DJ-1/park7 modulates vasorelaxation and blood pressure via epigenetic modification of endothelial nitric oxide synthase

Won, Kyung Jong,Jung, Seung Hyo,Jung, Soo Hyun,Lee, Kang Pa,Lee, Hwan Myung,Lee, Dong-Youb,Park, Eun-Seok,Kim, Junghwan,Kim, Bokyung Oxford University Press 2014 Cardiovascular research Vol.101 No.3

<P><B>Aims</B></P><P>DJ-1/park7, a multifunctional protein, may play essential roles in the vascular system. However, the function of DJ-1/park7 in vascular contractility has remained unclear. The present study was designed to investigate whether the DJ-1/park7 is involved in the regulation of vascular contractility and systolic blood pressure (SBP).</P><P><B>Methods and results</B></P><P>Norepinephrine (NE) elevated contraction in endothelium-intact vessels in a dose-dependent manner, to a greater extent in DJ-1/park7 knockout (DJ-1/park7<SUP>−/−</SUP>) mice than in wild-type (DJ-1/park7<SUP>+/+</SUP>) mice. Acetylcholine inhibited NE-evoked contraction in endothelium-intact vessels, and this was markedly impaired in DJ-1/park7<SUP>−/−</SUP> mice compared with DJ-1/park7<SUP>+/+</SUP>. Nitric oxide (NO) production (82.1 ± 2.8% of control) and endothelial NO synthase (eNOS) expression (61.7 ± 8.9%) were lower, but H<SUB>2</SUB>O<SUB>2</SUB> production (126.4 ± 8.6%) was higher, in endothelial cells from DJ-1/park7<SUP>−/−</SUP> mice than in those from DJ-1/park7<SUP>+/+</SUP> controls; these effects were reversed by DJ-1/park7-overexpressing endothelial cells from DJ-1/park7<SUP>−/−</SUP> mice. Histone deacetylase (HDAC)-1 recruitment and H3 histone acetylation at the eNOS promoter were elevated and diminished, respectively, in DJ-1/park7<SUP>−/−</SUP> mice compared with DJ-1/park7<SUP>+/+</SUP> controls. Moreover, SBP was significantly elevated in DJ-1/park7<SUP>−/−</SUP> mice compared with DJ-1/park7<SUP>+/+</SUP> controls, but this elevation was inhibited in mice treated with valproic acid, an inhibitor of Class I HDACs including HDAC-1.</P><P><B>Conclusion</B></P><P>These results demonstrate that DJ-1/park7 protein may be implicated in the regulation of vascular contractility and blood pressure, probably by the impairment of NO production through H<SUB>2</SUB>O<SUB>2</SUB>-mediated epigenetic inhibition of eNOS expression.</P>

학교 부적응 청소년을 위한 승마 여가교육 프로그램 개발 및 효과 검증

박수정(Park, Soo-Jung),김민규(Kim, Min-Kyu) 한국사회체육학회 2015 한국사회체육학회지 Vol.0 No.62

This study aims to develop a program on horse riding leisure education for school maladjusted adolescents. To this end, a program on horse riding leisure education was developed based on structuring factor drawn from the study of Park, Soo-Jung and Kim, Min-Kyu(2014) on horse riding leisure education for school maladjusted adolescents and then, the content validity was verified by an expert group. In addition, developed program of horse riding leisure education was applied to 6 school maladjusted adolescents to verify the program validity. Through such process, total 16 sessions of horse riding leisure education program were developed including 5 programs of horse stable activity region, 3 programs of horseback activity region, and 8 programs of horse riding leisure education and counseling region. Verification of the content validity by a expert group showed that validity was ensured. According to the application of horse riding leisure education program to 6 school maladjusted students and the inductive classification of category through in-depth interview, it was revealed that the program had positive influence on school maladjusted students by improvement of interpersonal relations, recognition of the sanctity of life, improvement of consideration and endurance, improvement of confidence, and stress reduction.

한국인 직무 스트레스 측정도구의 개발 및 표준화

장세진,고상백,강동묵,김성아,강명근,이철갑,정진주,조정진,손미아,채창호,김정원,김정일,김형수,노상철,박재범,우종민,김수영,김정연,하미나,박정선,이경용,김형렬,공정옥,김인아,김정수,박준호,현숙정,손동국 大韓産業醫學會 2005 대한직업환경의학회지 Vol.17 No.4

Background and Purposes: Over the past three decades, numerous studies performed in Korea have reported that job stress is a determinant risk factor for chronic diseases and work disability. Every society has its own culture and occupational climate particular to their organizations, and hence experiences different occupational stress. An occupational stress measurement tool therefore needs to be developed to estimate it objectively. The purpose of this study is to develop and standardize the Korean Occupational Stress Scale (KOSS) which is considered to be unique and specific occupational stressors in Korean employees. Subjects and Methods: Data were obtained from the National Study for Development and Standardization of Occupational Stress (NSDSOS Project: 2002-2004). A total of 12,631 employees from a nationwide sample proportional to the Korean Standard Industrial Classification and the Korean Standard Occupational Classification were administered. The KOSS was developed for 2 years (2002-2004). In the first year, we collected 255 items from the most popular job stress measurement tools such as JCQ, ERI, NIOSH and OSI, and 44 items derived from the a qualitative study (depth interview). Forty-three items of KOSS, in the second year, were retained for use in the final version of the KOSS by using Delphi and factor analysis. Items were scored using conventional 1-2-3-4 Likert scores for the response categories. Results: We developed eight subscales by using factor analysis and validation process: physical environment (3 items), job demand (8 items), insufficient job control (5 items), interpersonal conflict (4 items), job insecurity (6 items), organizational system (7 items), lack of reward (6 items), and occupational climate (4 items). Together they explained 50.0% of total variance. Internal consistency alpha scores were ranged from 0.51 to 0.82. Twenty-four items of the short form of the KOSS (KOSS-SF) were also developed to estimate job stress in the work setting. Because the levels of the subscales of occupational stress were gender dependent, gender-specific standard norms for both the 43-item full version and the 24-item short form using a quartile for the subscales of KOSS were presented. Conclusion: The results of this study suggest that KOSS might be an appropriate measurement scale to estimate occupational stress of Korean employees. Further and more detailed study needs to be conducted to improve the validity of this scale.

수입각증후군에 의한 급성 복증 1례

정은욱,지삼룡,이영태,박지훈,김동기,제인수,채두근,박성재,박은택,이연재,이상혁,설상영,정정명 白中央醫療院 2005 仁濟醫學 Vol.26 No.1

Afferent loop syndrome is an uncommon complication of a gastrectomy and Billroth Ⅱ reconstruction. It may cause symtoms at any time from the first postoperative day to many years after the gastrectomy. Afferent loop syndrome is characterized by abdominal pain, vomiting and elevation of serum amylase. Thus, it is difficult to differentiate afferent loop syndrome from other cause of acute pancreatitis. However, the history of gastrectomy can be an important clue for diagnosing afferent loop syndrome. We experienced one case of chronic afferent loop syndrome with acute pancreatitis. After appropriate management, the abdominal pain disappeared and serum amylase level decreased. We report this case with a review of relevant literatures.

정신과 의약분업에 대한 5년 후 추적조사

박정수,정재열,홍진표,백기청,박영현,박종익 大韓神經精神醫學會 2006 신경정신의학 Vol.45 No.4

Objectives : This study is designed to discuss the pros and cons related to the 'separation of drug prescription and dispensation' system when 5 years have passed by since the introduction of this system. Methods : The 592 psychiatrists from 1,107 working places took part in nationwide survey by mail or E-mail from June to September, 2005. The response rate was 23.8%, most of respondents came from private clinics. Results : The average age of psychiatrist was 44.6 years old, ranging from 25 to 75, most of them was predominantly male. The main results were as followings : 1) The ratio of psychiatric prescription out of hospital based on out-patients departments was the lowest in clinics, following by hospitals, general hospitals and university hospitals by order. 2) The main reasons of customer's preference for out of hospital prescription were economic advantage and self-awareness of prescription. As for the disliking for it, the most complaints were the anxiety about disclosure of psychiatric treatment, in convenience for delay and concern about drug change. Conclusion : Five years didn't seem to give a change on how the psychiatrists perceive the 'separation of drug prescription and dispensation' system at all. The confidentiality and human right issues on the part of psychiatric patients should never be ignored in order to manage this system successfully.

혈중 및 호기 일산화탄소를 이용한 일산화탄소 헤모글로빈 농도간의 관련성 연구

김형수,박태혁,손지언,정갑열,김정만,김준연 동아대학교 2001 大學院論文集 Vol.26 No.-

This study was conducted to find a correlation between blood COHb and calculated COHb with expiratory air and related variables such as occupational and smoking factors. Author selected 69 healthy workers in 8 workplaces suspected CO exposure. Basic informations were collected by self-reported questionnaire and medical history taking. Author measured Indirect COHb concentration with expiratory air using Micro II-Smokerlyzer and blood COHb concentration using Oxymeter. The results of the study were summarized as follows : 1. In the smoker, mean blood COHb and calculated COHb with expiratory air were 2.21±0.98% and 2.27±0.97 %, and there was not a statistically significant difference. In the non-smoker, mean blood COHb and calculated COHb with expiratory air were 0.42±0.43 % and 0,65±0.30 %, and there was also not a statistically significant difference. 2. There were positive correlations between blood COHb and calculated COHb with expiratory air in both the smoker (r=0.91, p=0.0001) and non-smoker (r=0.73, p=0.0001). 3. In the smoker, the factors affected COHb were total smoking index (Pack × years) and passed time after the last smoking. 4. In the nonsmoker, the parking and driving groups had higher COHb concentration than others (p<0.05). In conclusion, there was no significant difference between indirect COHb concentration with expiratory air using Smokerlyzer and blood COHb concentration and there was a highly significant correlation between indirect and blood COHb concentrations. Therefore indirect COHb concentration with expiratory air is a useful screening method for CO exposure. Author suggest the resection of smoking during at least 90 minutes before measuring COHb concentration in order to exclude smoking effects.

2003년 국내 중증급성호흡기증후군 진료 현황 및 문제점 분석

이진수,김은실,정문현,백제중,정선화,안주희,최영화,이선희,고철우,김성범,김민자,박승철,기현균,송재훈,최상호,김양수,이상오,조용균,박영훈,정숙인,김연숙,이흥범,손창희,장성희,정희진,김우주 대한감염학회 2004 감염과 화학요법 Vol.36 No.3

목적 : 2002년 말 중국에서 SARS가 발생한 이후 국내에서도 2003년 10월까지 총 3명의 추정환자, 17명의 의심환자가 보고되었다. 향후 추가적인 SARS의 유행이 우려되는 상황에서, 그간의 SARS 환자 진료에 있어서의 실질적인 준비사항, 진료 현황 등에 대한 조사를 통해 문제점을 파악하여, 향후 더 나은 대비가 될 수 있도록 개선점을 제시하고자 하였다. 재료 및 방법 : SARS로 의심되는 환자를 진료 경험이 있는 병원의료진을 대상으로 2003년 10월에 설문조사를 실시하였다. 설문에는 SARS 환자 진료 시의 실질적인 조치, 진료 현황, 병실, 응급실 및 외래에서의 격리 시설과 준비사항, 보건당국의 관리와 지원에 관한 사항을 포함하였다. 결과 : 대상이 되는 22개 병원 중 17개(17/22, 77.2%) 병원이 설문에 응하였다. SARS 환자를 위한 격리실은 응급실, 외래, 일반병실 및 중환자실에서 각각 9개(9/17, 52.9%), 5개(5/17, 29.4%), 15개(15/16, 93.7%), 4개(4/16, 25%) 병원에서 음압처리가 되어있지 않은 일인실 혹은 다인실이 사용되었고, 1개(1/16, 6.3%) 병원에서만 일반병실에서 음압격리실이 운영되었다. 입원환자의 진찰 시 개인보호구의 착용은 거의 모든 의료기관에서 이루어졌다. 보건당국에서 SARS지정병원의 시설 등을 사전에 확인한 곳은 1곳(1/12, 8.3%)이였고, 14개 병원(14/15, 93.3%)에서는 보건당국에 의뢰한 검사결과를 통하 받지 못하였다. 결론 : 의료기관에서 SARS 환자용 격리실뿐만 아니라 기존의 격리실 설비 등이 미흡하였으며, 특히 중환자실 및 외래의 준비가 더욱 부족하였다. 보건당국의 의료기관에 대한 종합적인 지원이 부족하였고, 병원과의 원활한 연계가 잘 이루어지지 않았다. SARS 만이 아닌 격리를 필요로 하는 질환의 적절한 진료를 위해 향후 병원 시설의 정비와 정부차원에서의 보다 구체적이고 실질적인 대책마련이 필요하다. Background : There was an worldwide outbreak of the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) originated from China in late 2002. During that period three cases of suspected SARS and 17 cases of probable SARS were reported in Korea. With the concerns about the reemergence of SARS-coV transmission, it is important to be prepared for any possibility. So, this study is aimed to analysis the past measures in managing SARS and propose the amendatory plans to improve the preparedness. Materials & Methods : Questionnaires were collected among clinicians with any experience in managing the probable or suspected SARS cases in Oct. 2003. 17 out of 22 hospitals responded to the questionnaire. The contents in the questionnaire were practical activities, personal equipments, response plans, isolation facilities in emergency centers, outpatient clinics, general wards and intensive care units, and relationship with the public health department. Results : The dedicated isolation rooms in emergency centers, outpatient clinics, general wards, and intensive care units were prepared in 9 (9/17, 52.9%), 5 (5/17, 29.4%), 15 (15/16, 93.7%), and 4 (4/16, 25.0%) hospitals, respectively. Except for one hospital that newly made negative pressure room for SARS, single or multi-bed rooms without airborne infection control were used in all the other hospitals. The personal precaution principles were kept quite well in general wards. Before the designation of SARS hospital by the public health department prior evalution to see if the hospital was suitable for managing SARS was conducted in only 1 (1/12, 8.3%) hospital. The results of laboratory diagnosis were reported back in 1 (1/15, 6.6%) hospital. Conclusions : The isolation facilities which can control airborne infection were almost deficient not only for SARS but also for other respiratory transmissible diseases. For the infection control of transmissible diseases including SARS, more investment is needed on medical facilities and comprehensive support from the public health department required.

폐결핵 환자 혈청에서 수용성 Interleukin 2 수용체 및 Adenosine Deaminase 활성도에 관한 연구

고정희,박성규,백상현,박찬권,박병수,안진영,최우석,박정규 충남대학교 의과대학 지역사회의학연구소 1993 충남의대잡지 Vol.20 No.1

Interleukin-2 (IL-2) induces T cell proliferation in an autocrine manner and provides a means by which antigen triggered T cells can be clonally expanded in vitro. During the following activation, the activity of IL-2 is mediated by specific high affinity IL-2 binding membrane receptors which are expressed shortly after activation. In this process, a 42 KD-fragment (soluble IL-2R) is continuously cleaved off and circulates as a soluble marker of T lymphocyte activation. Elevated level of soluble IL-2R has been identified in the serum of patients with malignant autoimmune and allergic disorders, systemic parasitic infection, undergoing graft versus host disease, acute or chronic lymphocytic leukemia and HIV-infection. ADA (adenosine deaminase) completes the process of differentiation of T cell and is essential for progression of T cell maturation. Therefore level of ADA is to correlated with magnitude of T cell immune response. The fact that expression of sIL-2R and ADA activity increases in peripheral blood T-lymphocytes of patients with active pulmonary tuberculosis suggests that T cell activation might have a major role in the pathogenesis of pulmonary tuberculosis. In order to evaluate the T cell immune response in pulmonary tuberculosis, we measured the serum concentration of sIL-2R and ADA activity in 17 patients with current pulmonary tuberculosis, 10 chronic inactive pulmonary tuberculosis, 10 as normal controls. (1) Current pulmonary tuberculosis had significantly higher levels of sIL-2R (237.24±95.47)when compared with those of inactive tuberculosis (78.6±11.06). and the control (68.17±15.4) group. (2) ADA activity in current pulmonary tuberculosis was significantly increased (34.41±20.63) when compared with those of inactive tuberculosis (24.7±14.36) and control (17.65± 5.94) group. (3) There was good correlation between sIL-2R concentration and ADA activity in serum in current pulmonary tuberculosis group. (4) sIL-2R concentration and ADA activity was decreased significantly 6 months after anti-tuberculosis drug medication. In conclusion, sIL-2R concentration and ADA activity in serum in current pulmonary tuberculosis group was increased when compared with those of inactive pulmonary tuberculosis and the control group. By the way, T cell mediated immune response was enhanced in current pulmonary tuberculosis, but in inactive chronic pulmonary tuberculosis who had treated by antituberculosis drug medication, the concentration of sIL-2R and ADA activity was nearly normal.

지상라이다를 이용한 미기록 외래종 갯쥐꼬리풀(Spartina Alterniflora)의 분포특성과 관리방안 연구 -다도해 해상국립공원 진도 남동리 해안을 사례로-

박정원 ( Jung Won Park ),김하송 ( Ha Song Kim ),장성건 ( Seong Geon Jang ),천숙진 ( Sook Jin Chun ),육관수 ( Kwan Soo Yuk ) 한국도서학회 2015 韓國島嶼硏究 Vol.27 No.3

갯쥐꼬리풀(Spartina alterniflora)은 북미 대서양 연안 뉴펀들랜드, 캐나다 남쪽에서 아르헨티나 북부의 갯벌이 원산이며, 생장이 강한 특성으로 세계의 기수지역과 해안에서 생태공학적 용도로 도입된 바 있다. 그러나 매우 빠르게 갯벌을 피복하여 자생종의 생장을 방해하고, 염습지 종다양성을 감소 시켰고, 결과적으로 과다생육으로 갯벌 무척추동물의 서식지를 잠식해 사라지게 하여 무척추동물을 먹이로 하는 조류 또한 생태계 내에서 감소키는 등 많은 환경문제를 야기 시켰다. 우리나라에서는 2008년 전후에 다도해해상국립공원에 유입된 것으로 판단된다. 현재 다도해해상국립공원 남동리 해안에서 분포하고 있는 갯쥐꼬리풀(Spartina alterniflora)군락은 습지내 총 6개의 염생식물 군락면적(8,487.7㎡) 중 75.34%의 비율(6,394.86㎡)로 분포하고 있다. 또한 2008년에 11.54㎡ 이던 분포 면적이 2015년 현재 약 550배가 늘어난 6,394.22㎡로 조사되었고 생육지 고도 범위인 0.69m~1.1m를 요인 값으로 두고 GIS 분석한 하였다. 그 결과 앞으로 확산 될 예상 면적은 12,584㎡이며 현재보다 약 6,189.14㎡가 늘어날 것으로 예측되며 우리나라에서도 역시 확산이 빠르고 넓게 늘어날 것으로 판단된다. 향후 계속 분포역이 확대 될 것으로 예상하고 관리방안을 위하여 시범 연구를 실시하였다. 갯쥐꼬리풀군락 중 일부를 첫 번째는 뿌리째 뽑아내기와 두 번째 지상부 제거 후 포장덮기 방법 등 국외사례의 문헌을 바탕으로 방재를 실시하였으나 전체 면적을 방재하기에는 많은 인력과 시간 그리고 예산이 소요되므로 다각적인 방안을 강구하여야 한다. Spartina alterniflora is native to the Atlantic coast from Newfoundland, the south of Canada and northern Argentina. There it forms a dominant part of brackish coastal saltmarshes. Due to its strong growth, the Spartina alternifolra was introduced to the rider area and coast as a use for ecological engineering. The Spartina alterniflora community can crowd out native species, reduce the biodiversity of saltmarsh and alter the environment. As a result, the invertebrates living in mud flats disappeared due to the encroaching of Spartina alterniflora, and the birds which eat off invertebrates went along as well. The Spartina alterniflora was first introduced in South Korea in 2008 and is known to have flowed in the Dadohaehaesang National Park. Compared to 2008, in 2015 the distribution area of the Spartina alterniflora has increased 550 times. (11.54㎡ in 2008 to 6,394.22㎡ in 2015). The large increase of Spartina alterniflora calls for urgent management and additionary study on the subject. Thus, this study analyzed the geo-spatial information on the Spartina alterniflora such as its distribution area, the height of habitats and expected expansion area, and can act as the preliminary data for management.

정신분열병에 대한 리스페리돈의 효과 및 안정성

이민수,김용구,김영훈,연병길,오병훈,윤도준,윤진상,이철,정희연,강병조,김광수,김동언,김명정,김상훈,김희철,나철,노승호,민경준,박기창,박두병,백기청,백인호,손봉기,손진욱,양병환,양창국,우행원,이정호,이종범,이홍식,임기영,전태연,정영조,정영철,정인과,정인원,지익성,채정호,한상익,한선호,한진희,서광윤 大韓神經精神醫學會 1998 신경정신의학 Vol.37 No.1

연구목적 : 본 시험의 목적은 임상시험 시작전에 연구자들을 대상으로 PANSS Workshop을 통하여 PANSS, ESRS에 대한 국내에서의 표준화 작업을 구축하고 새로운 정신병 치료제인 리스페리돈의 효과와 안정성을 재확인하여 리스페리돈 사용에 대한 적정화를 이루는데 있다. 연구방법 : 1996년 4월부터 1996년 9월까지 국내 39개 대학병원 정신과에 입원중인 혹은 증상이 악화되어 입원하는 정신분열병 환자 377명을 대상으로 다시설 개방 연구를 시행하였다. 1주일간의 약물 배설기간을 가진후, 리스페리돈을 8주간 투여하였고, 기준점, 1주, 2주, 4주, 그리고 8주후에 평가되었다. 용량은 제1일에는 리스페리돈 1mg씩 1일 2회, 제2일에는 2mg씩 1일 2회, 제3∼7일에는 3mg씩 1일 2회 투여하였다. 이후 환자의 임상상태에 따라 임의로 증량할 수 있으며, 최대 일일 16mg을 초과하지 않도록 하였다. 추체외로 증상을 조절하기 위한 투약을 허용하였다. 임상증상 및 부작용의 평가는 PANSS(Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale), CGI(Clinical Global Impression) 그리고 ESRS(Extrapyramidal Symptom Rating Scale)을 사용하였다. 연구결과 : 377명중 343명(91%)이 8주간의 연구를 완결하였다. 치료 종결시점인 8주후 PANSS 총점수가 20% 이상 호전된 경우를 약물 반응군으로 정의할때, 약물반응군은 81.3%였다. 리스페리돈에 반응하는 예측인자로는 발병연령, 이전의 입원 횟수, 유병기간이 관련 있었다. 리스페리돈은 1주후부터 PANSS양성, 음성, 및 일반정신병리 점수상에 유의한 호전을 보여 효과가 빨랐다. CGI의 경우도 기준점에 비해 1주후부터 유의한 감소를 나타내었다. ESRS의 경우, 파킨슨 평가점수는 기준점과 비교해 투여 1주, 2주, 4주후 유의하게 증가되었다가 8주후 기준점과 차이가 없었다. Dystonia 평가점수는 1주후만 유의한 증가를 보였으며, dyskinesia 평가점수는 유의한 차이가 없었다. 혈압, 맥박수의 생명징후 및 일반 혈액학 검사, 생화학적 검사, 심전도 검사에서 유의한 변화는 없었다. 결 론 : 이상의 다시설 개방 임상 연구를 통해 리스페리돈은 정신분열병 환자에서 양성증상뿐만 아니라 음성증상 및 전반적인 증상에도 효과적인 것으로 사료된다. 보다 명확한 평가를 위해서는 다른 항정신병약물과의 이중맹검 연구가 필요할 것으로 생각되며, 또한 장기적 치료에 대한 평가도 함께 이루어져야 하겠다. Objective : The purpose of this study was to investigate the efficacy and safety of risperidone in the treatment of Korean schizophrenic patients. Method : This multicenter open study included 377 schizophrenic patients drawn from 39 university hospitals. After a wash-out period of 1 week, the schizophrenic patients were treated with risperidone for 8 weeks and evaluated at 5 points ; at baseline, and 1, 2, 4 and 8 weeks of treatment. The dose was increased from 2mg/day(1mg twice daily) to 6mg/day(3mg twice daily) during the first week and adjusted to a maximum of 16mg/day over the next 7 weeks according to the patient's clinical response. Medication to control extrapyramidal symptoms was permitted. The psychiatric and neurological status of the patients was assessed by PANSS, CGI, and ESRS scales. Results : 343(91%) of 377 patients completed the 8-week trial period. Clinical improvement, as defined by a 20% or more reduction in total PANSS score at end point, was shown by 81.3% of patients. The predictors of response to risperidone were associated older age, shorter duration of illness, fewer previous hospitalization. Risperidone had rapid onset of action ; a significant decrease of the total PANSS and three PANSS factor(positive, negative, general), and CGI was already noticed at the end of first week. For the ESRS, parkinsonism rating scores were significantly increased until week 4 comparing with baseline. Dystonia rating scores were significantly increased until week 1, and dyskinesia rating scores were not significantly changed during the study. Laboratory parameters including vital sign, EKG, hematological, and biochemical values showed no significant changes during the trial. Conclusions : This study suggests that risperidone is generally safe and effective against both the positive and negative symptoms in our group of patients.