가상평가법(CVM)에 의한 도시공원의 관리운영에 대한 경제적 가치평가에 관한 연구 - 부산시 APEC기념공원을 대상으로 -

김영하,박승범,Kim, Yeong-Ha,Park, Seung-Burm 한국조경학회 2014 韓國造景學會誌 Vol.42 No.2

본 연구는 도시공원의 관리운영을 위한 민간기금 조성측면에서 부산시 APEC기념공원을 대상으로 가상평가법(Contingent Valuation Method: CVM)을 이용하여, 쾌적한 도시공원 유지를 위한 거주민이 인식하는 경제적 가치를 평가했다. 그 결과, 부산시 APEC기념공원의 관리운영을 위해 월 가구당 지불 가능한 추정금액은 5,673원에서 8,358원으로 평가되었다. 추정금액을 공원 유치권역의 가구로 확대하여 살펴보면, 2012년 편성된 공원 관리예산의 2.2~3.3배 수준으로 분석되어, 지역 거주민들이 인식하는 쾌적한 공원 유지를 위해 지불의사금액이 편성된 관리예산보다 높은 것으로 나타났다. 그리고 도시공원의 관리운영을 위한 지불의사금액에 영향을 주는 응답자의 사회적 요인으로는 연령, 교육수준, 소득으로 분석되었으며, 연령대가 높고, 교육수준이 높은 응답자에서 지불의사가 높은 것으로 평가되었다. 또한, 거주민의 공원이용 및 인식에 따라 도시공원 관리운영을 위한 지불의사금액에 많은 영향을 미치고 있는 것으로 나타났다. 특히 공원이용 빈도가 높은 거주민이 지불의사가 높으며, 주1회 이상 공원이용자가 전체 지불의사금액보다 1.1배 높은 추정금액으로 평가되었다. 그리고 공원의 필요성을 인식하는 것보다 공원을 만족하는 것이 더 높은 지불의사금액으로 이어지는 것을 밝혀냈다. 따라서 공원 만족도 제고를 위한 공원시설관리 및 이용프로그램 운영이 필요하며, 공원에 대한 인식을 기부로 연결할 수 있는 공원문화 보급정책이 필요하다고 판단된다. This study evaluated economic value recognized by the residents for the pleasant urban park management using contingent valuation method(CVM) to APEC Memorial Park in Pusan in terms of private fund development for the management of the city park. As a result, the estimated amount payable by each household for the management of APEC Memorial Park in Busan was between 5,673 won and 8,358 won. If such amount is expanded to households in park hosting area, it was 2.2~2.3 times of the park management budget in 2012, which demonstrates the willingness to pay (WTP) of residents for pleasant park was higher than the management budget. Social factors of respondents affecting WTP for city park management operation included age, educational level and income level. Those with high age and high education level had higher WTP. And, WTP was much affected by the use of park and recognition of residents. In particular, those with high frequency in the use of parks had higher WTP, and the users with more than once per week had 1.1 times higher WTP than overall WTP. Then, the satisfaction of park rather than recognition of necessity of park had led to higher WTP. Accordingly, it is necessary to manage park facility management and use program operation to enhance park satisfaction and it is also required to develop a park culture distribution policy to link such recognition to donation.

부산광역시 도시공원의 관리운영 실태 분석에 관한 연구 - 관리주체측면을 중심으로 -

김영하,안양욱,박승범,Kim, Yeong-Ha,An, Yang-Wook,Park, Seung-Burm 한국조경학회 2012 韓國造景學會誌 Vol.40 No.6

본 연구는 부산광역시 조성 완료된 근린공원 69개소를 대상으로 관리하는 운영주체에 대한 파악과 그 실태를 분석하는 것을 목적으로 하고 있다. 이러한 연구목적을 달성하기 위해 공원녹지 관련 업무자료 및 담당자와 면담, 그리고 도시공원의 예산편성 자료를 바탕으로 관리주체를 조사하였으며, 위탁관리 및 별도의 기관에서 관리되는 경우는 홈페이지 및 직접방문을 통한 자료 수집을 통해 연구를 진행했다. 공원의 관리방식은 자치단체의 본청과 사업소에서 직영관리가 48개소(69.6%), 공단 및 민간단체에 위탁관리가 18개소(26.1%), 직영관리와 위탁관리를 병행하는 혼합관리가 3개소(4.3%)로 파악되었다. 그리고 도시공원의 관리 실태를 종합분석한 결과, 위탁관리하고 있는 공원은 공원의 총괄 관리가 미약하며, 공원관리가 조경 및 청소 등의 유지관리 위주로 관리되어 이용자를 위한 프로그램 운영이 미흡한 것으로 나타났다. 그리고 기초자치단체에서 관리되고 있는 총 46개소의 공원은 대부분 규모가 작은 근린공원이며, 공원의 유지관리를 위해 무기계약직 근로자 및 기간제근로자를 고용하여 관리하고 있어, 공원 관리운영을 위한 전문 인력 및 조직체계가 개선이 시급한 것으로 분석되었다. 또한, 공원 내 교양시설은 별도의 기관에서 관리하고 있어, 공원 내 공원시설이 아닌 독립된 교양시설로서 공원관리와 분리된 형태로 관리되고 있는 것으로 나타났다. 이러한 결과의 해결 방안으로는 공원의 적정인원 고용에 대한 법제화 및 제도적 개선, 시민단체와의 협력적 네트워크 구축, 시대변화에 따른 이용프로그램 기획 및 개발과 더불어 이용객 위주의 프로그램 관리를 지속적으로 실시하여야 할 것으로 판단된다. This study aims to figure out the main agent of management in the 69 recently constructed neighborhood parks in Busan, and to analyze the present status of the main agents. For this purpose, the work resources on park and landscape management, interview to related staff, and the budget on urban parks were found as the main agents of management. In case the parks were managed by consignment or by other separate organization, this study collected resources through the homepage or personal visits. As a result for the management method on parks, about 48 parks(69.6%) were under direct management by the local governments' main office and its business offices. Eighteen parks(26.1%) were commissioned to corporation or private organizations and three parks(4.3%) were operated by both direct and commissioned management. Because of the overall management result on urban parks, the company under outsourced management is not sufficient for a comprehensive management. Such is mainly focused on the maintenance like landscape or cleaning, but have fewer programs for the users. Forty-six parks cared by the local governments are mainly small sized neighborhood parks. For the management, contract workers or short-term workers are hired. It demonstrates an urgent need to improve professional personnel and organizational system for park management. In addition, any educational or cultural facility in the park is managed by separate institutions. Thus, it is not controlled as a park facility but an independent facility with separate controls. Moreover, to solve such problems, it needs legalization on the proper employment for parks, institutional improvement, cooperative network with NGO, planning and development of the program used according to the change of time, and customer oriented program management.

Valuation of ecosystem services in the organic carbon of the Pinus densiflora forest at Mt. Namsan, Seoul Metropolitan City

Lee, Eung-Pill,Lee, Soo-In,Jeong, Heon-Mo,Han, Young-Sub,Lee, Seung-Yeon,Park, Jae-Hoon,Jang, Rae-Ha,Hong, Youg-Sik,Jung, Young-Ho,Kim, Eui-Joo,Lee, Sang-Hun,You, Young-Han The Ecological Society of Korea 2019 Journal of Ecology and Environment Vol.43 No.4

Background: Standing biomass, litter production, rate of litter decomposition, amount of litter on forest floor, and amount of soil organic carbon distribution were investigated from March 2016 to November 2018 in order to evaluate the ecosystem value through organic carbon distribution in the Pinus densiflora forest at Namsan, Seoul Metropolitan City. Results: The amount of organic carbon in the Pinus densiflora forest was 261.09 ton C ha^-1 during the research period, and fixed organic carbon in plant through net photosynthesis was 3.2 ton C ha^-1 year^-1. The organic carbon in plant was 62.77 ton C ha^-1 (24.04%), in litter on the forest floor was 3.65 ton C ha^-1 (1.40%), and in soil was 194.67 ton C ha^-1 (74.56%). The value of plant, litter on forest floor, and soil organic carbon distribution were each 6,277,000 won ha^-1, 365, 000 won ha^-1, and 19,467,000 won ha^-1. The value per ton of fixed organic carbon in plant through net photosynthesis was 320,000 won ha^-1 year^-1 and the value of ecosystem services stored in carbon in the Namsan forest ecosystem was about 26.1 million won ha^-1 for 3 years. Conclusions: The results of this study suggest that the pine forests of Namsan rapidly decompose leaves due to the high atmospheric temperature and accumulate a large amount of organic carbon in the soil to provide climate control regulatory service function.

한국 아동의 기본운동기술 평가 시스템 개발: 평가 기준 설정 및 소프트웨어 프로그램 개발

박승하 ( Seung Ha Park ),최재남 ( Chae Nam Choe ),김미예 ( Mi Ye Kim ) 체육과학연구원 2009 체육과학연구 Vol.20 No.3

이 연구의 목적은 취학 전, 후 남녀 아동(5세-13세)의 이동운동기술의 평가 내용을 구성하고, 성별과 연령에 따른 이동운동과 물체조작운동 기술의 평가 기준을 설정하며, 컴퓨터 기반 평가 소프트웨어 프로그램을 개발하는 것이다. 이동운동에 대한 평가 내용을 구성하기 위하여 TGMD-2와 선행연구의 발달 단계(Seefeldt et al., 1982; Roberton et al., 1984)를 토대로 다섯 가지 동작(던지기, 호핑, 갤로핑, 슬라이딩, 수평점프)에 대한 항목과 세부 내용을 구성하였다. 구성된 평가 내용은 전문가 회의를 통해 내용을 검토한 후, 세 명의 평가자의 기술 수준(상, 중, 하)에 따른 수행 점수의 평균차이검증을 통해 타당도를 확인하였으며, 세 명의 평가자간 상관분석(.86 이상)과 일치도 분석(83% 이상)을 통해 평가 내용의 신뢰도를 확인하였다. 물체조작운동의 평가 내용은 박승하(2008)가 구성한 평가 내용을 활용하였다. 최종적으로 구성된 기본운동기술의 평가 내용을 토대로 성별과 연령별로 평가 기준을 설정하기 위하여 5세에서 13세의 아동 총 944명(남: 522명, 여: 422명)을 대상으로 이동운동(달리기, 호핑, 갤로핑, 슬라이딩, 수평점프)과 물체조작운동(던지기, 받기, 차기, 치기, 드리블, 굴리기) 수행 장면을 촬영하여 동작에 대한 평가를 실시하였다. 평가 점수를 T점수로 변환하여 국민체력실태조사(문화체육관광부, 2008)에서 사용한 등급 백분위를 기초로 평가 등급을 설정하였다. 평가 소프트웨어 프로그램은 화면 설계 및 디자인, 데이터베이스 구축, 프로그램 로직 설계, 소프트웨어 제작, 버그테스트 및 수정 보완 과정을 거쳐 개발하였다. 개발된 프로그램은 주 메뉴와 기능 메뉴로 구성되어 있으며, 기능 메뉴에는 항목평가, 학생자료 관리, 결과조회 기능을 포함하였다. 본 프로그램의 메인 화면은 세부적으로는 학교/학생 선택창, 영상 편집창, 구간 및 키포지션 관리창, 평가 항목 선택창, 평가창 등으로 구성하였다. 본 연구에서 개발한 기본운동기술 평가 소프트웨어 프로그램은 취학 전, 후 아동의 기본운동기술을 평가할 수 있는 내용과 기준을 확립하고, 평가 결과를 체계적으로 관리할 수 있는 시스템 구축의 첫 단계를 이루었다는 면에서 그 의의를 찾을 수 있다. 또한 평가 결과에 대한 영상 및 다양한 피드백 자료를 학부모와 아동들에게 손쉽게 공유할 수 있는 온라인 시스템을 갖추는 데 기여할 수 있을 것으로 판단된다. The purpose of the study was to establish the contents for fundamental movement skill test and the evaluation standards, and to develop the computer-based software program for assessment. For setting up locomotor skill test, we made up items and performance criterions for five skills (run, hop, gallop, slide, horizontal jump), based on TGMD-II and the developmental stage from previous research (Seedfeldt et al., 1982; Roberton et al., 1984). These contents were investigated by the group of experts in field of motor learning and development. The validity was identified through verifying mean difference among three raters over skill levels, and the reliability was tested through agreement statistics (over 83%) and correlation analysis (over .86) among three raters. All items for object-control skill test were referred from Park`s (Park, 2008). For establishing the evaluation standard, the fundamental movement skills (five locomotor & six object-control skills) of total 944 children (male 522, female 422) were recorded and analyzed. Raw score was transformed to T-score, and then five grades were established based on percentile for grading in 2007 National Physical Fitness Surveillance (Ministry of Curture, Sports, and Tourism, 2008). Computer-based software program was developed through processing of the design of a picture, database establishment, program logic design, software manufacture, bug test, & revision. The software program was comprised of the main manu and the functional manu, which included item assessment, data administration, and inquiry of results. Main picture was made up windows for selecting school/student, editing the image, managing the region and key-position, selecting contents for evaluating, and assessing. In conclusions, our results mean that the program establishes items and standard to assess the fundamental movement skills for pre- and post school aged children in korea, and systematically constructs the computerized organization for managing the rating results. Also, we think that it will be contributed to building up on-line system for sharing various feedback information and images easily with parents and children.

사람 M21 유전자 과발현 형질전환생쥐에서의 심근비후증

배성원,이원하,김철홍,박행기,이상철,고영혜,박승우,Takuro Arimura,Akinori Kimura,박정의 대한순환기학회 2003 Korean Circulation Journal Vol.33 No.12

Distribution of the Fairy Pitta (Pitta nympha) in the South Korea: A focus on protected areas

Gil-Pyo Hong(홍길표),Jae-Hoon Kim(김재훈),Seul-Gi Seo(서슬기),So-Yeon Cho(조소연),Bo-Yeon Hwang(황보연),Jong-Hyun Park(박종현),Seung-Yeon Lee(이승연),Ga-Young Kim(김가영),Wan-Hee Nam(남완희),Ha-Cheol Sung(성하철) 한국조류학회 2021 한국조류학회지 Vol.28 No.2

국내 팔색조(Pitta nympha) 분포 현황을 알아보고자 전국 국립공원 등 보호지역 중심으로 총 19개 지역을 조사하였고, 전문가 네트워크를 통해 자료를 보강하였다. 전국 19개 지역을 조사한 결과 북한산, 지리산 등 내륙지역 7개 국립공원에서는 팔색조가 확인되지 않았고, 경남 거제, 남해, 해남, 장흥 고흥 등 남해안과 인접한 12개 지역에서 팔색조 서식이 확인되었다. 또한 전문가 네트워크를 통해 수집한 팔색조 출현 위치 정보 82건을 분석한 결과, 전국 8개 광역지자체 모두 팔색조 서식이 확인되었고, 내륙지역(26.8%)보다 해안지역(73.2%)에서 더 많이 출현하였다. 연구 결과를 종합해보면, 우리나라의 팔색조는 주로 제주도와 남해안 지역을 중심으로 많이 분포하며, 그 보다 적은 개체수가 내륙 지역에 넓게 분포하고 있는 것으로 나타났다. The present study investigated the current distribution of Fairy Pitta (Pitta nympha) in South Korea. A total of 19 study areas, including protected areas such as national and provincial parks in South Korea were surveyed, and additional data obtained from an expert network. According to the results, Fairy Pitta was absent in seven inland national parks, including Mt. Bukhan and Chiri parks. Fairy Pitta inhabited 12 areas near the southern coast of South Korea, including Geoje, Namhae, Haenam, Jangheung, Goheung, and Gyeongnam Province. The analysis results of 82 datasets obtained from experts with regard to the locations where Fairy Pitta have been spotted showed that the bird inhabits all the eight metropolitan regions in South Korea, and is more frequently spotted in coastal areas (73.2%) than in inland areas (26.8%). The findings demonstrate that Fairy Pitta is mainly distributed in Jeju Island and the southern coast of South Korea, and is distributed in inland areas at relatively lower numbers.

Audiologic Results of Ossiculoplasty Using Malleus Footplate Assembly: The Comparison between Autologous Incus and Hydroxyapatite

Sun O Chang,Sue Jean Mun,Joo Hyun Park,Chang Myeon Song,Kyu-Hee Han,이준호,Seung Ha Oh 대한청각학회 2011 Journal of Audiology & Otology Vol.15 No.3

Introduction A disruption of the ossicular chain of the middle ear causes conductive hearing loss. Ossicular reconstruction is performed to restore hearings in those patients with congenital ossicular chain anomaly or ossicular chain disruption caused by chronic otitis media or cholesteatoma. A study from Japan with 52 auditory ossicular malformation revealed that 44% of the patients had a fixation of the stapes, 40% had incudostapedial joint defects followed by fixation of the malleus and/or incus and defects in the incudostapedial joint with a fixation of the stapes.1) One of the most common ossicular chain anomalies in Korea was a stapes footplate fixation (54.5%) followed by a mobile stapes footplate with other anomalies (19.7%) including a stapes without suprastructure and an incus long process, stapes without anterior crus and an incus long process.2) One of the most common ossicular chain anomalies is the absence of an incus with or without an intact stapes suprastructure. In incudostapedial deformed ears, ossiculoplasty is mandatory to restore the hearing process. Ossiculoplasty is also needed in cases with incus long process erosion with inflammation. As the most vulnerable ossicles, one report said that incus erosion is found in 80% of the chronic otitis media.3) Austin-Kartush classified ossicular chain disruptions into four categories after 1,151 operation on chronic otitis media. Group A ears with an intact malleus handle and a stapes suprastructure was found in 59.2% followed by group B ears with an intact malleus handle but an eroded stapes suprastructure group.4) In the group of a tympanic membrane and malleus preserved but a stapes suprastructure eroded, ossicular continuity can be restored between the stapes footplate and manubrium of the malleus with the method of malleus footplate assembly (MFA) using either the incus body or if the incus is unavailable, a biocompatible material such as hydroxyapatite (HA).5,6,7) Until now, MFA has proven to be the safe and effective way to restore hearings in such patients.8,9,10,11,12)Though successful results using MFA with either incus body or biocompatible material are reported world widely, there were a few reports on audiologic results after MFA ossiculoplasty in Korea. Authors reviewed our procedure and report hearing results of ossiculoplasty with MFA using either incus or HA. In this paper, a single-surgeon series of 32 MFA operations was analyzed. The cases were limited to autologous interposition grafts performed on Austin-Kartush group B ears in order to provide consistency within the analysis. Subjects and Methods Data collection A retrospective evaluation has been carried out on patients who underwent MFA ossiculoplasty between September 2001 and March 2010 in Seoul National University Hospital. A total of 55 patients with Austin-Kartush type B defect repaired with incus body or HA were identified. Of those, 20 were excluded due to a failure to recover operation records or a lack of no more than 1 year postoperative audiograms. Three patients who had undergone MFA with a homologous incus were excluded in order to provide consistency within the analysis. Finally, 32 cases were enrolled into the study. All procedures were conducted by a single surgeon. All data including previous operations, follow-up duration, age, sex, etiology, materials which were used in the operation, combined mastoidectomy, complications, and revision operations were analyzed. Eustachian tube function was analyzed according to the results of the Eustachian tube test. The status of the middle ear mucosa was described as either 'healthy' or 'inflamed' according to the operation records. Demographic data are presented in Table 1. Analysis of audiologic data Preoperative and postoperative hearing results were evaluated according to the guidelines of the Committee on Hearing and Equilibrium of the American Academy of Otolaryngology-Head Neck Surgery Foundation13) an... Background and Objectives: Absence of incus is one of the most common ossicular anomalies and also frequently found in chronic otitis media or chornic otitis media with cholesteatoma. Ossiculoplasty with malleus footplate assembly (MFA) can be an excellent option in the above situations. We reviewed our procedures and evaluated the hearing results of ossiculoplasty using the MFA. Subjects and Methods: This study retrospectively reviews a series of 32 patients who underwent MFA ossiculoplasty between September 2001 and March 2010 in an academic tertiary referral center. The autologous incus or hydroxyapatite (HA) was used as materials for reconstruction. Results: Thirteen of 32 patients (40.6%) had ossicular chain anomaly, 9 patients (28.1%) had congenital cholesteatoma and 8 patients (25.0%) had chronic otitis media with cholesteatoma and 2 patients (6.3%) had chronic otitis media. The patients with ossicular chain anomaly showed the greatest air-bone gap (ABG) closure. Overall, postoperative ABG was 17.7±11.7 dB at postoperative 6 months and 19.7±14.3 dB at postoperative 1 year, compared with preoperative ABG of 37.9±9.3 dB. There was no statistical difference of ABG at postoperative 12 months, 24 months between MFA using incus (n=17) and HA (n=15)(p=0.300, and p=0.563). There was no meaningful difference of postoperative ABG between the patients with combined mastoidectomy (n=10) and those without mastoidecmoy (n=22)(p=0.555). No extrusions occurred.

균열밀도에 따른 R·C 슬래브 교량의 내하력 평가

박길현,양승현,황선하,정경덕 朝鮮大學校 建設技術硏究所 2003 建設技術硏究 Vol.23 No.1

Through the exterior features on reinforced concrete slab, crack density and crack originate deflections ratio crack density, decrease percentage of load carrying capacity, crack originate deflections ration and decrease percentage of load carrying capacity were statistically analyzed. Crack density, crack originate deflections ratio and decrease percentage of load carrying capacity are very closely related each other with 0.724, 0.821 and 0.317 of correlation coefficient within 95% of mind level. However, the correlation between crack originate deflections ratio and decrease percentage of load carrying capacity was low. Through the regression equation curve method in which crack density selected as independent variable, crack originate deflections ratio and decrease percentage of load carrying capacity as dependent variable, regression equations were presumed. Equations exist in mind level range of F(0.05, S-curve showed the highest, conformance with 79.5%, 72.2%. The regression equation between CRD or LCCD and CD was also shown. The overall judgement of load carrying capacity of bridges can be possible through the moreover investigation of crack density, the time needed precision could be valuable data for lower maintenance cost, the degree of deterioration of bridges and safety judgement.

METRx™ 기구를 이용한 후방 경추부 추궁추간공 제거술의 예비 결과

박형천,윤승환,박종운,하윤,현동근,김은영,박현선,임대철 대한척추신경외과학회 2004 Neurospine Vol.1 No.1

Objectives: Posterior cervical microscopic laminoforaminotomy has been a preferred procedure for a posterolateral cervical disc or foraminal stenosis. However, neckpain from wide skin incision and muscle injury are some of disadvantages. The authors performed cervical microscopic laminoforaminotomy with METRx™ tubular dilator system and were compared the results with classical cervical microscopic foraminotomy. Methods: Six patients underwent posterior cervical microscopic laminoforaminotomy using the METRx™ during 6 months. We have selected 10 patients from our institution as a comparison group. Preoperative and postoperative pain score composed of the radicular and neck component was examined and disability score also recorded. Diameters and lengths of laminoforaminotomy on the postoperative CT also were compared with two methods Results: Postoperative pain scores to the radiculopathies were not different but postoperative pain scores to the neckpain on the follow up periods were significantly different. The average vertical and transverse diameters of the laminoforaminotomy defect on the postoperative CT scans were not different between two groups. Average hospital stay of the classical methods was 8.8±7.5 days comparison with 4.5±0.54days of new procedure. Conclusions: Posterior cervical microscopic laminoforaminotomy with METRx™ systems seems to provide similar decompression and clinical results as classical methods compared to classical methods and shows superior results for postoperative neckpain and hospital stays.

일본근대문학의 그리스도교 수용과 전개

하태후,박영준,김윤택,박승호 한국문학과종교학회 2002 문학과종교 Vol.7 No.2

The influence of Christian religion to Japanese modern literature is seen from the Meiji dynasty, But we can not help be disappointed about the influence. Until late 20th century, the Christian religion literature which was accepted as the thought of Christianity, could not escape from an immature stage. Starting with Tokoku and Toson, it was the same as the situation to the writers of socialism, the Minyusha group, the Shirakaba group and naturalism. Christian religion was not giving them the power to live ultimately. And the relation of Christian religion and the writers has succeeded to Catholicism literature R. Akutagawa → T.Fori → S. Endo, and Protestantism literature R. Akutagawa → O. Dazai → R. Shiina. In the case of R. Akutagawa, it was not in the Christian Dogma, the church as a system or believer's behavior that he thought important. He discovered that the origin of the human existence itself, and the appearance of the suffering which carries 'Worldwide pain' itself at the existence to be called Christ. As he wrote in "The Western Man", 'I began to pay attention to Jesus Christ who is not only from the people of the path, but also from modern people looking back.' His confession is connected here deeply. Dazai read The Bible and he enlarged the consciousness of sin and resisted consciousness about impurity. The motive which Dazai read The Bible, was to throw away the thought of communism. It was for him filling the blanks of spiritually up due to the guiltiness of society. In any difficult situation, Dazai touched strongly upon the one spirit of the human, K.Uchimura, who overcame life to the support of his incompatibilities. He confessed that he entered, by foot, into the world of the faith and he was fascinated more with The Bible because he did the love of reading The Bible. After this, The Bible was melted and entered his works as the manual of life and ethics. It became civilized as the ethics to resist and to criticize the period. R.Shiina entered Christianity faith finally by influence of the Dostoevsky's literature that treated the problem of God in Christian religion. According to his trace of the spirit, Shiina's works are divided into three parts. First, the time to keep himself in existence as to fight hard with the despair and the nothingness. Namely, the works of the time which is groping for God. Second, the works of the time which reaches Christian religion faith. Third, the works of his later years which is subjected to the problem on freedom of the human, with he to fight against the heart disease of paroxysm. The works and life of Shiina as a whole, we can say, was walking to pursue the freedom and the problem of God that rescues the human. The problem of the authentication which the West differs from the East in "The Sea and Poison" by S.Endo is progressed as the problem of East reception of Christian religion and as the subject to be a motherhood faith in "The Silence". Via "The Edge of the Dead Sea", it is developed as a universal Jesus who 'a companion Jesus' to orientals. As it is reached "The Warrior", it presented a typical model of Christian religion of reception to the Japanese. In "Deep River", it is passed over the range of the religion and progress for an origin problem, a reality of the human and solution for existence. Since a visit to Japanese shores by Admiral Perry, a course of reception of a non critical though of Western Europe had happened. Endo's literature reflects constructive resolutions about a traditional thought of Japan and complicated problems which have agonized the solution in Japanese modern history.