Ordinal structural analysis of fundamental motor skills in childhood using behavioral observation method

( Osamu Aoyagi ) 한국체육학회 2016 국제스포츠과학 학술대회 Vol.2016 No.1

Purpose: Phylogenetic orderliness exists in the emergence of motor performance in babyhood, such as from standing via crawling to walking. In particular, it is well-known to be prominent in locomotive movements (Cratty, 1986). This study aimed to investigate whether this developmental orderliness is also found in young children’s locomotive and manipulative movements or not, and if so, what kind of ordinal structure (differentiation or integration) it is. Method: A Subjects were 424 young children in five preschools in Japan. Their guardians were asked to answer a questionnaire about whether their child could perform certain movements or not, judging from their observations of their child in everyday life. The movements consisted of eight running, 17 jumping, and 10 ascending/descending in locomotive performance, as well as 10 throwing, 10 catching, 11 hitting, and 12 pulling/climbing in manipulating performance, 78 in total. Ordinal structure was drawn using arrows from one movement to another movement, in which the latter was statistically thought to be based on the former. Differentiation and integration of motor development were examined from a drawn arrow diagram. The arrow was only drawn when Takeya’s orderliness coefficient (Takeya, 1980) was 0.5 or greater. Result: In running, the integration of developmental sequencing from simple movements to difficult and rhythmic movements was found. In ascending and descending movements on stairs, the sequence from performance using hands or stepping using each leg one at a time to performance going up for a long distance were detected. However, jumping performance had very complicated differentiation and integration, and not simple ones. In manipulative performance, orderliness of “throwing small ball with a single hand to at a moving target,” “from a big ball to a small ball,” “from both hands to a single hand,” and “throwing a ball at a small target” to “throwing a ball at a moving target” was found. In catching movements, there were three sequences, specifically “from a big ball to a small ball,” “from catching a ball with the entire chest to with only the palm of the hand,” and “from catching a static ball to a moving ball.” In hitting movements, we found orderliness leading to the most difficult hitting movements while integrating the sequences of “from a non-moving target to a moving target,” “the sequence connecting to hitting movements accompanied by additional jumping,” and “successive hitting.” Pulling-up and climbing performance had the same features as hitting, i.e. as a whole, the other movements integrated into the most difficult movements, such as legging-up on the horizontal bar, back-hip circle, chinning, monkey bars, and climbing a bar. Conclusion: We detected the common characteristics of "from single accomplishment to repeated accomplishments" in hitting, jumping and pulling-up and climbing performance. We also found the following order common in throwing and catching skills: 1) from a relatively big ball to a small ball (from a big-sized ball to a small-sized ball), and 2) from a whole body to a part of the body ("from both hands to one hand" and "from a chest to palms").

Motivation towards Physical Activity in Late Childhood

Takahiro Ikeda,Osamu Aoyagi,Nam-Ik Han,Tae-Hee Choi,Kwang-Soo Koo,Young-Hwan Seo 한국발육발달학회 2018 한국발육발달학회지 Vol.26 No.3

The purpose of the present study was to investigate motivation towards physical activity (MPA) in Japanese and Korean children. All of the research participants (N = 985) completed a questionnaire related to MPA and other items. The results of a factor analysis using the Procrustes rotation method showed that the MPA factor structure was similar between Japanese and South Korean children. Only intrinsic motivation for learning was associated with all of the factors underlying MPA. A comparison of MPA according to nationality showed that Korean children have higher motivation in terms of Self-awareness and lower motivation in terms of Values and Competitiveness than their Japanese counterparts. A comparison of MPA according to gender showed that boys have higher motivation than girls across several forms of MPA. A secondary factor analysis aggregated seven MPA factors into two categories: Self-related MPA and Social MPA. Participating in sports activities after school and mastering many motor skills was found to promote MPA among both Korean and Japanese children. In Japanese children, MPA was found to be related to play incorporating a physical activity (such as sports) and in the family environment (in an allotted time for playing). However, no such relationships were found in Korean children.

Comparison of factor structures on pleasure derived from physical activity by 10- to 12-year-old children in South Korea and Japan

( Takahiro Ikeda ),( Osamu Aoyagi ),( Tae Hee Choi ),( Nam Ik Han ),( Kwang Soo Koo ),( Youn Shin Nam ),( Young Whan Seo ) 한국체육학회 2016 국제스포츠과학 학술대회 Vol.2016 No.1

Purpose: In recent years, the inactivity of Asian children has been cited. Japan and South Korea, which are located in the same Asian region, are neighboring countries that have many similarities as well as unique aspects. Thus, this study aimed to compare factorial structures of pleasure derived from physical activity between Japanese and South Korean elementary school pupils. Method: 1,689 Japanese and South Korean elementary school pupils in the fifth and sixth grades (461 Japanese boys and 406 girls; 395 Korean boys and 427 girls) answered a questionnaire, which consisted of 22 items presuming 10 factors developed by Tokunaga and Hashimoto (1980). First, factor analysis was conducted on Japanese data. Next, factor analysis with incomplete Procrustes rotation was successively conducted on Korean data using Japanese factorial structure as a hypothetical structure. Result: The following new factors of pleasure from physical activity by Japanese children were extracted (cumulative factor contribution= 52.0%): “F1: Pleasure factor from challenging and creative activities” (factor contribution=4.42, rate of factor contribution=21.4%); “F2: Pleasure factor from winning and group activities” (3.66, 16.6%); and “F3: Pleasure factor from watching physical activity and cheering” (3.06, 13.9%). However, pleasure factors such as competition, admiration, self-realization, good health, and sense of thrill were not extracted from the Japanese data. Thus, Procrustes-rotation factor analysis was applied to the Korean data targeting the 12 items related to the factors of “challenge,” “creative activities,” “sense of winning,” and “watching and cheering.” As a result, the following two factors were extracted: Pleasure factors consisting of two items involved with group activity and competition (Factor contribution=2.734) and factors including all items except for the items contained in the first (9.240). Conclusion: Tokunaga (2016) assumed the hierarchical structure of pleasure factors for physical activity. Based on this, it can be understood that F3 in Japanese factorial structure is located at a low level and F1 at a high level. That is to say, the factorial structure of pleasure for physical activity by Japanese children is diverse depending on their level of physical fitness and tastes, indicating that they derive pleasure from physical activity from various viewpoints. On the other hand, Korean children derived their pleasure from physical activity from a one-dimensional and simple perspective. In specific terms, their factors can be characterized by whether they are generated in the context of their relationship with friends or rivals participating in exercises, or not, and by pleasure produced due to other factors.

STABILIZATION MECHANISM OF PREMIXED FLAME NEAR THE LEAN FLAMMABILITY LIMIT

Toshikazu Sakuma,Tetsuji Aoyagi,Osamu Azegami,Osamu Kawaguchi 대한기계학회 1996 KSME/JSME THERMAL and FLUID Engineering Conference Vol.3 No.1

Comparison of the implementation status of weight control and physical activities between South Korean and Japanese university students

( Tomoko Ikeda ),( Takahiro Ikeda ),( Osamu Aoyagi ),( Tae Hee Choi ),( Nam Ik Han ),( Ye Ju Hong ),( Kwang Soo Koo ),( Youn Shin Nam ) 한국체육학회 2016 국제스포츠과학 학술대회 Vol.2016 No.1

Purpose: Adolescent Japanese girls have a strong desire to be thin and, therefore, engage in many unhealthy weight-control behaviors such as dieting. In recent years, this drive for thinness has spread to include boys as well as girls. Meanwhile, the desire to be thin is also increasing among adolescents in South Korea. The present study aimed to investigate the correlation between weight-control (WC) behaviors and physical activity (PA) among university students in Japan and South Korea. Method: The subjects comprised 1,833 university students in Japan (male, 454; female, 456) and South Korea (male, 449; female, 474). All subjects were asked whether they engaged in WC behaviors and were queried about the intensity (mild, moderate, and vigorous), number of days per week, and duration of PA. The correlations between sex, WC behaviors, and PA were investigated by country using a chi-square test. Multiple correspondence analysis (MCA) was then applied to investigate overall correlations. Result: The rates of WC behaviors were higher among female students than male students in both countries (58.7% vs. 18.4% in Japan [χ2=151.9***] and 61.1% vs. 42.3% in South Korea [χ2=32.6***]). Regarding PA, male students tended to exercise more days per week than female students in South Korea for all PA intensities. The same tendency was observed in Japan in relation to moderate and vigorous PA, but not for mild PA which was the same for males and females. Two-dimensional (2D) plots based on the results of MCA showed a correlation between not engaging in WC behaviors and performing PA among male students and between engaging in WC behaviors and not performing PA among female students in both Japan and South Korea for mild PA (1D: α=.455, eigenvalue=1.519; 2D: α=.336, eigenvalue=1.337). This tendency became increasingly marked for moderate (1D: α=583, eigenvalue=1.776, 2D: α=.463, eigenvalue=1.531) and vigorous (1D: α=.656, eigenvalue=1.970, 2D: α=.470, eigenvalue=1.544) PA. Conclusion: Female university students in Japan characteristically engaged in WC behaviors without PA, and this tendency became more marked as exercise intensity increased. Female university students in South Korea also engaged in WC behaviors, but they also performed moderate PA; and WC behaviors were associated with PA. Male university students in South Korea engaged in WC behaviors, but these were associated with PA and the number of days per week; and durations of PA were greater than those of female university students in South Korea at all PA intensities. The rates of WC behaviors were low among male university students in Japan; however, the number of days per week and duration of PA were greater than those of male university students in South Korea at all PA intensities. The present findings show that the correlations between WC behaviors and PA observed among university students in South Korea are stronger in Japan.

한·일 고등학생의 스포츠클럽 참여가 학교생활 만족도에 미치는 영향

서영환(Younghwan Seo),최태희(Taehee Choi),靑柳領(Osamu Aoyagi),八板昭仁(Akihito Yaita),한남익(Namik Han) 한국발육발달학회 2014 한국발육발달학회지 Vol.22 No.3

This study was to investigate the effects of sports activity participation on the satisfaction of Korea and Japan highschool students`` school life. 631 Korea highschool students (452 participants to activities of sport club, 179 non-participants) and 822 Japan highschool students (353 participants to activities of sport club, 469 non-participants) were asked to answer by self-administered method. Frequency analysis, independent-sample t-test, and multiple regression analysis (SPSS 18.0 for windows) were carried out for verifying significant differences. These are the results of this study. First, Korea sport participants had significantly higher satisfactions on school life and class satisfaction than non-participants. Second, Japan sport participants had significantly higher satisfactions on class, physical environment satisfaction, classmate and school event satisfaction than non-participants. Third, Korea sport participants activities has a significantly influence on school life, classmate and school event satisfaction. Finally, Japan sport participants activities has a significantly influence on school life, class and school event satisfaction.

한국과 일본 초등학생의 체육교과 선호도, 영역별 선호도, 방과 후 놀이 선호도 및 운동의 즐거움 요인 비교 연구

서영환(Youngwhan Seo),남윤신(Younshin Nam),최태희(Taehee Choi),靑柳領(Osamu Aoyagi),池田孝博(Takahiro Ikeda),한남익(Namik Han) 한국발육발달학회 2017 한국발육발달학회지 Vol.25 No.2

The purpose of this study was to investigate the preference of physical education contents, afterschool play and factors of physical pleasure derived from physical activity in Korea and Japan elementary students. The results of this study are as followed. Firstly, Japan subjects showed significantly high preference than that of the Korea subjects. Korea physical education showed significantly high than that of the other subject. Japan physical education, practical subject and arts subject showed significantly high than that of the other subject. Secondly, Japanese physical education contents showed significantly high preference than that of the Korean physical education contents. Japanese male students showed significantly high than that of the korean male students, Japanese female students and korean female student. Japanese T&F showed significantly high preference than that of the Japanese gymnastics, korean ball game, Japanese swimming, korean T&F, korean gymnastics, korean swimming. Third, It became clear that the gender and a after-school play factor have an influence on the preference of after-school play. Japanese of the preference of after school play showed significantly high than that of the korean. Japanese male students showed significantly high preference than that of korean male students, Japanese female students and korean female student. Lastly, It became clear that the gender and factor of PPA have an influence on the preference of PPA. PPA of Japanese showed significantly high than that of the korean PPA. Japanese male students showed significantly high preference than that of Japanese female students and korean female student.