Comprehensive genomic analyses with 115 plastomes from algae to seed plants: structure, gene contents, GC contents, and introns

Eun‑Chae Kwon,Jong‑Hwa Kim,Nam‑Soo Kim 한국유전학회 2020 Genes & Genomics Vol.42 No.5

Background Chloroplasts are a common character in plants. The chloroplasts in each plant lineage have shaped their own genomes, plastomes, by structural changes and transferring many genes to nuclear genomes during plant evolution. Some plastid genes have introns that are mostly group II introns. Objective This study aimed to get genomic and evolutionary insights on the plastomes from green algae to flowering plants. Methods Plastomes of 115 species from green algae, bryophytes, pteridophytes (spore bearing vascular plants), gymnosperms, and angiosperms were mined from NCBI organelle genome database. Plastome structure, gene contents and GC contents were analyzed by the in-house developed Phyton code. Intronic features including presence/absence, length, intron phases were analyzed by manually in the annotated information in NCBI. Results The canonical quadripartite structures were retained in most plastomes except of a few plastomes that had lost an invert repeat (IR). Expansion or reduction or deletion of IRs resulted in the length variation of the plastomes. The number of protein coding genes ranged from 40 to 92 with an average 79.43 ± 5.84 per plastome and gene losses were apparent in specific lineages. The number of trn genes ranged from 13 to 33 with an average 21.19 ± 2.42 per plastome. Ribosomal RNA genes, rrn, were located in the IRs so that they were present in a duplicate except of the species that had lost one of the IR. GC contents were variable from 24.9 to 51.0% with an average 38.21 ± 3.27%, indicating bias to high AT contents. Plastid introns were present in 18 protein coding genes, six trn genes, and one rrn gene. Intron losses occurred among the orthologous genes in different plant lineages. The plastid introns were long compared with the nuclear introns, which might be related with the spliceosome nuclear introns and self-splicing group II plastid introns. The trnK-UUU intron contained the maturase encoding matK gene except in the chlorophyte algae and monilophyte ferns in which the trnK-UUU was lost, but matK retained. There were many annotation artefacts in the intron positions in the NCBI database. In the analysis of intron phases, phase 0 introns were more frequent than those of phase 2 and 3 introns. Phase polymorphism was observed in the introns of clpP which was derived from nucleotide insertion. Plastid trn introns were long compared to the archaeal or eukaryotic nuclear tRNA introns. Of the six plastid trn introns, one was at the D loop and other five were at the anticodon loop. The insertion sites were conserved among the trn genes in archaea, eukaryotic nuclear and plastid tRNA genes. Conclusions Current study refurbrished the previous findings of structural variations, gene contents, and GC contents of the chloroplast genomes from green algae to flowering plants. The study also included some noble findings and discussions on the plastome introns including their length variations and phase variation. We also presented and corrected some false annotations on the introns in protein coding and tRNA genes in the genome database, which might be confirmed by the chloroplast transcriptome analysis in the future.

The Computer Algebra Systems in Mathematics Education : A Review of Recent Research

Kwon, Oh-Nam,Shin, Eun-Ju,Shon, Bo-Kyung 이화여자대학교 교과교육연구소 2001 East west education Vol.18 No.-

This study examines the potential role for Computer Algebra Systems(CAS) in such an educational context, particularly their potential to get students more engaged in the learning of mathematics as well as to reduce the "strangle hold" of prerequisite algebraic skills, in courses such as functions, introductory calculus. What is the present status of and near-future outlook for computer algebra in Korean secondary schools? The answer that arises from this review of available fact is: bright with promise, but still dim. Several recent developments have set the stage for an acceleration in the dissemination rate for CAS to high schools. However, this review of some past and present conditions indicates that many years will pass before computer algebra is impacting high school mathematics as much as hand-held calculators are doing now.

연시조의 현대적 계승과 종장 운용의 특성 -이병기의 연시조를 중심으로-

권정은 ( Jung Eun Kwon ) 한국시가학회 2010 韓國 詩歌硏究 Vol.29 No.-

이 논문은 가람 이병기의 연시조를 대상으로 그 종장 구성의 특성을 살펴봄으로써 현대 시조가 전통적인 양식을 계승하면서도 어떻게 현대적인 미감을 효과적으로 표현할 수 있었는지 탐색하고자 했다. 연시조는 일찍이 사대부 시조로서의 확고한 지위를 누리면서 조선시대에 지속적으로 창작되었는데, 현대시조에서도 그 가치를 크게 인정받으며 재등장 했다. 하지만 현대시조 직전의 개화기시조의 경우를 보면 연시조를 배제한 단형시조를 위주로 하면서 종장의 마지막 어구를 생략하는 가운데 당대의 급진적이고 현실적인 내용을 담아냈다. 그런데 막상 개화기시조를 이은 현대시조는 정반대의 형태를 보임으로써 외형상으로서는 오히려 중세로 회귀한 듯한 인상을 주게 되었는데, 그럼에도 불구하고 실상 종장의 운용 양상을 살펴본 결과 사정이 다르다는 것을 알 수 있었다. 우선 초, 중장과 종장의 연결 구조를 볼 때 기존의 고시조와는 달리 종장이 분리되지 않고 문법적으로 연결되는 것을 확인할 수 있었다. 아울러 비록 공식적인 율격이 잘 지켜 지기는 했지만 의미상으로는 고시조와 같은 종결을 통한 완결이 아닌 개방성을 지향하는 것을 알 수 있었다. 이러한 개방성은 심리적 발산을 근거로 상황을 연속적으로 제시함으로써 시인의 감성이 보다 자유롭게 표현될 수 있는 여지를 마련했던 것이다. 그래서 결과적으로 고시조의 종장이 긴장을 강화함으로써 종결을 유도했던 반면에, 현대시조의 종장은 표면적으로는 전통적인 정형시로서의 틀은 그대로 유지하고 있었지만 종장의 개방성을 허용함으로써 현대시조가 보다 강화된 서정시로서 재탄생하는 데에 일조했던 것을 확인할 수였었다. This paper aims at examining the stanzaic si-jo of Lee Byoung-gi(l891~1986), specially having an emphasis on the last line. Lee is representative poet for contemporary si-jo of early 20th century in that time so many famous poet likes Choe, Nam-sun or Lee, eun-sang strived to show Korean beauty in si-jo, Korean traditional lyric poem. Among these poets, Lee Byoung-gi is specailly famous for reflecting natural life without exaggerated emotion in his stanzaic si-jo. Stanzaic si-jo is the connection of short type normal si-jo which made with three lines under the same theme. It drove from early Jo-seon dynasty though, this stanzaic form had a key to realize modern feeling in Lee`s si-jo. To investigate that kinds of value, this paper specially focus on the composition of concluding line in Lee`s works. Generally concluding line of si-jo performed the convergence of theme and tends to be independent. But in the case of Lee`s, last(third) line is closely connect with second line in both side of grammar and meaning. Even though basically last line of Lee`s obeys the perfect traditional rules of versification, apart from that rule, it constructed new poetic order. Most of all, the third line of Lee`s are not independent from first & second line. This situation is strange in the virtue of common si-jo, but from this variated from Lee can made his si-jo more sensitive. Lee`s concluding line is not close but open and among this openness separated individual work of stanzaic form linked naturally under the same emotion and theme. And all of these feature allow si-jo to correspond to 20th new modern complicated era.

수술실 오염도감소를 위한 수술실공조시스템에 대한 연구

김천숙,박은정,강규식,김지은,안기량,권진형,유시현,주영철,권순정 순천향의학연구소 2004 Journal of Soonchunhyang Medical Science Vol.10 No.1

Background: The OR(operating room) should provide an optimum environment that is safe for the patient and the working personnel. The air ventilation system of OR has been studied to decrease the contamination of air. We investigated the flow and contamination of the air in OR at our hospital. Method: Cultures in OR were made and the number of bacteria and fungi were calculated. A two-dimensional model for the cross-section of an operation room is developed for the CFD (computational fluid dynamics) analysis. The characteristics of air flow in the empty operation room and in the occupied operation room are calculated by using a CFD program. Results: The current air ventilation system of our hospital does not deliver the clean air to the operating site efficiently in occupied OR. Conclusions: We suggested a new location of air ventilation system which improves air venting with little increase of the cost of equipment.

유육종증 3례

권건영,장은숙,주일,김정식,전영준,손수인 啓明大學校 醫科大學 1990 계명의대학술지 Vol.9 No.3

Sarcoidosis is a multisystem granulomatous disease of unknown cause, characterized by enhanced cellular immune process at the sites of involvement. Three Cases of sarcoidosis involving vilateral hilar lymph nodes, skin and lungs were presented. Each case was confirmed by characteristic non-caseating granuloma in biopsied thoracic lymph nodes and skin. They had abonormal pulmonary function test, elevated serum angiotensin converting enzyme, hilar and mediastinal lymphadenopathy and compatible clinincal features of sarcoidosis.

유아를 위한 절제·절약 프로그램의 적용사례 연구

권미량,김은주 부산대학교 영유아보육연구소 2002 영유아보육연구 Vol.8 No.-

This program developed, implemented, and evaluated "moderation and saving activities" for early childhood facilities. This program had conducted in children who from 3 to 5 years old in H child care center, from March, 2001 to February, 2002. This program was implemented with daily activities and education activities. daily activities consist of the following ; using furniture longer, saving education material, saving clothes in daily life, saving food, managing garage market. education activities consist of following ; role play, children's story, children's story play, shop play, mathematics activities, cooking activity, language activity, project activity, trip activity. This program was evaluated positively by the children, teachers, and parents. The children had formed saving habit and gotten sharing life style. They could have thoughts of rotation and sharing. The teacher could get the idea of economy with sharing and reusing and the idea of education thinking material and life. The parents could lower desire for purchasing and form economic family life style. Through this program, there were chances of interactions between parents and children, parents and teachers and gave effect of increasing communication with a community.

감염근관에서 Black-Pigmented Bacteria의 동정에 대한 연구

권은경,김은숙,곽주석,이황,이수종,임미경 大韓齒科保存學會 2002 Restorative Dentistry & Endodontics Vol.27 No.1

Black-pigmented bacteria have been implicated in the endodontic infections. This group of microorganisms includes Porphyromonass endodontalis, Porphyromonas gingicalis, Prevotella intermedia, and Prevotella nigresceus. The organisms display a wide variety of virulence factors that may be pertinent to acute endodontic infections. The aim of this study was to identify P.endodontalis, P.gingivalis, P.intermedia, and P.nigrescens by using special potency disk test, filter paper spot test, 16S rRNA gene-directed PCR, and API 32A. Microbial samples were collected from root canals of 33 intact teeth with necrotic pulp and/or apical periodontitis. Conventional laboratory methods were used for identification of the strains of black pigmented bacteria. Eighteen of 33 samples were positive for the growth of black-pigmented bacteria. Five colonies were cultured from each pure cultured colonies from Brucella agar plate. Seventy seven colonies were positive for the growth of black-pigmented bacteria. Thirty three of 77(42.6%) were identifed as P.nigrescens, 10 of 77(12.9%) were P.gingivalis, 6 of 77(7.8%) were P.endodontalis, 10 of 77(12.9%) were P.intermedia. On the contraty the reference strains of P.nigrescens, experimental strains of P.nigrescens was sensitive to kanamycin in special potency disk test. 16S rRNA gene PCR and API test after rapid presumptative identification methods. such as special potency disk test and filter paper spot test, would be accurate detection methods for black-pigmented bacteria.

Resin infiltration을 시행한 법랑질 초기 우식 병소의 특성

김은영,권민석,김신,정태성 大韓小兒齒科學會 2012 大韓小兒齒科學會誌 Vol.39 No.1

The concept of resin infiltration which was born in an innovative philosophy to arrest the incipient caries. However, the structural changes of resin infiltrated lesions have not yet explained completely. The liquid resin might contribute not only to maximizing the penetration but to deteriorating physical stability. This study was performed to examine some physical and histological features of resin infiltrated incipient carious lesions. With the specimen of resin infiltrated lesions, microhardness by nanoindentation in depth profile, morphology of resin tags were revealed after HCl dissolution, and degree of microleakage were assessed. The percentage of microhardness of surface layer and lesion body of untreated specimen to sound enamel was 64.6% and 24.6% respectively, while that of resin-infiltrated lesions was 72.1%, showing significant difference (p<0.05). The resin tags observed under SEM had relatively homogeneous length of 433(282~501) ㎛ on the average. Among 20 specimens for microleakage assessment, 13 specimens showed no leakage while 5 and 2 showed leakage into outer and inner half of lesion respectively. It was thought the infiltrant resin penetrates deeply and homogeneously into lesion body and improves its hardness with relatively good physical stability. 본 연구는 infiltrant resin을 침투시킨 초기 우식 병소의 특성을 평가하기 위해 법랑질의 깊이에 따른 경도를 측정하고, 병 소 내로의 레진 침투양상을 분석하며, 미세누출 정도를 관찰하여 다음의 결과를 얻었다. 건전 법랑질에 대한 초기 우식 법랑질의 경도 백분율은 표층(5~40 ㎛) 64.6%, 병소본체(60~350 ㎛) 24.6%였으며, infiltrant resin을 침투시킨 병소의 경도 백분율은 72.1%로 나타났다. 5~350 ㎛의 전 깊이에서, infiltrant resin을 침투시 킨 병소는 비처치 우식 병소보다 경도가 유의하게 높았지만 정상 법랑질에 비해서는 경도가 유의하게 낮았다(p<0.05). FESEM 관찰 결과 탈회된 법랑질 내부로 비교적 균일하게 침투한 레진 테그가 관찰되었으며, 침투깊이는 433 ㎛(282-501)로 측정되었다. 열순환 처리 후 13개의 치아에서 미세누출이 관찰되지 않았고, 5개에서 병소 외측 절반, 2개에서 병소 내측 절 반까지 미세누출이 관찰되었다.

서봉총(瑞鳳塚)·식리총(飾履塚)·금령총(金鈴塚) 출토 행엽(杏葉)의 제작기법 연구

손은아,권희홍,박학수 국립중앙박물관 2011 박물관보존과학 Vol.12 No.-

국립중앙박물관에서는 일제 강점기에 발굴된 미정리유물 정리사업의 일환으로 서봉총(瑞鳳塚), 식리총(飾履塚), 금령총(金鈴塚) 출토 행엽(杏葉) 중 일부를 선별하여 보존처리 및 제작기법을 연구하였다. 선별된 행엽은 편원어미형(扁圓魚尾形), 심엽형(心葉形), 이형(異形)으로 구분할 수 있으며 실체현미경관찰 및 XRF, SEM-EDS 분석결과 지판(地板)의 재질은 철(Fe)이며, 상판(上板) 및 문양판의 재질은 철(Fe), 구리(Cu), 은(Ag)이 각각 확인되었다. 편원어미형과 십자문심엽형행엽의 경우 세 분묘 모두 제작기법과 크기가 동일한 행엽이 각각 철(Fe)과 구리(Cu)로 제작된 것이 특징이다. 도금층이 존재하지 않는 이형행엽을 제외한 나머지 행엽의 도금층은 수은아말감도금이었다. To keep relics excavated in the era of the Japanese Colonist's rule in the Korean Peninsula in order, the National Museum of Korea selected some of horse strap pendants (Haengyeob) that were excavated from Seobongchong, Sikrichong and Geumryeongchong, and it investigated conservation and production technique. The horse strap pendants selected were classified into three, that is to say, Oval and fish-tail shape, heart shape and atypical: At the results of microscopic observation, XRF and SEM-EDS analysis, base plate was made of iron, and top plate as well as pattern plate was made of iron, copper and silver. Both Oval and fish-tail shape and heart shape horse strap pendants had horse strap pendants having same production technique and sizes at all of three ancient tombs were made of iron and copper. The gold layer of horse strap pendants except the atypical one having no gold layer were made by amalgam gilding.

청국장의 암예방 증진 연구 : 발효기간과 부재료의 양을 달리하여 제조한 청국장의 항돌연변이 효과 Antimutagenic Activity of Chungkookjangs Prepared with the Different Fermentation Periods and Ingredient Ratio

권은영,정근옥,문숙희,박건영 대한암예방학회 2002 Journal of cancer prevention Vol.7 No.3