatalytic overall splitting of pure water provides a promising green route to directly convert solar energy to clean fuel. However, the design and fabrication of high-efficiency photocatalyst is challenging. Here we present that by connecting different nanostructures together in a rational fashion, components that cannot individually split water into H<SUB>2</SUB> and O<SUB>2</SUB> can work together as efficient photocatalyst with high solar-to-hydrogen (STH) energy conversion efficiency and avoid the use of any sacrificial reagent. Specifically, Te/SnS<SUB>2</SUB>/Ag artificial nanoleaves (ANLs) consist of ultrathin SnS<SUB>2</SUB> nanoplates grown on Te nanowires and decorated with numerous Ag nanoparticles. The appropriate band structure of Te/SnS<SUB>2</SUB> p-n junctions and the surface plasmon resonance of Ag nanoparticles synergistically enhance the quantum yield and separation efficiency of electron-hole pairs. As a result, Te/SnS<SUB>2</SUB>/Ag ANLs enable visible-light driven overall water-splitting without any sacrificial reagent and exhibit high H<SUB>2</SUB> and O<SUB>2</SUB> production rates of 332.4 and 166.2μmolh<SUP>−1</SUP>, respectively. Well-preserved structure after long-term measurement indicates its high stability. It represents a feasible approach for direct H<SUB>2</SUB> production from only sunlight, pure water, and rationally-designed ANL photocatalysts.</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P> <P> <UL> <LI> Te/SnS<SUB>2</SUB>/Ag ANLs heterostructure is prepared to catalyze overall water splitting. </LI> <LI> The catalyst show impressive H<SUB>2</SUB> and O<SUB>2</SUB> production rate under visible light. </LI> <LI> The structure and efficiency of catalyst shows no degradation after 10 days. </LI> </UL> </P> <P><B>Graphical abstract</B></P> <P>[DISPLAY OMISSION]</P>

Dietary exposure and human risk assessment of phthalate esters based on total diet study in Cambodia

Cheng, Zhang,Li, Han-Han,Wang, Hong-sheng,Zhu, Xue-Mei,Sthiannopkao, Suthipong,Kim, Kyoung-Woong,Yasin, Mohamed Salleh Mohamed,Hashim, Jamal Hisham,Wong, Ming-Hung Elsevier 2016 Environmental research Vol.150 No.-

<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>Phthalate esters are used in a wide variety of consumer products, and human exposure to this class of compounds is widespread. Nevertheless, studies on dietary exposure of human to phthalates are limited. In this study, to assess the daily intakes of phthalate esters and the possible adverse health impacts, different food samples were collected from three areas of Cambodia, one of the poorest countries in the world. The ∑phthalate ester concentrations in Kampong Cham, Kratie and Kandal provinces ranged from 0.05 to 2.34 (median 0.88) μgg<SUP>−1</SUP>, 0.19–1.65 (median 0.86) μgg<SUP>−1</SUP> and 0.24–3.05 (median 0.59) μgg<SUP>−1</SUP> wet weight (ww), respectively. Di-2-Ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP) and diisobutyl phthalate (DiBP) were the predominant compounds among all foodstuffs. The estimated daily intake (EDI) of phthalate esters for the general population in Kampong Cham, Kratie and Kandal was 34.3, 35.6 and 35.8μgkg<SUP>−1</SUP> bw d<SUP>−1</SUP>, respectively. The dietary daily intake of DEHP, benzylbutyl phthalate (BBP) and di-n-butyl phthalate (DBP) in Kampong Cham, Kratie and Kandal were below the tolerable daily intakes (TDI) imposed by the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) and reference doses (RfD) imposed by The United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA). Rice contributed the greatest quantity of DEHP to the daily intake in Cambodia so may deserve further exploration. To our knowledge, this is the first study to investigate the occurrence and the daily intakes of phthalate esters in Cambodia.</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P> <P> <UL> <LI> Phthalate esters concentration in daily foodstuffs collected from Cambodia. </LI> <LI> Investigate the bioaccessbility of phthalate esters via the foodstuffs consumption. </LI> <LI> Health risk evaluation of dietary exposure to phthalate esters. </LI> </UL> </P>

Disruption of endothelial barrier function is linked with hyposecretion and lymphocytic infiltration in salivary glands of Sjögren's syndrome

Cong, Xin,Zhang, Xue-Ming,Zhang, Yan,Wei, Tai,He, Qi-Hua,Zhang, Li-Wei,Hua, Hong,Lee, Sang-Woo,Park, Kyungpyo,Yu, Guang-Yan,Wu, Li-Ling Elsevier 2018 Biochimica et biophysica acta. Molecular basis of Vol.1864 No.10

<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>Sjögren's syndrome (SS) is an inflammatory autoimmune disease that causes hyposecretion in salivary glands. Endothelial tight junctions (TJs) play crucial roles in salivation and barrier function of blood vessels. However, whether the alteration of endothelial TJs were involved in pathogenesis of SS was still unknown. Here, the ultrastructure and function of endothelial TJs in submandibular glands (SMGs) were detected by transmission electron microscopy and in vivo paracellular permeability assay in different aged NOD mouse model for SS. CFSE-labeled lymphocytes were injected into tail vein to trace the infiltration, while claudin-5 expression and distribution were detected by immunofluorescence, qRT-PCR, and western blot. Results showed that the stimulated salivary flow rate was gradually decreased and lymphocytic infiltration was found as age increased in 12- and 21-week-old NOD mice, but not 7-week-old NOD mice. Blood vessels were dilated, while endothelial TJ width and paracellular tracer transport were increased in 12-week-old NOD mice. Moreover, the injected CFSE-labeled lymphocytes were observed in SMGs of 12-week-old NOD mice. Claudin-5 level was increased and relocalized from the apical portion of neighboring endothelial cells to lateral membranes and cytoplasm in 12-week-old NOD mice. Additionally, the alteration of claudin-5 expression and distribution was further confirmed in labial salivary glands and bilateral parotid glands from SS patients. In cultured human microvessel endothelial cell line (HMEC-1), IFN-γ stimulation significantly increased claudin-5 expression. Taken together, we identified that the endothelial TJ barrier was disrupted and contributed to the development of salivary hyposecretion and lymphocytic infiltration in SS.</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P> <P> <UL> <LI> Endothelial tight junction barrier is disrupted in hyposecretory submandibular glands from Sjögren's syndrome mouse model </LI> <LI> The disrupted salivary endothelial barrier is linked with lymphocytic infiltration in Sjögren's syndrome mouse model </LI> <LI> The redistribution of claudin-5 is responsible for disrupted endothelial barrier in salivary glands from Sjögren's syndrome </LI> </UL> </P>