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1
Microbiological Quality of Alternative Water Sources in the Urban Environment

( J. P. S. Sidhu ),( W. Ahmed ),( L. Hodgers ),( K. Smith ),( S. Toze ) 한국물환경학회 2017 한국물환경학회·대한상하수도학회 공동 춘계학술발표회 Vol.2017 No.-
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In Australia, decreasing rainfall, frequent drought and population growth in urban environments, along with an overall desire to achieve greater water sustainability, has increased the demand for alternative water sources such as stormwater, roof-harvested rainwater, and treated wastewater effluent. The potential public health risks associated with alternative water sources predominantly originate from the presence of enteric viruses, pathogenic bacteria, and protozoan parasites. Empirical data on the presence of pathogens is a prerequisite to accurately determine human health risks and the extent of treatment required prior to use for potable and nonpotable purposes. We have carried out a number of targeted studies on the microbiological quality of the roof-harvested rainwater, stormwater, and treated wastewater effluent in the Southeast Queensland (Australia). The main of aim these studies was to collect quantitative data on the presence of pathogens and make an assessment of the potential health risk associated with water reuse. A dedicated survey of the roof-harvested rainwater tanks in Brisbane has shown the presence of Campylobacter spp. (21%), Salmonella spp., (4%), and Giardia lamblia (13%). In addition, opportunistic pathogens Legionella spp. (99%) and Mycobacterium intracellulare (78%) were also detected\. The numbers of bacteria ranged up to 3.1 x 106 PCR detectable units (pdu) L-1 for Legionella spp., 9.6 X 105 pdu L-1 for P. aeruginosa, 6.8 X 105 pdu L-1 for M. intracellulare, 6.6 x 105 pdu L-1 for Acanthamoeba spp., 1.1 x 105 pdu L-1 for M. avium, and 9.8 X 103 pdu L-1 for L. pneumophila. The presence of potential opportunistic pathogens in tank water may present health risks if un-treated water is for potable and non-potable use in the house. Stormwater runoff from two urban catchments with different drainage area, impervious area, and land use, a potential source of pollution and population density was collected and analyzed for the presence of pathogens and fecal indicator bacteria. The mean FIB numbers in water samples collected after the storm event ranged from 10 3 to 104 L-1 for E. coli and 10 4 to 105 L-1 for Enterococcus spp. Salmonella enterica numbers varied between 10 to 2400 MPN L-1. Human adenovirus (HAdV) numbers in the stormwater varied between 10 to 103 pdu L-1, human polyomavirus (HPyV) numbers varied between 1 to 103 pdu L-1. Torque teno virus (HTtV) numbers varied between 10 to 7.45 x 103 pdu L-1. Somatic coliphages (Microviridae) was also widely prevalent with numbers varying between 10 to 103 pdu L-1. The results of this study suggest that enteric virus and bacterial pathogens frequently occur in the stormwater runoff in significant numbers which could lead to increased human health risks. A quantitative survey HAdV, HPyV, HTtV and somatic coliphage (Microviridae) numbers in influent and effluent samples was carried out from three wastewater treatment plants (WWTP) employing an activated sludge process to produce secondary treated effluent in Brisbane. HPyV, HAdV, HTtV and Microviridae were consistently detected in the primary influent in high numbers (105 to 106 pdu L-1) and secondary treated effluent (102 to 103 pdu L-1) across all three treatment plants. Under appropriate conditions, WWTPs with activated sludge process could be an effective treatment barrier with > 3 log10 removal of enteric. The results confirm the occurrence of enteric viruses in significant numbers in secondary treated effluent, tertiary treatment may be required prior to effluent reuse or discharged into the environmental to prevent exposure of people to health hazards.

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