『四聲通解』의 魚語御韻과 模姥暮韻에 인용된 『蒙古韻略』과 『蒙古字韻』의 비교 연구

曲曉雲 ( Qu Xiaoyun ) 한국중국언어학회 2021 중국언어연구 Vol.- No.94

本文對崔世珍在≪四聲通解≫魚語御韻和模姥暮韻標註≪蒙古韻略≫何音的字與≪蒙古字韻≫做的比較分析結果如下: 1) 除了「遽」等字的訓民正音轉寫「:뀨」應改為「·뀨」、「貯」等字的訓民正音轉寫「쥬」應改為「:쥬」、「戍」等字的訓民正音轉寫「슈」應改為「·슈」外, ≪四聲通解≫魚語御韻和模姥暮韻所引≪蒙古韻略≫小韻字讀音與≪蒙古字韻≫完全一致。但≪蒙古韻略≫和≪蒙古字韻≫在收錄字上存在不同。 2) 漢語[-əw]音的≪蒙古字韻≫八思巴字轉寫為/-uw/, ≪蒙古韻略≫的訓民正音轉寫為/-əw/。八思巴字轉寫/-uw/與漢語拼音的/-ou/類似, 訓民正音的轉寫與IPA標記一致。 3) 「醵」在≪蒙古字韻≫裡有平聲 [giu]和入聲 [giεw]二音, 但在≪蒙古韻略≫裡還有去聲[giu]一音;「柱」在≪蒙古字韻≫裡有上聲 [dʒiu]一音, 在≪蒙古韻略≫裡還有上聲 [t∫iu]和去聲 [giu]二音;「紵」在≪蒙古字韻≫裡有上聲 [dʒiu]一音, 在≪蒙古韻略≫裡還有上聲 [t∫iu]一音。「輸」在≪蒙古字韻≫裡有平聲 [∫iu]一音, 在≪蒙古韻略≫裡還有去聲 [∫iu]一音。 4) ≪四聲通解≫的收錄字以≪洪武正韻≫為基準, 在≪洪武正韻≫、≪蒙古韻略≫均收錄並且在二書中的讀音一致的收錄在先, 不標註≪蒙古韻略≫何音;二書讀音不一致的漢字收錄在其後, 并標註≪蒙古韻略≫何音。崔世珍在≪四聲通解≫裡添加了≪洪武正韻≫未收錄的「續添字」, 一些「續添字」也見於≪蒙古字韻≫, 本文推測, 這樣的「續添字」可能也收錄在≪蒙古韻略≫。 5) ≪蒙古字韻≫和≪蒙古韻略≫有魚母一聲紐, 八思巴字轉寫為/’-/, 有別于喩母的/j-/, 但是崔世珍的轉寫均為/ㅇ/, 所以二母的實際音值均為零聲母[ø-]。 6) ≪蒙古字韻≫魚韻(≪蒙古韻略≫魚語御韻) 有[-u]、[-iu]兩個韻母, 但是[-iu]中的[i]受其後圓唇母音u的影響, 實際音值為接近圓唇[y]的一個音, 所以八思巴字轉寫為/ė/, 訓民正音裡無這樣的元音, 並且帶有圓唇性質的[i]與純粹的[i]在音位上不構成對立, 所以訓民正音轉寫為[i]。通過≪蒙古字韻≫魚韻(≪蒙古韻略≫魚語御韻) 的八思巴字和訓民正音的轉寫, 證明漢語的[y]韻母在≪蒙古字韻≫(≪蒙古韻略≫) 成書的時代還未產生。 7) 崔世珍在≪四聲通解≫魚語御韻和模姥暮韻引用的包括「迂」在內的≪古今韻會≫的記錄均與≪古今韻會擧要≫一致。花登正宏(1997:71) 主張從崔世珍的注釋可以證明崔世珍所見「韻會」為≪古今韻會≫, 而非≪古今韻會擧要≫, 這一主張是錯誤的。 Choi Se-Jin makes a comparative analysis of the pronunciation of some words marked “Meng-Gu-Yun-Lüe” in “Sa-Seong-tong-Hae” Yú (魚), Yǔ (語), Yù (御) and Mú (模) Mǔ (姥) Mù (暮) Rhyme. This paper makes a comparative analysis of these words and “Meng-Gu-Zi-Yun”, and the results are as follows: 1) The Chinese [-əu] sound is translated into /-uw/ in the Phags-pa character of “Meng-Gu-Zi-Yun”. The Hunminjeongeum of “Meng-Gu-Yun-Lüe” is translated into /--əw /. The transliteration of the Phags-pa character /-uw/ is similar to the /-ou/ of Hanyu Pinyin, and the transliteration of the Hunminjeongeum is consistent with the IPA mark. 2) “醵” has 平聲 [giu] and 入聲 [giεw] in “Meng-Gu-Zi-Yun”, but there is 平聲 [giu] and 入聲 [giεw] and 去聲 [giu] in “Meng-Gu-Yun-Lüe” ; “柱” has 上聲 [dʒiu] in “Meng-Gu-Zi-Yun”,but there is 上聲 [dʒiu] and 上聲 [t∫iu] and 去聲 [giu] in “Meng-Gu-Yun-Lüe” ; “紵” has 上聲 [dʒiu] in “Meng-Gu-Zi-Yun”, but there is 上聲 [dʒiu] and 上聲 [t∫iu] in “Meng-Gu-Yun-Lüe” ; “輸” has 平聲 [∫iu] in “Meng-Gu-Zi-Yun”, but there is 平聲 [∫iu] and 去聲 [∫iu] in “Meng-Gu-Yun-Lüe” ; 3) The included words of “Sa-Seong-tong-Hae” are based on “Hongwu Zhengyun”. The words with the same pronunciation in Hongwu Zhengyun and “Meng-Gu-Yun-Lüe” are included first, and The words with inconsistent pronunciation in the two books are included later, and marked with he Yin of “Mongolian Rhyme”. Choi Se-Jin added “續添字” which is not included in “Hongwu Zhengyun” in “Sa-Seong-tong-Hae”, some of which can also be found in “Meng-Gu-Zi-Yun”. This paper speculates that such “續添字” may also be included in “Meng-Gu-Yun-Lüe”. 4) “Meng-Gu-Yun-Lüe” and “Meng-Gu-Zi-Yun” have 魚母, and the Basiba character is /’- /, which is different from the 喩母’s / j- /, but Choi Se-Jin’s transliteration is /ㅇ/, So the actual sound values of the two initials are both zero consonants [ø-]. 5) The “Meng-Gu-Zi-Yun” Rhymes of Yú (魚) (“Meng-Gu-Yun-Lüe” Rhymes of Yú (魚), Yǔ (語), Yù (御)) has two vowels [-u] and [-iu], but the [i] in [-iu] is affected by the subsequent lip vowel u, and the actual sound value is close to that of the lips [y], so the Phags-pa character is pronounced as /ė/, Hunminjeongeum does not have such a vowel, And there is no phoneme opposition between the lip-sensitive [i] and the essential [i], so the Hunminjeongeum is called [i]. Through the transliteration of the Phags-pa and Hunminjeongeum of the “Meng-Gu-Zi-Yun” Rhymes of Yú (魚) (“Meng-Gu-Yun-Lüe” Rhymes of Yú (魚), Yǔ (語), Yù (御)), Prove that [y] vowels were not generated at the time of “Meng-Gu-Zi-Yun” (“Meng-Gu-Yun-Lüe”)’s writing. 6) Cui Shizhen’s records of “Gu Jin Yun Hui”, including “迂”, are consistent with the “Gu Jin Yun Hui Ju Yao”. Masahiro Hanato (1997:71) argued that it can be clarified from Cui Shizhen’s notes that the “rhyming meeting” seen by Cui Shizhen is “ancient and modern rhyming meeting” rather than “ancient and modern rhyming meeting”, which is wrong.

NO(Nitric Oxide)에 의한 이자의 외분비 조절작용

한유미,김병무,민본홍,박인선 대한해부학회 2000 Anatomy & Cell Biology Vol.33 No.5

C -11 및 F - 18 표지 콜린의 합성과 체내동태에 관한 연구

전권수,유국현,김상욱,임상무,홍성운,서용섭,양승대,안순혁,허민구 대한핵의학회 2001 핵의학 분자영상 Vol.35 No.3

Objectives: Recently, [methyl-(11)^C]-(β-Hydroxyethyl)trimethylammonium ([(11)^C]choline) has been discovered to be a very effective tracer in imaging various human tumors using positron emission tomography. Because of the short half-life of C-11, it is very difficult to use in a routine imaging procedure and needs a frequent synthesis of [(11)^]choline. This can be supplemented by the substitution of [(11)^Ccholine with [methyS-18]fluorocholine. Here, we would like to report cell uptake and biodistribution of [(11)^Ccholine and [(18)^F]fluorocholine as a basic study. Methods [(11)^C]Choline was prepared by the treatment of [(11)^C]CHzI with N,N-dimethylaminoethanol and [18F]fluorocholine was synthesized from reaction of CHzBr[18F]F with N,N-dimethylaminoethanol. The radiochemical purity was checked by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The biodistribution of [(11)^C]choline and [(18)^F]fluorocholine was determined in balb/c mouse at 5 min, 20 min, 40 min and 80 min. The cell uptake wa measured using glioma (9L) and colon adeocarcinoma (SW620). Results: The radiochemical purity was more than 98% after purification. In the liver, uptake did not change over time the uptake was 20/ID/g for [C]choline and 13%ID/g for [(18)^F]fluorocholine. In the kidney, radioactivity decreased over tirne the uptake was 15%1D/g for [(11)^Ccholine and 20%ID/g for [(18)^F]fluorocholine, 80 min post-injection. The cell uptake of [(11)^Ccholine was 4.93% for glioma (9L) and 18.69F for colon adenocarcinoma (SW620). For [(18)^F]fluorocholine, 1.77% for glioma (9L) and 2.77% for colon adenocarcinoma (SW620). Conclusion: [(11)^CCholine and [(18)^F]fluorocholine showed a different cell uptake tendency, depending on cancer cell line. (Korean J Nucl Med 200135:185-191)

노인환자에서 척추마취시 Benzodiazepine 계 약물의 효과

조남수,김용일,유병식,정종달,임경준,김민출 대한마취과학회 1993 Korean Journal of Anesthesiology Vol.26 No.2

Midazolam, a water soluble benzodiazepine, was compared with diazepam as the changes of eardiopulmonary function during sedation under the spinal anesthesia in elderly patients. The results were as follows; 1) Cardiovascular effect. At the conclusion after diazepam 0.05 mg/kg(Group D) or midazolam 0.02 mg/kg(Group M) injection, systolic, diastolic pressure and heart rate were significantly decreased(P$lt;0.05) in the both group from 3 min to 30 min, but maintained within normal range. However, it is not significant difference that each group. 2) Respiratory effect. SaO decreased significantly at 3 min. in M-group after midazolam injection but there was not significant difference from change in D-group. Respiratory rate, pH and PaCO₂ were not significantly changed between D-group and M-group. However, PaO₂ was significantly decreased(p$lt;0.05) within normal range at 3 min. in M-group after midazolam IV and significant difference between both groups. From the above results, We have concluded that IV administrationf small dose of diazepam or midaaolam during spinal anesthesia had a little changed in cardiopulmonary function. However, sedative effect was efficient.

반응표면분석에 의한 노랑느타리버섯 추출물의 추출조건 최적화

이혜진(Hye-Jin Lee),도정룡(Jeong-Ryong Do),정민유(Min-Yu Chung),김현구(Hyun-Ku Kim) 한국식품영양과학회 2014 한국식품영양과학회지 Vol.43 No.10

노랑느타리버섯의 항산화 활성을 측정하여 효율적 추출조건을 예측하기 위해 마이크로웨이브 에너지, 에탄올 농도, 추출시간의 요인변수를 중심합성법에 따라 설정하여 반응표면분석을 통해 최적화 조건을 설정하였다. 노랑느타리버섯 추출물의 수율, 전자공여작용, SOD 유사 활성, 총 폴리페놀 함량에 대한 반응표면의 회귀식 R² 값이 각각 0.91, 0.87, 0.86 및 0.87로 분석되었고, 수율은 P<0.01, 항산화 활성이 P<0.05에서 유의적 수준을 나타냈다. 노랑느타리버섯은 요인변수에 따라 수율, 전자공여작용, 총 폴리페놀 함량의 경우 마이크로웨이브 에너지의 영향을 가장 많이 받았고, SOD유사 활성의 경우 에탄올 농도에 따른 유의적 차이를 보였다. 추출물의 각 특성을 모두 만족시키는 최적의 추출조건의 범위는 superimposing 하여 마이크로웨이브 에너지 71.48~92.84 watts, 에탄올 농도 55.01~71.66%, 추출시간 3~9분으로 예측되었다. Response surface methodology (RSM) was used to optimize extraction conditions of Pleurotus cornocopiae. Coefficients of determination (R²) for dependent variables ranged from 0.86 at 0.91. Maximum extraction yield was 40.81% under the following conditions: microwave power of 60.08 watts, ethanolic concentration of 12.33%, and extraction time of 6.86 min. Maximum extraction electron donating ability was 35.72% at 44.13 watts, 19.30%, and 4.21 min. Maximum extraction superoxide dismutase (SOD)-like activity was 34.87% at 114.01 watts, 65.88%, and 1.56 min. Maximum extraction total polyphenol content was 31.77 mg/g at 50.52 watts, 23.00% and 2.90 min. Based on the superimposition of four dimensional RSM with respect to extraction yield, electron donating ability, SOD-like activity, and total polyphenol content obtained under various extraction conditions, the optimum ranges of extraction conditions were as follows: microwave power of 71.48~92.84 watts, ethanol concentration of 55.01~71.66%, and extraction time of 3~9 min.

다양한 전처리 방법에 따른 양파의 이화학 및 영양학적 특성 분석

김광일 ( Kwang Il Kim ),황인국 ( In Guk Hwang ),유선미 ( Seon Mi Yu ),민상기 ( Sang Gi Min ),이상윤 ( Sang Yoon Lee ),최미정 ( Mi Jung Cho ) 한국산업식품공학회 2014 산업 식품공학 Vol.18 No.4

본 연구는 양파를 열처리 법 중에서 열수침지, 증기 및 볶음 처리에 따른 이화학적 및 영양학적 특성을 분석한 논문으로 열처리가 양파에 미치는 영향을 비교하고자 하였다. 상품을 구매할 때 1차적인 구매요소인 색도 및 경도측정과 추가적으로 pH와 조직관찰 결과로 최적조건 선정 후 영양학적 및 미생물 검사를 실시하였다. 열처리를 하지 않은 대조구에 비해 짧은 시간의 열처리에서는 더 진하고 선명한 색을 띠었으나, 장시간동안 처리한 열처리 시료는 색의 침착을 보였다. 원물과 처리구의 색은 열처리 시간에 따라 뚜렷한 차이를 나타냈고, 경도는 열처리 시간에 따라 짧은 시간에서는 분해효소의 불활성화로 유지 및 증가했지만, 3분 이상 처리하였을 때는 감소 경향을 나타냈고, 볶음처리는 짧은 시간으로도 물성이 연화됐다. 비타민은 열수 및 증기처리 1~2분 처리는 14% 정도 감소했지만 그 이상 처리 시에는 23~28% 범위로 큰 감소율을 보였으며, 유리당 및 유기산의 경우 열수침지 및 증기처리에서 손실을 보였지만, 볶음처리에서는 유지하거나 증가하는 경향을 나타냈다. 특히 유리당에서 열수침지 처리 시 높은 감소율을 나타냈다. Peroxidase activity 변화는 모든 처리구에서 75% 이상의 불활성화를 나타냈고, 특히 열수침지 및 증기 처리한 모든 시료에서 90% 이상의 불활성화를 나타내며 볶음처리보다 높은 불활성화율을 보였다. 미생물 측정한 결과 열수 침지 3분 이상 및 볶음처리 210초 이상 처리시 미생물 검출이 안됐으며, 증기처리 시료는 2분 처리만으로 사멸된 것을 관찰했다. 양파의 열처리 조건은 증기처리법으로 2분 동안 처리하는 것이 다른 처리법에서 처리한 시간들에 비해 최적으로 나타났다. 열처리 방법 별 각각의 최적 처리 시간을 가지고 있어, 높은 효율성이나 산업적으로 이용하려면 최적의 전처리 방법과 처리 시간을 산정하는 것이 중요하다. The pre-thermal treatment, or blanching, is an important process to minimize quality changes during main cooking or storage. In this study, three types of pre-thermal treatments were applied to onions to observe quality changes in their physicochemical, nutritional, and microbial properties. The washed and sliced onions were treated by hot-water immersion (100oC, 1~10 min), steaming (100oC, 1~10 min) and stir-frying with oil (180oC, 10~80 sec). The onions were cooled and wiped with gauze. The results showed that the total color difference of the treated sample increased to 18-23 units compared to that of the fresh control. The pH value of the onion was not significantly different with the exception of the stir-fried samples. The hardness of the onion tended to decrease depending on the treatment time. The micro-structures of onions treated by hot-water immersion and steaming were damaged above 2 min whereas stir-fried onions showed structural damage above 210 sec. In the analysis of the nutritional changes in the onion, the ascorbic acid content of the blanched treatments were lower than that of fresh onion and the free sugar contests showed a similar pattern excluding the stir-fried onions. In the organic acid content assay, the succinic acid content of the treated onion sample had significantly decreased compared with other organic acid contents (p<0.05). The peroxidase activities of the blanched treatments by hot-water immersion and steaming were inactivated by more than 92%, whereas only 76% inactivity was achieved by the stir-frying treatment. The mesophilic and psychrotrophic bacteria counts of the treated onion were not detected or decreased to near a 3-log scale, and yeast was detected only the sample treated by the stir-frying for 1 min. In particular, neither bacteria nor yeast counts in all onion samples by steam treatment were detected. Consequently, the results demonstrated that steam treatment for 2 min could be the optimal pre-thermal condition for onions to minimize the quality changes and increase safety.

The Effect of Attenuation and Scatter Correction in Rat Brain PET

Yu, A. R.,Jin Su Kim,Jisook Moon,Hee Joung Kim,Sang Moo Lim,Kyeong Min Kim IEEE 2013 IEEE transactions on nuclear science Vol.60 No.2

<P>Attenuation correction (AC) and scatter correction (SC) are problematic issues for animal positron emission tomography (PET). In this study, the effects of AC and SC were assessed using PET on a phantom and actual rat brain. Transmission (TX) was performed using <SUP>57</SUP>Co for 15 min. After a 15 min TX scan, emission (EM) PET was performed in list mode for 1 h. To assess the effects of AC and SC, the spillover ratio (SOR) was measured using a rat-sized NEMA NU4 image-quality phantom; statistical parametric mapping (SPM) was performed to assess the effects of AC and SC in the rat brain using 18<SUP>F</SUP>-FDG (FDG). In addition, the binding potential (BP) was compared for <SUP>18</SUP>F-FP-CIT (FP-CIT) PET. SPM was used to compare PET images to which AC and SC were applied, and BP was used for FP-CIT PET. The SORs of air and water decreased after AC and SC. SPM for FDG PET after AC showed a significant increase in FDG-measured activity in the cerebellum and occipital cortex. After AC/SC, a significant decrease in FDG-measured activity was observed in the frontal and temporal cortices. For FP-CIT PET of the rat brain, the BP decreased by 26% after AC because the FP-CIT uptake increased more in the cerebellum than in the striatum owing to AC. After AC and SC, the mean BP increased by 61%. AC and AC/SC were found to be necessary components of the artifact correction process for both FDG PET and FP-CIT PET of rat brains.</P>

Effect of Chromatin Changes in the Germinal Vesicle on the Development of Porcine Embryos In Vitro

Min‐Gu Lee,Rong‐xun Han,Jin‐Yu zhang,Yun‐Fei Diao,Reza K. Oqani,Dong‐Il Jin 한국동물생명공학회(구 한국동물번식학회) 2011 발생공학 국제심포지엄 및 학술대회 Vol.2011 No.1

In all the studies of mammalian species, chromatin in the germinal vesicle (GV) is initially decondensed with the nucleolus not surrounded by heterochromatin (the NSN configurations). During oocyte growth, the GV chromatin condenses into perinucleolar rings (the SN configurations) or other corresponding configurations with or without the perinucleolar rings, depending on species. During oocyte maturation, the GV chromatin is synchronized in a less condensed state before germinal vesicle breakdown (GVBD) in species that has been minutely studied. As not all the species show the SN configuration and gene transcription always stops at the late stage of oocyte growth, it is suggested that a thorough condensation of GV chromatin is essential for transcriptional repression. Because the GV chromatin status is highly correlated with oocyte competence, oocytes must end the NSN configuration before they gain the full meiotic competence and they must take on the SN/corresponding configurations and stop gene transcription before they acquire the competence for early embryonic development. In this study, we firstly investigated whether the layer of cumulus cells and size of oocytes could determine chromatin configurations in porcine oocytes. Using Hoechst3342 staining, the GV nucleolus and chromatin of porcine oocytes was classified into SN and NSN configurations. Next, we examined the changes in GV chromatin configurations during growth and maturation of porcine oocytes. In addition, the maturation and parthenogenetic development abilities in vitro were significant different between the SN and NSN configurations oocytes. These results indicated that chromatin changes in GV oocytes affect the development potential of parthenogenetic embryos.

Reconstruction of Vascular Structure with Multicellular Components using Cell Transfer Printing Methods

Lee, Yu Bin,Jun, Indong,Bak, Seongwoo,Shin, Young Min,Lim, Youn-Mook,Park, Hansoo,Shin, Heungsoo Wiley (John WileySons) 2014 Advanced Healthcare Materials Vol.3 No.9

<P>Natural vessel has three types of concentric cell layers that perform their specific functions. Here, the fabrication of vascular structure is reported by transfer printing of three different cell layers using thermosensitive hydrogels. Tetronic-tyramine and RGD peptide are co-crosslinked to prepare cell adhesive and thermosensitive hydrogels. The hydrogel increases its diameter by 1.26 times when the temperature reduces from 37 C to 4 C. At optimized seeding density, three types of cells form monolayers on the hydrogel, which is then transferred to the target surface within 3 min. Three monolayers are simultaneously transferred on one substrate with controlled shape and arrangement. The same approach is applied onto nanofiber scaffolds that are cultured for more than 5 d. Every type of monolayer shows proliferation and migration on nanofiber scaffolds, and the formation of robust cell-cell contact is revealed by CD31 staining in endothelial cell layer. A vascular structure with multicellular components is fabricated by transfer of three monolayers on nanofibers that are manually rolled with the diameter and length of the tube being approximately 3 mm and 12 mm, respectively. Collectively, it is concluded that the tissue transfer printing is a useful tool for constructing a vascular structure and mimicking natural structure of different types of tissues.</P>

한국어 번역 성경의 외래어 표기 연구

유경민(Yu, Kyung-Min) 한국어문학회 2018 語文學 Vol.0 No.140

This study investigated the loanword orthography of bible translated into Korean regarding personal and place names. By examining the way in which society adopts loan words from the bible, the study aimed to find similar significant principles regarding Korean translation. The study found that the translation of a common noun is a semantic translation, and the translation of proper nouns such as personal and place names accepts a loan word in the form of a phonetic translation. In other words, it revealed that the common nouns and proper nouns are recognized and translated differently in the process of translation. In the process of phonetic translation, issues regarding phoneme notation and syllable recognition arise. This study took a close look at notation examples relating to these two issues. Korean-translated bibles published between the 19th and 20th century used as an object of Korean language study provides valuable insight into the shaping of Korean language throughout history via identified loan words. Thus, the study identified important linguistic principles for foreign translation and loanword orthography. Further comparison with other texts or documents still remains to be completed, providing fertile ground for future research.