김억의 번역론 연구 : 근대문학의 장(場)과 번역자의 과제

김진희(Kim Jin-hee) 한국시학회 2010 한국시학연구 Vol.- No.28

In the beginning of the Korean modern literature since 1910's, Kim Eok played a crucial role as a translator for foreign literature and theory. During the acceptance of foreign literature, Kim realized the importance of translation and he is considered an intellectual who, as opposed to other contemporary translators, performed a bulk of translations from various countries. He was in the lead of balancing content and form, reforming he literary circles of translation in which there was abundance of arbitrary interpretations and content-concentrated translations. However, Kim Eok's translated works have been devalued by reason of erroneous and liberal translation of original works and inapt understanding. Researchers generally examine original and translated texts in tandem, after which they point out problems of the translations and attribute them to the translators' lack of capacity. The study of this paper presupposes that in-depth understanding of translated texts can be carried out only when the theory and practice of translation go in parallel. It argues that the negative evaluation for Kim's translations can be reconsidered through the study of theory. Kim argued for 'creative liberal translation,' and this paper investigates the formation and characteristics of this standpoint. This paper particularly looks into how symbolism, which Kim embraced, influenced Kim's view on translation. The acceptance of symbolism and the theory of translation are discussed in regard to the theory of translation maintained by Bejamin, a German literary critic who lived around the same time, in his book The Task of the Translator. The paper also examines Kim Eok's theory of translation in the sense that the act of translating foreign languages expands and deepens a mother tongue, which provides an opportunity to form and develop the self-identity. Kim's viewpoint on translation, which searches for the nature of poems, found modern poetic language for the Korean poetry, which was possible due to his exploration into language that represents this nature. Translating the western poems in the initial stage of modern literature implies admission and conveyance of heterogeneous culture, beyond simple written text, and creation of new culture. Kim Eok's translated works shows the creativity of cultural translation that is generated at the intersection of internal and external cultures. The literary world after 1920's, via translations, could realize the identity of modern literature by means of dialogue with others, i.e. dialogue between tradition and the West. Furthermore, it could have a foundation in creation of new culture. Along these lines of modern literature, Kim Eok's theory of translation presented ‘creative liberal translation’ and ‘creative translation’ as the task and direction for those who do the translation, including himself. It was an aspect of cultural action that Kim's theory evidently showed through translation.

김북원(金北原)의 문학사적 복원과 해방기 활동 연구

김진희 ( Kim Jin-hee ) 한국문학연구학회 2019 현대문학의 연구 Vol.0 No.68

남북한 문학사에서 김북원에 대한 소개 및 평가는 해방 전 문학성과를 봉인한 채, 한국 전쟁기 이후의 성과에 집중되어 왔다. 이는 해당 작가의 자료를 남한과 북한이 비교 논의하지 않았기 때문이다. 이에 본 연구에서는 김북원의 해방 전 문단 활동이 비교적 일찍부터 시작되었음을 필명을 찾아 밝히고 창작의 영역이나 경향 역시 다양했음을 자료 발굴 및 제시를 통해 논의함으로써 김북원에 관한 전체적 연구의 토대 마련을 시도했다. 그간 남한의 아동문학사에서 『별나라』에 실린 아동소설 및 동시의 작가로 알려진 필명 ‘북원초인’이 김북원임을 북한의 아동문학사와 비교하고, 1930년대 김북원의 농업학교 재직 경험 등을 통해 밝혔다. 그리고 소설로 알려진 「완구」가 꽁트임을 밝혔고, 『삼천리』에 추천된 「유랑민」이라는 소설을 통해 김북원이 당대 노동자로 전락하는 농민의 삶을 핍진하게 그림으로써 이후 북한문단에서 농촌작가라는 평가의 단초를 읽을 수 있었다. 『신인문학』이나 『시인춘추』 등에 발표한 김북원의 시를 최초로 소개했고 1930년대 후반 『맥』과 1940년대 『시현실동인』으로서 초현실주의와 포르말리즘의 작품 창작 및 이론을 고찰함으로써 1930년대 초반 초현실주의 및 모더니즘을 이론적, 지역적으로 확장하여 만주모더니즘을 선도한 작가임을 밝혔다. 1943년까지 초현실주의 시의 창작방법론을 시도했던 김북원은 해방기에는 북한 문단의 정책과 변화하는 현실의 요구에 맞는 작품들을 창작했다. 김일성에 대한 찬양을 기본 골자로 하면서, 농촌의 토지개혁, 빨치산 전투에 참여한 영웅적 주인공, 노동 현장의 변화, 소련과의 친선 등 북한의 중요한 이슈들을 시화했다. 이상과 같은 논의를 통해 식민지 시기와 해방기 이후 김북원의 문학 활동의 연속성을 확보함으로써 남북한 문학사에서 김북원에 관한 전체적인 평가의 토대가 구축될 수 있었다. In the history of North and South Korean literature, the introduction and evaluation of Kim Buk-won has focused on the achievements after the Korean War, sealing the literary achievements before liberation. This is because both South Korea and North Korea did not discuss comparative resources of the author. In this study, research on Kim Buk-won was attempted for the first time by unveiling that Kim Buk-won’s preliberation literary activities had started relatively early by finding his pen name, and by discussing that his creative territory or tendency were also diverse through data supplement. This study uncovers that the author of children’s stories and poetry published in The Land of Stars (별나라 Byeolnara) in the history of children’s literature in South Korea, under the pen name “Buk-won-cho-in” was in fact Kim Buk-won by comparing Kim’s identity with the history of children’s literature in North Korea, and through Kim’s experience working in agricultural school in the 1930s. Moreover, I uncover that the work, Toy (Wan-gu) that was known as a novel, was in fact a conte (short story), and was able to read the start of the assessment of Kim Buk-won as an agricultural writer in the North Korean literary circle after depicting the lives of farmers turning into laborers in the novel Nomads (Yurangmin), which was nominated in The Land of Korea (삼천리 Samcheolli).Kim Buk-won’s poetry, which was published in New Face of Literature (신인문학 Sininmunhak) or Spring and Fall of Poets (시인춘추 Siin chunchu), was first introduced and discussed in this study. By reviewing the creation and theories of Maek in the late 1930s and ‘Poetry Reality Coterie’ in the 1940s, it became possible to evaluate that Kim was a writer led Manchurian Modernism, by theoretically and geographically expanding surrealism and modernism in the 1930s. Kim Buk-won, who tried to create surrealistic poetry creative methodology by 1943, created works that fit the policies of North Korean literary circles and the demands of changing reality. With the praise of Kim Il Sung as the basic framework, he has poeticized North Korea’s major issues such as land reform in rural areas, the heroic protagonist who participated in the battle of partizan, changes in the workplace, and goodwill with the Soviet Union. Through these discussions, I believe that securing of the continuity of Kim’s literary activities after the colonial period and the liberation period, and the complete description of the history of literature in North and South Korea became possible.

1910~1920년대 식민지 조선에서 미국으로 보내진 한글 편지: 김장연씨 일가의 편지를 중심으로

김양진 ( Kim Yang-jin ),이희영 ( Lee Hee-young ) 국제어문학회 2015 국제어문 Vol.0 No.65

이 논문에서는 초기 미주 지역 이주민인 김장연 씨에게 고국의 가족들이 1914년부터 1920년까지 보낸 일련의 한글 편지들을 판독하고 이를 통하여 20세기 초반 미주 지역 이민사의 편린과 고국에 남겨진 김장연 씨 일가의 사연을 알아보고자 하였다. 이 편지들은 한반도에서 미주 지역으로 보내진 초기 편지들로 이를 통해 김장연 씨 일가를 중심으로 한 미주 지역에서의 이주민의 생활의 편린을 확인할 수 있었고 문헌 자료를 확인하기 어려운 일제 초기 일반인의 삶과 언어 생활을 엿볼 수 있는 기초 자료를 구축할 수 있었다. 무엇보다 이 편지 자료들을 통해서 수원 지역 일대의 실제 지명과 다양한 언어 생활, 미주 지역 이민들과의 교류 내용 등을 알 수 있어서 20세기 초반의 이민사에서 중요한 한글 필사자료 및 언어 자료를 확보할 수 있었다. 이밖에 편지 속 등장인물들의 행적들을 <공립신보>, <신한민보> 등 관련 기록을 통해 확인할 수 있었고 감리교단 수원지역 순행 전도사의 활동 기록 등을 확인할 수 있었다. This paper aims to introduce Hangul letters which were written by Kim Chang Yeon`s family and emphasize their values as precious materials for Korean language research. Kim`s family in Korea sent letters to Kim Chang Yeon in America from 1914~1920, and these letters includes the life of the first Korean immigrants generations and fill the missing part of Korean language in this period of time of Korea. Based on these letters which were sent from Suwon area, place names of Suwon area and cultural and linguistic connections between Koreans and Korean immigrants can be studied. These letters will be provided to those who studies Korean language as important Hangul written materials that shows many aspects of Korean language. Besides, people`s past in letters such as Kim Byung Kwon, Kim Sun Kwon, Kim Sung Sik, Choi Sim Sun(Kim Chang Yeon`s wife), Kim Rose(Kim Chang Yeon`s elder daughter, Kim Eva(Kim Chang Yeon`s second daughter, Kim Young(Kim Chang Yeon`s elder son), Kim Edward(Kim Chang Yeon`s second son) was checked out in this paper. Finding out what Kim Byung Kwon`s had done as a methodist missionary of Suwon area is a collateral outcome of this study.

근대 문학의 장(場)과 김억의 상징주의 수용

김진희 ( Kim Jin-hee ) 한국문학이론과 비평학회 2004 한국문학이론과 비평 Vol.22 No.-

It was in 1910s of the history of Korean modern poetic literature that new contents and forms of poetry had begun to be explored and practiced, though traditional poems and songs had been yet enjoyed in those days. In this history of literature it is enough to be remarkable that Earck Kim had provided the symbolic poetics for a found of the Korean modern poetry in 1910s. Earck Kim's literary activities whose had received and created the symbolic poetics were particularly to be remarkable in the early new-literature. But with these fruits his literature has debated as limits about how he had preponderately received poetry of P. M. Verlaine, and had tended to a senumentality and an musicality. Contrary, his literature also has appraised that he had suggested rules of set-form so called the ‘rhythmical poetics’ in 1930s against a superficial understanding about the receiving symbolism. This study has seen these characters of Earck Kim not as a limit or a fault of the receiving it but as a speciality and a personality of it, and even has illuminated objective and subjective elements which had these characters of him. For this study has laid a comparative literary view by using a framework(or methodology) that those elements have determinated a character of the receiving it according as D. Durisin had suggested the progressive study of the receiving. If the objective elements are to be a whole literary situation of one state receiving it, then the subjective elements are to be personality, individuality, creativity, and like of the literator in the state. By the way theories of Pierre Bourdieu's the ‘literature champ' and the ‘habitus' have been used as scientific epistemology and methodology in order that this study has explained stricter and more dynamic relationships how the subjective elements of literary subjects have been involved in the objective situations, and how they have determinated a character of the receiving it. For it has been to be thought effective how the ‘litterature champ' has been used to explain the objective elements of the receiver contacting them, and how the 'habitus' to explain the subjective elements of the receiver-self. With these methodologies this study has first examine on building up the ‘litterature champ' in 1910s and its characters as the objective elements of the receiving. And this study has concretely inquired Earck Kim’s poetic tendency which had regarded importantly sentimentality and emotion of ones as the subjective elements, his experiences of learning in and out Korea, and contents of learning about symbolism in Japan. Second, this study has tried to rethink a bout Earck Kim's the receiving symbolism based on above results. Anyway, his preponderantly receiving Verlaine could have been issued not from the lack of his power of the receiving symbolism, but from that symbolism had been harmonized with Earck Kim's personal poetic taste. His groping for a modern from of poetry also has been generated in a reflective thought against the utility litterature champ in which had been fixed the literary topical consciousness. And the rhythmic poetics which had tried to seek for rules of our language in 1930s has been turned out to be an inheritance from his inquiry of poetic farms before. Finally, Earck Kim had opened the individuals eyes into their self-consciousness through stimulating their emotions when the utility ideology had been emphasized. Consequently, Earck Kim in 1910s had obviously shown a direction of future lyrics through his reflection on the literature of the day in terms that he had made a fixed directive point toward the excluding thoughts and meanings from his poetry and the seeking for musicality in it, and that he had enlightened new poets on lyricism as their poetic defect.

2003년 국내 중증급성호흡기증후군 진료 현황 및 문제점 분석

이진수,김은실,정문현,백제중,정선화,안주희,최영화,이선희,고철우,김성범,김민자,박승철,기현균,송재훈,최상호,김양수,이상오,조용균,박영훈,정숙인,김연숙,이흥범,손창희,장성희,정희진,김우주 대한감염학회 2004 감염과 화학요법 Vol.36 No.3

목적 : 2002년 말 중국에서 SARS가 발생한 이후 국내에서도 2003년 10월까지 총 3명의 추정환자, 17명의 의심환자가 보고되었다. 향후 추가적인 SARS의 유행이 우려되는 상황에서, 그간의 SARS 환자 진료에 있어서의 실질적인 준비사항, 진료 현황 등에 대한 조사를 통해 문제점을 파악하여, 향후 더 나은 대비가 될 수 있도록 개선점을 제시하고자 하였다. 재료 및 방법 : SARS로 의심되는 환자를 진료 경험이 있는 병원의료진을 대상으로 2003년 10월에 설문조사를 실시하였다. 설문에는 SARS 환자 진료 시의 실질적인 조치, 진료 현황, 병실, 응급실 및 외래에서의 격리 시설과 준비사항, 보건당국의 관리와 지원에 관한 사항을 포함하였다. 결과 : 대상이 되는 22개 병원 중 17개(17/22, 77.2%) 병원이 설문에 응하였다. SARS 환자를 위한 격리실은 응급실, 외래, 일반병실 및 중환자실에서 각각 9개(9/17, 52.9%), 5개(5/17, 29.4%), 15개(15/16, 93.7%), 4개(4/16, 25%) 병원에서 음압처리가 되어있지 않은 일인실 혹은 다인실이 사용되었고, 1개(1/16, 6.3%) 병원에서만 일반병실에서 음압격리실이 운영되었다. 입원환자의 진찰 시 개인보호구의 착용은 거의 모든 의료기관에서 이루어졌다. 보건당국에서 SARS지정병원의 시설 등을 사전에 확인한 곳은 1곳(1/12, 8.3%)이였고, 14개 병원(14/15, 93.3%)에서는 보건당국에 의뢰한 검사결과를 통하 받지 못하였다. 결론 : 의료기관에서 SARS 환자용 격리실뿐만 아니라 기존의 격리실 설비 등이 미흡하였으며, 특히 중환자실 및 외래의 준비가 더욱 부족하였다. 보건당국의 의료기관에 대한 종합적인 지원이 부족하였고, 병원과의 원활한 연계가 잘 이루어지지 않았다. SARS 만이 아닌 격리를 필요로 하는 질환의 적절한 진료를 위해 향후 병원 시설의 정비와 정부차원에서의 보다 구체적이고 실질적인 대책마련이 필요하다. Background : There was an worldwide outbreak of the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) originated from China in late 2002. During that period three cases of suspected SARS and 17 cases of probable SARS were reported in Korea. With the concerns about the reemergence of SARS-coV transmission, it is important to be prepared for any possibility. So, this study is aimed to analysis the past measures in managing SARS and propose the amendatory plans to improve the preparedness. Materials & Methods : Questionnaires were collected among clinicians with any experience in managing the probable or suspected SARS cases in Oct. 2003. 17 out of 22 hospitals responded to the questionnaire. The contents in the questionnaire were practical activities, personal equipments, response plans, isolation facilities in emergency centers, outpatient clinics, general wards and intensive care units, and relationship with the public health department. Results : The dedicated isolation rooms in emergency centers, outpatient clinics, general wards, and intensive care units were prepared in 9 (9/17, 52.9%), 5 (5/17, 29.4%), 15 (15/16, 93.7%), and 4 (4/16, 25.0%) hospitals, respectively. Except for one hospital that newly made negative pressure room for SARS, single or multi-bed rooms without airborne infection control were used in all the other hospitals. The personal precaution principles were kept quite well in general wards. Before the designation of SARS hospital by the public health department prior evalution to see if the hospital was suitable for managing SARS was conducted in only 1 (1/12, 8.3%) hospital. The results of laboratory diagnosis were reported back in 1 (1/15, 6.6%) hospital. Conclusions : The isolation facilities which can control airborne infection were almost deficient not only for SARS but also for other respiratory transmissible diseases. For the infection control of transmissible diseases including SARS, more investment is needed on medical facilities and comprehensive support from the public health department required.

정신분열병에 대한 리스페리돈의 효과 및 안정성

이민수,김용구,김영훈,연병길,오병훈,윤도준,윤진상,이철,정희연,강병조,김광수,김동언,김명정,김상훈,김희철,나철,노승호,민경준,박기창,박두병,백기청,백인호,손봉기,손진욱,양병환,양창국,우행원,이정호,이종범,이홍식,임기영,전태연,정영조,정영철,정인과,정인원,지익성,채정호,한상익,한선호,한진희,서광윤 大韓神經精神醫學會 1998 신경정신의학 Vol.37 No.1

연구목적 : 본 시험의 목적은 임상시험 시작전에 연구자들을 대상으로 PANSS Workshop을 통하여 PANSS, ESRS에 대한 국내에서의 표준화 작업을 구축하고 새로운 정신병 치료제인 리스페리돈의 효과와 안정성을 재확인하여 리스페리돈 사용에 대한 적정화를 이루는데 있다. 연구방법 : 1996년 4월부터 1996년 9월까지 국내 39개 대학병원 정신과에 입원중인 혹은 증상이 악화되어 입원하는 정신분열병 환자 377명을 대상으로 다시설 개방 연구를 시행하였다. 1주일간의 약물 배설기간을 가진후, 리스페리돈을 8주간 투여하였고, 기준점, 1주, 2주, 4주, 그리고 8주후에 평가되었다. 용량은 제1일에는 리스페리돈 1mg씩 1일 2회, 제2일에는 2mg씩 1일 2회, 제3∼7일에는 3mg씩 1일 2회 투여하였다. 이후 환자의 임상상태에 따라 임의로 증량할 수 있으며, 최대 일일 16mg을 초과하지 않도록 하였다. 추체외로 증상을 조절하기 위한 투약을 허용하였다. 임상증상 및 부작용의 평가는 PANSS(Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale), CGI(Clinical Global Impression) 그리고 ESRS(Extrapyramidal Symptom Rating Scale)을 사용하였다. 연구결과 : 377명중 343명(91%)이 8주간의 연구를 완결하였다. 치료 종결시점인 8주후 PANSS 총점수가 20% 이상 호전된 경우를 약물 반응군으로 정의할때, 약물반응군은 81.3%였다. 리스페리돈에 반응하는 예측인자로는 발병연령, 이전의 입원 횟수, 유병기간이 관련 있었다. 리스페리돈은 1주후부터 PANSS양성, 음성, 및 일반정신병리 점수상에 유의한 호전을 보여 효과가 빨랐다. CGI의 경우도 기준점에 비해 1주후부터 유의한 감소를 나타내었다. ESRS의 경우, 파킨슨 평가점수는 기준점과 비교해 투여 1주, 2주, 4주후 유의하게 증가되었다가 8주후 기준점과 차이가 없었다. Dystonia 평가점수는 1주후만 유의한 증가를 보였으며, dyskinesia 평가점수는 유의한 차이가 없었다. 혈압, 맥박수의 생명징후 및 일반 혈액학 검사, 생화학적 검사, 심전도 검사에서 유의한 변화는 없었다. 결 론 : 이상의 다시설 개방 임상 연구를 통해 리스페리돈은 정신분열병 환자에서 양성증상뿐만 아니라 음성증상 및 전반적인 증상에도 효과적인 것으로 사료된다. 보다 명확한 평가를 위해서는 다른 항정신병약물과의 이중맹검 연구가 필요할 것으로 생각되며, 또한 장기적 치료에 대한 평가도 함께 이루어져야 하겠다. Objective : The purpose of this study was to investigate the efficacy and safety of risperidone in the treatment of Korean schizophrenic patients. Method : This multicenter open study included 377 schizophrenic patients drawn from 39 university hospitals. After a wash-out period of 1 week, the schizophrenic patients were treated with risperidone for 8 weeks and evaluated at 5 points ; at baseline, and 1, 2, 4 and 8 weeks of treatment. The dose was increased from 2mg/day(1mg twice daily) to 6mg/day(3mg twice daily) during the first week and adjusted to a maximum of 16mg/day over the next 7 weeks according to the patient's clinical response. Medication to control extrapyramidal symptoms was permitted. The psychiatric and neurological status of the patients was assessed by PANSS, CGI, and ESRS scales. Results : 343(91%) of 377 patients completed the 8-week trial period. Clinical improvement, as defined by a 20% or more reduction in total PANSS score at end point, was shown by 81.3% of patients. The predictors of response to risperidone were associated older age, shorter duration of illness, fewer previous hospitalization. Risperidone had rapid onset of action ; a significant decrease of the total PANSS and three PANSS factor(positive, negative, general), and CGI was already noticed at the end of first week. For the ESRS, parkinsonism rating scores were significantly increased until week 4 comparing with baseline. Dystonia rating scores were significantly increased until week 1, and dyskinesia rating scores were not significantly changed during the study. Laboratory parameters including vital sign, EKG, hematological, and biochemical values showed no significant changes during the trial. Conclusions : This study suggests that risperidone is generally safe and effective against both the positive and negative symptoms in our group of patients.

Assessment of In Vitro Assay System for Thyroid HormoneDisruptors Using Rat Pituitary GH3 Cells

Hee Jin Kim1,Hae Young Park1,Jeonga Kim1,Il Hyun Kang2,Tae Sung Kim2,Soon Young Han2,Tae Seok Kang2,Kui Lea Park2,Hyung Sik Kim1 한국독성학회 2006 Toxicological Research Vol.22 No.4

The development of in vitro assays has been recommended to screening and test-ing the potential endocrine disruptors (EDs). These assay systems focus only on identifying thethe thyroid hormone (TH) disruptors. The aim of this study was to evaluate a test system to detectTH disruptors using rat pituitary tumor GH3 cells. The test system is based on the TH-dependentincrease in growth rate. As expected, L-3,5,3-triiodothyronine (T3) markedly induced a morphologicalchange in GH 3 cells from flattened fibroblastic types to rounded or spindle-shaped types. T3 stimu-lated GH3 cell growth in a dose-dependent manner with the maximum growth-stimulating effect9 M. In addition, T3 increased the release of growth hor-mone and prolactin into the medium of the GH3 cells culture. Using this assay system, the TH-dis-rupting activities of bisphenol A (BPA) and its related compounds were examined. BPA,dimethylbisphenol A (DMBPA), and TCI-EP significantly enhanced the growth of GH3 cells in therange of 1 × 10-5M to 1 × 10-6M concentrations. In conclusion, this in vitro assay system might bestandardization before it can be used as a broad-based screening tool.

서울의 Penicillinase Producing Neisseria gonorrhoeae 발생빈도(1997)

김재홍,문득곤,김정수,김용준,임동진,박상훈,김희성,이민수,송기훈,김갑형,김형석,성소영,이인섭,김석우,황지환,조창근,김경문,부태성 대한화학요법학회 2000 대한화학요법학회지 Vol.18 No.3

Background : In recent years, gonorrhea has been pandemic and remains one of the most common STDs in the world, especially in developing countries. Objective & Methods : For the detection of a more effective therapeutic regimen and assessing the prevalence of PPNG, we have been trying to study the patients who have visited the Venereal Disease Clinic of Choong-Ku Public Health Center in Seoul since 1980 by means of the chromogenic cephalosporin method. Results : In 1997. 99 strains of N. gonorrhoeae were isolated, among which 45(45.5%) were PPNG. Conclusion : The prevalence of PPNG in Seoul, which had been decreased to 39% in 1996 after a peak of 74.3% in 1993, is increased to 45.5% in 1997.

어린이에서 수술 중 엎드린 자세와 누운 자세에서의 심박수변이도의 비교

김혜경,김종성,김성덕,김희수,염명걸,백진우 대한마취과학회 2001 Korean Journal of Anesthesiology Vol.41 No.4

Comparison of Heart Rate Variability between the Supine and Prone Plsition during General Anesthesia in Children Hee-Soo Kim, M.D., Jin-Woo Baik, M.D., Chong Sung Kim, M.D., Seong Deok Kim, M.D. Myung0Kul Yum, M.D.^*, and Hae Kyung Kim, M.D.^?? Department of Anesthesiology, College of Medicine, Seoul National University ^*Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, Hanyang University ^??Department of Anesthesiology, College of Medicine, Inha University, Incheon, Korea Background: It is well known that the prone position affects hemodynamics. In this study, we investigate whether the prone position will affect the heart rate variability compard with the supine position. Methods: Sixty five pediatric patients were assigned to supine group (n = 36) and prone group (n = 29) according to position during surgery. The patients were indeced with thiopental and vecuronium and maintained with O_2-enflurane-N_2O. ECG data was collected for 15 minutes after saturation at the end tidal concentration of the inhalent agent. From the ECG data, power spectral analysis was performed and approximate entropy was calculated. Results: IN the prone group, low frequency power and ratio of low to high frequency power were lower and approximate entropy was higher than those in the supine group. Mean heart rate and blood pressure were no different between the two groups. Conclusions: IN the prone position, sympathetic autonomic activity and balance of the autonomic nervous system decreased. However the complexity of regulation of heart rate variability was maintained in the prone position. (Korean J Anesthesiol 2001; 41: 455~460)

서정의 확장과 시(詩)로 쓰는 역사

김진희 ( Jin Hee Kim ) 국제비교한국학회 2011 비교한국학 Comparative Korean Studies Vol.19 No.2

여성의 역사에 대한 고정희의 시적 탐구는 문학과 역사에서 여성을 부각시킨 중요한 작업이다. 고정희의 역사시는 여성의 역사를 재구성하려 했다는 점에서 역사로서의 의미와 의의가 있으며, 한편 그 역사가 서정 장르를 통해 재구성되고 있기 때문에 서정과 서사의 경계적 특성을 갖는다. 이 글은 ``이야기 여성사`` 연작을 중심으로 미학적 특성 및 여성주의적 문제의식을 규명하고 있다. 고정희는 부패한 권력과 오염된 언어에 대한 비판이 새로운 역사 전망과 관련된 것임을 인식하고 인간의 평등과 자유를 구현할 수 있는 해방시를 만들고자 한다. 이를 위해 다양한 문학적 장치를 사용하고 있다. 우선 역사가 과거-현재-미래가 대화한다는 점을 작품에 수용하여 다성적 목소리와 상호 텍스트성을 통해 다양한 여성 삶의 이야기를 효과적으로 드러낸다. 그리고 역사가 지닌 이야기를 전달하기 위해 서간체와 장면제 시의 서사전략을 사용하여 독자의 정서적 유대감과 참여를 확대한다. 또한 작품 안의 인물을 통해 개성과 역사성을 함께 보여줌으로써 독자가 역사와 문학, 서사와 서정의 경계 부분에서 새로운 창조적 힘을 경험하게 한다. 고정희의 역사 시편들은 역사와 문학의 경계에서 남성 중심의 역사에 대한 비판을 수행하고, 여성-어머니의 가치라는 삶의 원리에 대한 지향을 통해 미래 역사에 대한 창조적 전망과 상상을 보여준다. Goh Jung Hee`s poetic survey of women`s history is an important undertaking that highlighted the place of women in literature and history. Goh`s historical poems are meaningful and significant as a history in that they attempted to reconfigure the history of women; moreover, it is critical that we consider this history within a literary framework as it is reconstructed through the genre of lyrics. This essay defines the aesthetic features and the feminist critique of Goh`s serialized poem, "The Stories of Women`s History." Recognizing that critiquing the corruption of power and the pollution of language was related to new historical views, Goh tried to create lyrics for liberation that embodied the concepts of human freedom and equality. To this end, she employed various literary devices; first, Goh demonstrated how the past, the present, and the future converse with one another in history and effectively revealed the diverse stories of women`s lives by way of polyphonous voices and intertextuality. In delivering these stories, Goh employed the epistolary style as well as the narrative strategy for presenting scenes in order to heighten the readers` sense of interconnectedness and to foster their participation. Furthermore, she showed at once the personality and the historicity of her characters as a way to help readers experience a new creative power on the border between history and literature, and between epic and lyric. Ultimately, Goh`s historical poems criticize the male-oriented history at the boundary of history and literature, and by placing value on the principle of life, particularly that of women-mothers, her poems offer a creative outlook and imagination for the future.