질소고정 생물의 근원으로서의 woody debris

이명종,Li, Ching-Yan,Jr, Kermit Cromack 강원대학교 삼림과학연구소 2000 Journal of Forest Science Vol.16 No.-

많은 산림의 임상에는 특유의 분해과정에 있는 목질의 도복고사목이 존재하며, 이는 식물, 동물의 서식처가 되고 미생물의 다양성을 제공한다. 분해급 III-V의 Douglus-fir의 목질부 시료를 넣은 리치튜브에 물오리나무(Alus hirsuta)와 루브라오리나무(A. rubra)를 파종하고 온실에서 재배 실험한 결과, 두 수종 모두 근류가 형성되어 분해중인 도복고사목에 감염성 Frankia가 존재함을 시사하였다. 압열멸균한 시료에선 생육이 매우 불량하였고 근류가 형성되지 않았다. 도복고사목 내의 Frankia의 존재로 목질 유기물이 공생 질소고정 균의 근원이 됨을 알 수 있었다. 이러한 결과는 산림생태계 내의 목질 유기물이 산림이 장기 생산력에 기여하는 系의 구조적 다양성과 생물적 다양성을 창조하고 유지시킨다는 것을 시사한다. Fallen and decomposing woody debris are conspicuous features of the forest floor in many natural forests. They provide habitats for plants, animals, and a diversity of microorganism. Seeds of Alus hirsuta and Alus rubra were sown in leach tubes containing Douglas-fir woody debris of decay class III-V. In greenhouse studies, wood samples induced effective nodule formation in Alus hirsuta and A. rubra, indicating that the fallen trees contained infections and effective Frankia. Alder on sterilized wood substrates grew poorly and did not nodulate. The preserve of infective Frankia in dead, fallen trees suggests that woody debris is a source of symbiotic nitrogen-fixing organism. The results suggest that coarse woody debris create and maintain structural and biological diversity that contributes to forest long-term productivity. Key words : woody debris, Alus hirsute, A. rubra, Frankia, biological diversity long-term productivity

치과용 아말감의 산화환원에 관한 전기화학적 연구

이인복,이명종 大韓齒科保存學會 1993 Restorative Dentistry & Endodontics Vol.18 No.2

The purpose of this study was to observe corrosion characteristics of six dental amalgams and was to analyse corrosion products electrochemically. After each amalgam alloy and Hg was triturated as the direction of the manufacturer by using mechanical amalgamator, the triturated mass was inserted into the cylinderical metal mold(12X10mm) and was condensed with 160kg/cm^2 by using the hydrolic press. The specimen was removed from the mold and was stored at room temperature for 1 week, and was polished with amalgam polishing kit. The anodic and cathodic polarization curve was obtained by using cyclic voltammetric method with 3-electrode potentiostat range was -1.7V~0.4V(vs SCE) in working eledtrode and scan rate was 50mV/s and the exposed surface area of each specimen to the electrolytic solution was 0.79cm^2. The results were as follows. 1. In anodic-cathodic polarization curve of amalgam specimens, two anodic current rising areas and two cathodic current peaks were obtained at the low Cu amalgam(CF, CS) specimen and three anodic current rising areas and three cathodic current peaks were obtained at the high Cu amalgam(TY, DS, HV) specimen. 2.As this compared with the anodic and cathodic current peak potentials of Sn, Cu and Ag specimen, the first cathodic current peak I c was caused by the reduction of divalent tin salt, second cathodic current peak II c results from the reduction of quadravalent tin salt, and third cathodic current peak III c results from the reduction of copper salt. 3. As reverse potential sweeping was done repeatedly, anodic current was decreased slightly in all amalgam specimens.

낙엽활엽수림에 있어서 표고 경도에 따른 임상유기물량의 변화

이명종 江源大學校 林科大學 森林科學硏究所 1995 Journal of Forest Science Vol.11 No.-

강원대학교 부속 연습림의 낙엽활엽수림에서 임상유기물(O층)의 집적에 미치는 표고의 영향을 조사하였다. 표고가 높아짐에 따라 O층의 두께는 증가하였으며, 이러한 경향은 F2층과 H층에서 뚜렸하였다. O층의 두께(X, ㎝)와 무게(Y, ㎏/㎡)의 관계는 직선회귀식 Y(㎏/㎡) = aX(㎝)에 근사였으며, F2층, H층 및 F2+H층에 대한 계수 “a”의 값은 각각 0.43, 0.61 및 0.53이었다. 유기물의 용적중은 F2층, H층 및 F2+H층에서 각각 45g/d㎡, 60g/d㎡ 및 55g/d㎡ 전후로 추정되었다. O층의 양은 표고 280m에서의 13ton/㏊으로부터 표고 710m의 41ton/㏊의 범위에 있었으며, F1, F2및 H층은 각각 5∼10ton/㏊, 5∼11ton/㏊ 및 13∼40ton/㏊의 범위를 차지하였다. Altitudinal effects on the accumulation of O layer were examined for deciduous broadleaved forests in the experimental forest of Kangwon National University. There found a marked increased towards the higher altitudes in the thickness of O layer. These trends could be observed conspicuously on the F2 and H layers. The relation between thickness(X, ㎝) and dry weight(Y, ㎏/㎡) of O layer was approximated by linear regression equation;Y(㎏/㎡) = aX(㎝). The values of coefficient “a” for the F2, H and F2+H layers were 0.43, 0.61 and 0.53, respectively. Bulk densities of the accumulated organic matter estimated nearly to be 45g/d㎡ in F2 layer, 60g/d㎡ in H layer and 55g/d㎡ in F2+H layer. The amount of O layer ranged from 13ton/㏊ for the forest at 280m in altitude to 41ton/㏊ for the upper forest at 710m in altitude. Among these total amount of the O layer, F1, F2 and H layer occupied to be 5∼10ton/㏊, 5∼11ton/㏊ and 13∼40ton/㏊, respectively.

소나무와 리기다소나무의 수간류 및 수관통과우의 화학적 성질

이상덕,이명종,주영특 강원대학교 삼림과학연구소 2001 Journal of Forest Science Vol.17 No.-

수간류, 수관통과우의 화학적 성질변화에 미치는 수종간 차이의 영향을 비교하기 위하여 강원대학교 구내의 소나무림과 리기다소나무림을 대상으로 하여 조사, 분석하였다. 임의우의 평균 pH는 6.2였으며, 소나무의 수관통과우>소나무의 수간류>리기다소나무의 수관통과우>리기다소나무의 수간류 순의 평균 pH값을 보였다. 또한 6월을 제외한 대부분의 조사기간 동안 임의우의 pH가 수간류와 수관통과우의 pH보다 높게 나타났다. 다른 원소에 비하여 양이온은 Ca2+과 K+이, 음이온은 NO3-과 SO42-이 타원소에 비하여 높게 나타났으며, 특히 11월에 K+, Mg2+, Na+이 증가하였다. 한편, 소나무와 리기다소나무의 수간류와 수관통과우에 있어서의 용존원소 농도는 임외우 보다 높게 나타났다. This research was carried out to investigate the effects of the different tree species (Pinus densiflora and Pinus rigida) about the chemical properties of stemflow and throughfall at Chuncheon city in Kangwon province. The water quality of the rainfall, stemflow and throughfall in each forest stands were analyzed chemically. The pH average of precipitation was pH 6.2 and pH averages were throughfall of P. densiflora> throughfall of P. rigida> stemflow of P. rigida during the study period. During the all period, the pH of precipitation was higher than the pH of stemflow and throughfall except on June. The concentration of cation(Ca2+ and K+) and anion(NO3- and SO42-) were higher than others. Especially on November, the concentration of K+, Mg2+, Na+ were increased. The concentration of dissolved elements of stemflow and throughfall (Pinus densiflora and Pinus rigida) were higher than precipitation. Key words : precipitation, stemflow, throughful, Pinus densiflora, Pinus rigida,

樹木의 水分特性에 關한 生理 ·生態學的 解析(XI) : 落葉 闊葉澍 21種의 分枝部의 氷分通導性의 比較

韓相燮,金宣憙,李明鐘 江原大學校 附設 環境硏究所 1998 環境硏究 Vol.15 No.-

이 硏究는 우리 나라 主要 落葉 關葉樹 21種에 대하여 分枝部(branch junctions)의 相對水分通導性(relative conductivity, RC), leaf specific conductivity(LSC), Huber value(HV), specific conduc-tivity(SC) 등의 水分通導性(hydraulic conductivity, HC), 그리고 邊材部의 平均 導管直徑(㎛)과 導管數(No./m㎡) 등을 測定하여 分枝部의 水分通導 This study was performed to compare the characteristics of hydraulic conductivity such as relative conductivity(RC), leaf specific conductivity(LSC) , Huber value(HV), specific conductivity(SC), anddiameter of vessels(㎛) and number of vessels(No. /㎟) in branch junctions of the twenty-one decidu-ous broad-leaved species. The hydraulic conductivities of branch junctions decreased with increasing junction angle between stem and branch, and with decreasing diameter of branch, The RC and LSC of branch junctions related to branching types(ㅏ, Y, Ψ type) were much lower in ㅏ and Ψ types than in Y type, The diameter and number of vessels remarkably reduced in branch junctions as compared with the stem and branch.

묘지 조성사업지의 비탈면 보호공법에 관한 연구(Ⅰ) : 강릉시 시범 공설묘지 조성사업을 중심으로

전근우,유남재,차두송,이명종,박완근,한상균 강원대학교 삼림과학연구소 2000 Journal of Forest Science Vol.16 No.-

강릉시 시범 공설묘지 조성사업은 경사 30˚ 의 표고차가 심한 산지를 절 · 성토하여 계단식 묘역단을 조성하는 공사로 수직고 15m이상의 대절토 및 성토부가 산재하고 있다. 특히 묘역단장후 주변 유입수 및 표면 유출수에 의한 비탈면 붕괴, 묘역단 유실 등의 피해가 발생할 경우 보수 또는 보강이 사실상 어려운 실정이며, 사회적 여론으로 확대될 가능성이 크므로 비탈면 보호에 필요한 녹화공법을 검토하였다. 구체적인 연구내용으로는 설계도면 및 현장답사를 통한 문제 비탈면 추출, 비탈면의 물리적 특성과 식생의 생육상황 파악, 비탈면 주변부의 식생조사와 유용식생 선발, 비탈면의 토양조건 분석 및 비탈면 토사의 기본물성 조사 등이며, 이를 기초로 하여 비탈면 현황 및 문제점을 파악하고, 그 대안을 제시하였다. The construction of a public cemetery in Kangnung city includes terraced graveyard with cutting or banking in mountain which has severe altitude differences with a slope of 30˚. Therefore, there are scattered cutting and banking sections with vertical height more than 15m. Especially, if the slope failure or the loss of a graveyard happens after graveyard establishment due to surface flow and inflow around, it is difficult to repair, causing serious public censure. Accordingly. revegetation works were examined that need protection of slope. The specific content of the study was the selection of slopes requiring special care through blueprint and field investigation the measurement of the physical property of slope and the situation of vegetative growth, the investigation of vegetation in slopes and the selection of vegetation, and the analysis of soil condition of slopes and the physical condition of slope sediment. On the basis of investigations some alternatives were proposed.Key words: public cemetery, slope protection works, revegetation works

해송엽 Litter 의 분해와 N , P 및 K 의 동태

이명종 ( Myong Jong Yi ) 한국산림과학회 1991 한국산림과학회지 Vol.80 No.3

Seasonal patterns of decomposition and nutrient release from the needle litter were examined using litter-bags in coastal Pinus thunbergii forests in nothern Kyushu, Japan. Dry matter losses from decomposing needle litter were smillar in all standsover a experimental period. Mass loss in dry weight is lost rapidly during the first year, and thereafter the rate of loss slows. Litter lost approximately 40% of initial mass in 1 yr. The predicted decay constant, k values ranged from 0.5 to 0.6 Decomposition half-times(t_(0.50) ranged from 1.1 to 1.4 year. In the decomposing needle litter, the concentrations of N and P generally increased with time while the concentration of K decreased. A decrease in absoulte amount was noted for K during decomposition while in an increase was found for N. The order of mobility of elements was K$gt;P$gt;N. Mineralization phase of N had not appeared during the experiment.

강원춘천지역의 굴참나무림과 신갈나무림내 토양 CO2의 발생

이명종 ( Myong Jong Yi ) 한국산림과학회 2003 한국산림과학회지 Vol.92 No.3

Infrared gas analysis (IRGA) method was used to measure soil CO_2 evolution at the soil surface in three natural deciduous oak forests (Quercus mongolica Fish. stand and two Q. variabils B1. stands) in Chunchon, Kangwon Province. Soil moisture and soil temperature were measured concurrently with soil CO_2 evolution. There were strong positive correlations of soil CO_2 evolution with soil temperature in all study stands, but no significant correlations between soil moisture and soil CO_2 evolution. The seasonal fluctuations in soil CO_2 evolution increasing in summer and decreasing in winter, corresponded to changes in the soil temperature. Peaks in seasonal soil CO_2 evolution occured in July and August. Annual mean soil CO_2 evolution ranged from 0.51~0.52g Co_2/m^2/hr for Q. variabilis stands to 0.57g Co_2/m^2/hr for the Q. mongolica stand. The Q_10 values ranged from 3.9 ~4.0 for Q. variabilis stands to 5.3 for the Q. mongolica stand. In summer (June-August), soil CO_2 evolution was greater in Q. mongolica stand than in Q. ariabilis stands but the reverse was true for the other seasons. In the study site, soil respiration during summer was above 50% of annual total soil respiration (Q. variabilis stands; 51.8~52.7%, Q. monglica stand; 58.8%), Annual total soil respiration was 31.45~34.84 t CO_2/ha/yr for the Q. monglica stands, and 34.17 t C0_2/ha/yr for Q. mongolica stand, respectively.

강원도 지방 잣나무 인공림의 임령변화에 따른 지상부 현존량과 양분축적

이명종 ( Myong Jong Yi ) 한국산림과학회 1998 한국산림과학회지 Vol.87 No.2

The aboveground biomass and nutrient content (N, P, K, Ca and Mg) of Pinus koraiensis S. et Z., aged 9, 22, 34, 46, 66 years, were measured in the Experiment Forest of Kangwon National University of Kangwondo province. The site index of the stands ranged from 13.5 to 14.2. Allometric equations (logY=alogX+b, where Y, X is ovendry mass and DBH, respectively) relating dry weights of stem, branches and needles to diameter at breast height (DBH) were developed to estimate aboveground tree biomass. Total above ground tree biomass increased with stand age from 21.8 t ㏊^(-1) in the 9-year-old stand to 130 t ㏊^(-1) in the 66-Year-old stand. Aboveground biomass was allocated as follows : stem$gt; branch $gt; foliage, except for the 9-year-old stand which ㏊d a greater proportion of foliage biomass t㏊n branch biomass. As stand age increased, an increasing proportion of annual biomass increment was allocated to stems. The aboveground biomass of shrubs and herbs ranged from 0.4 to 3.9 t ㏊^(-1) and from 0.05 to 0.6 t ㏊^(-1), respectively. No relationship was found between aboveground understory biomass and stand age. The mass of woody debris and forest floor varied between 0.59 to 1.54 t ㏊^(-1) and 6.0 to 21.63 t ㏊^(-1), respectively. Nutrient accumulation in aboveground tree biomass increased with stand age and was in the order of N $gt; Ca $gt; K $gt; P $gt; Mg. Average rates of nutrients accumulation in biomass were greatest in the early stages of stand development, and less marked as stand aged. The nutrient concentrations in different tree components decreased in the order of needle $gt; branch $gt; stem. There were no detectable trends in nutrient content of the forest floor and mineral soils with stand age. Understory vegetation contributed little to the nutrient pool of these Korean pine ecosystems. Mineral soil contained the Breast proportion of nutrient capital of the various ecosystem compartments.

전나무림과 낙엽수림에서 생육하는 까치박달 유목의 잎 양분(질소와 인)의 동태와 양분이용효율

이명종 ( Myong Jong Yi ),권보람 ( Bo Ram Kwon ),허남준 ( Nam Jun Heo ),신호용 ( Ho Yong Shin ) 한국임학회 2014 산림과학 공동학술대회 논문집 Vol.2014 No.-

광릉 국립수목원의 토양의 화학성과 생육기간이 다른 두 임분 (전나무림과 낙엽수림) 에서 하층식생으로 생육하는 까치박달 유목의 잎 양분 (질소와 인)의 계절변화와 양분이용효율을 조사하였다. 두 임분 모두 까치박달 잎의 질소와 인 농도의 계절변화는 유사한 패턴을 보였다. 잎의 질소와 인의 농도는 생육초기에 높았는데, 그 후 감소하여 6월 중순부터 10월 까지는 큰 변화가 없이 일정수준을 유지하였으며, 낙엽기에 최저 수준을 보였다. 잎 질소의 계절변화는 두 임분 간에 차이가 없었으나, 인은 전 생육기간 동안 낙엽수림보다 전나무림에서 유의적으로 높았다 (p<0.05). 질소와 인의 재전류율은 전나무림과 낙엽수림에서 각각 31%과 29% 로 임분 간 차이가 없었으나, 인은 전나 무림(48%)보다 낙엽수림(52%)에서 높았다. 양분이용효율 역시 질소는 두 임분 간에 차이가 없었으나 (전무림: 0.65, 낙엽수림 0.62), 인은 낙엽수림(9.7) 이 전나무림(6.8)에 비해 높았다. 표토의 pH는 두 임분 간에 큰 차이가 없었다. 전나무림과 낙엽수림의 표토의 질소 농도는 각각 0.26%와 0.32%로 차이가 없었으나, 유효태 인의 농도는 활엽수림(3 mg/kg)이 전나무림(19 mg/kg) 보다 유의적으로 낮았다. 이와 같은 결과는 전나무림에 비해 비옥도(유효태 인)가 낮은 낙엽수림 내의 까치박달은 비교적 높은 인의 이용효율을 유지하며 생육하고 있음을 사사한다. We investigated seasonal variation of nitrogen (N) and phosphorous (P) concentrations in foliage, and nutrient use efficiency (NUE) of Carpinus cordata saplings growing in two different stands (needle fir stand and deciduous stand) as an understory vegetation in Korea National Arboretum. These stands were different in their soil chemical properties and growing seasons of overstory vegetation. The seasonal variations of foliar N and P concentrations of C. cordata were similar in two stands. The foliar N and P concentrations were highest at the beginning of growing season and decreased until mid-June. These concentrations were constant from mid-June to October and lowest at the end of growing season. There were no significant differences in foliar N concentration between two stands, however, foliar P concentration was significantly higher in needle fir stand through the growing season (p<0.05). Retranslocation rates of N were 31% and 29% in needle fir and broadleaf stands, respectively, showing no significant differences between them. However, retranslocation rate of P was significantly higher in broadleaf stand (52%) than in needle fir stand (48%, p<0.05). Similarly, NUEs for N were not significantly different between two stands (0.65 for needle fir stand and 0.62 for deciduous stand), while NUE for P was higher in broadleaf stand (9.7) than in needle fir stand (6.8). The difference of topsoil pH between two stands was not significant. The concentrations of total N of topsoil were 0.26% and 0.32% in needle fir and broadleaf stands, respectively, showing no significant differences between them. However the concentration of available P of topsoil was significantly lower in deciduous stand (3 mg/kg) than in needle fir stand (19 mg/kg). These results suggested that C. cordata growing in relatively infertile broadleaf stand tended to increase NUE for P compared to the C. cordata growing in needle fir stand.