소규모 축산폐수 처리를 위한 RBC/AFBR 공정의 Package화

임재명,권재혁,류재근 江原大學校 附設 環境硏究所 1996 環境硏究 Vol.13 No.-

Using rotating biological contactor(RBC) with artificial endofleneus stage and aerobic fixed biofilm reactor(AFBR), organic material removal and biological nitrification of piggery wastewater has been studied at a pilot plant RBC was operated in the endogenous phase at a interval of every 25 days, The concentration of COD, BOO and TKN in influent wastewater were from 2,940 to 3,800 ㎎/L, from 1,190 to 1,850 ㎎/L and from 486 to 754 ㎎/L respectively, The maximum active biomass content represented as VSS per unit aera was 2.0㎎/㎠ and biofilm dry density of 17 ㎎/㎤ was observed at biofilm thickness of 900 ㎛. It was observed that the pilot scale RBC/AFBR process exhibited 72 percentage to 93 percentage of BOD removal, In order to obtain more than 90 percentage of BOD removal, the organic loading rate to the RBC/AFBR Process should be maintained less than 0,09 ㎥/㎡. day(125,9 gBOD/㎥.d), The TKN removal efficiencies was from 455 to 90,9 Percentage according to vary influent loading rate, It was estimated that the RBC/AFER Process consumed approximately 6,2 ㎎/L(as CaCO_(3) ) of alkalinity per 1 ㎎/L a of N_(3)-N oxidized as the nitrification took piace.

생물학적 영양염류 제거를 위한 돈사폐수의 반응특성

한동준,류재근,임연택,임재명 江原大學校 附設 環境硏究所 1998 環境硏究 Vol.15 No.-

본 연구는 생물학적 영양염류제거에 있어 돈사폐수의 반응특성을 고찰하기 위하여 수행되었다.반응특성으로는 돈사폐수 욘존 COD의 약 66.1%는 생물학적 분해가 빨리 일어나는 유기물이였으며, 생물학적 분해가 불가능한 용존COD는 약 11~12%였다. 호기성 고정생물막 반응조에서 질소는 탈기 ,질산화, autotrophic,과 heterotrophic미생물의 세포합성으로 제거되었는데, 제거율은 각각 12.1%,68,9%15,0% 그리고 4.0%였다. 돈사폐수 This study was performed to investigate the reaction characteristics of piggery wastewater for biological nutrient removal. The reaction characteristics discussed the fraction of organics the behavior of nitrogen, nitrification, denitrification and the behavior of phosohorus. The fraction of readily soluble COD was 11~12 percent. The ammonia nitrogen was removed via stripping nitrification autotrophic cell synthsis and heterotrophic cell synthesis. The removal percents by each step were 12.1%, 68.9%, 15.0% and 4.0% respectively. Nitrification inhibition of piggery wastewater was found to occur at an in fluent volumetric loading rate over 0.2 NH_(3)-Nkg/㎥/d. Denitrification rates were the highest in the raw wastewater and the lowest in the anaerobic effluent. The denitritation of piggery wastewater came out to be possibe, and the rate of organic carbon consumption deceased about 10 percent The phosphorus removed was released in the form ortho-p in the aerobic fixed biofilm reactor it was caused by autooxidation. The synthesis and release of phosphorus were related to the ORP and the boundary value for the phase change was about 170mV. In the synthesis phase, the phosphorus removal rate per COD removed was 0.023mgP_(ayn)/mgCOD_(rem) The phosphorus contents of the microorganism were 4.3~6.0% on a dry weight basis

효율적 질소제거를 위하 단일 혐기성 반응조의 개선

한동중,류재근,임연택,임재명 江原大學校 附設 環境硏究所 1998 環境硏究 Vol.15 No.-

This research aims to remove nitogen in the piggery wastewater by combined process with upflow anaerobic sludge blanket(UASB) and biofilm process. For the effective denitrification anaerobic and anoxic reactors were connected to a reactor. The effluent of aerobic reactor was recycled equally with influent in the upper filter of anaerobic reactor for denitrification and outlet of UBF reactor was connected to the settling tang with 1.5ℓ capacity and the settling sludge was repeatedly recycled to UASB zone. The organic loading rate of total reactor was operated from 0.4 to 3.1kgCOD/㎥/d and it was observed that the removal rate of TCOD was 80 to 95 percentage AMMonia nitrogen was removed over 90 percentage in the less volumetric loading rate than 0.1 kgN/㎥/d But because of non-limitation of organic materials, it was reduced to 70 perventage in the more volumetric loading rate than 0.6kgN/㎥/d But denitrification rate was observed 100 percentage in the all of loading rate. This is caused by the maintenance of optimum temperature, surfficient carbon source and competition of observed with the 71.7 percentage of influent COD. It was revealed that the most part of organic materials was removed in the aerobic and the anaerobic reactor because 38.4 percentage was conbersed into CH_(4) gas and 11 percentage was removed in the aerbic reactor with cell synthesis and metabolism. Besides, 5.7% organics was used to denitrification reaction and 3.7% organics related to sulgate reduction.

뇌 심혈관계 관련질환 유소견 근로자들의 의료이용에 관한 연구

최태성,유재영,김진석,장은철,박주언,우극현 순천향의학연구소 2006 Journal of Soonchunhyang Medical Science Vol.12 No.2

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Business Orientation, Goals and Satisfaction of Korean-American Business Owners

Jay-Sang Ryu,Jane Swinney,Glenn Muske,Ramona Kay Zachary 한국유통과학회 2012 Asian Journal of Business Environment (AJBE) Vol.2 No.2

Purpose - This research examined the relationship between business orientation and business goals and satisfaction of Korean-American business owners. Research design/data/methodology - Entrepreneurial Orientation (EO) and Small Business Orientation (SBO) were the theoretical constructs underlying this research. The responses from 200 Korean-American business owners who participated in the 2005 National Minority Business Owner Surveys were used for data analysis. Results - Noneconomic business goal was positively related to business owners’ SBO tendency, and those with a SBO tendency had the higher business satisfaction than those with EO. Conclusions - The findings suggest that policy makers should develop business assistance programs that correspond with owners’ business orientation.

THE EFFECT OF PRODUCT IMAGE ON COUNTRY IMAGE: THE CASE OF SOUTH KOREA

Jay Sang Ryu,Mikael And?hn,Patrick L’Espoir-Decosta 글로벌지식마케팅경영학회 2014 Global Marketing Conference Vol.2014 No.7

Country image is a construct with far-reaching commercial implications (Kotler and Gertner, 2002). It is often held up as an antecedent condition of attitude formation towards products (Verlegh and Steenkamp, 1999; Laroche et al., 2005; Zeugner-Roth and Diamantopolous, 2009), as a determinant of visiting intentions for tourist destinations (Nadeau et al., 2008; Mart?nez and Alvarez, 2010) or even as a source of political power (van Ham, 2001; Nye, 2004; Wang, 2008). However, the way in which country image is approached in the literatures dealing with it various venues of relevance almost exclusively threat the construct as a source of some exerted effect and rarely venture into the issue of how country image is formed and how it various venues of its commercial relevance interact. Some exceptions to this general rule can be found in White (2012) who explored how product image exerts a formative effect on country image, a country-of-origin effect in the inverse. Also, Nadeau et al. (2008) observed that country image as it pertains to destination image as well as to exports intersect in an interesting way and that the two areas of commercial relevance indeed are not completely separate. In the present study we postulate that the meaning attributed to a particular country’s image is the result of an oscillation of meaning between that attributed to objects (such as for instance products, destinations or people) associated to the country and the country image itself. I.e. a product perceived as being associated to a country would derive its meaning from the country image but also exert a feedback of meaning towards the country image. Any association is not only a determinant of meaning towards one of the objects in an association dyad (cf. Keller, 1993) but this meaning also, through association, transfer in the inverse direction as well. This suggests that any venue of meaning attribution to a country could potentially exert an effect on any situation in which the country in turn exerts a formative influence. For example, a product image of a product associated to a country could potentially exert an influence on the countries attractiveness as a tourist destination through a mediated influence through country image. In order to put this mechanism to the test 500 respondents from the USA (311 female, x age 46.5, respondents of Korean origin excluded) were recruited through an online panel and subjected to a psychometric test-series featuring items pertaining to the image of South Korea, the image of South Korean products and various factors pertaining to the respondent’s attitude towards South Korea as a tourist destination. The resulting data was subjected to statistical analysis using a covariance-based structural equation model approach. The results of the data analysis suggest that attitudes and notions directed to products from South Korea exert a statistically significant effect on the image of the country as a whole. This image in turn exerts an effect on the whether consumers express interest in visiting the country in their capacity as potential tourists. These results are in support of White (2012) in that they demonstrate that attitudes towards products from a particular country contribute to the attitude towards a country as a whole. The results also support Nadeau et al. (2008) in their finding that country image as it pertains to inferring the degree of quality of exports and the attractiveness of a place as a tourist destination should not be compartmentalized, but rather treated as a facets of the same construct. In the present study the case of South Korea was used with a particular goal in mind. The rather unusual historical particularities of the transition of South Koreas economy makes it highly interesting as an example for several reasons. Not only did South Koreas transition take place in a highly compressed timeframe, but it also took a route which runs counter to the notion that tourism often serves as the starting point of economic transition (Dieke, 2003; Dritsakis, 2004; Oh, 2005; Mishra et al., 2006; Kaplan and Celik, 2008) as the rise of South Korea can be said to have been driven by industrial development and exports, prior to the country becoming a popular tourist destination. The particularities of this path to a greater degree of economic development arguably shed new light on the issue of how country image can form and how it pertains to highly variable commercial contexts and how the effect the country image construct exert transect across these various venues of commercial activity.

THE EFFECT OF PRODUCT IMAGE ON COUNTRY IMAGE: THE CASE OF SOUTH KOREA

Jay Sang Ryu,Mikael Andéhn,Patrick L’Espoir-Decosta 글로벌지식마케팅경영학회 2014 Global Marketing Conference Vol.2014 No.10

Country image is a construct with far-reaching commercial implications (Kotler and Gertner, 2002). It is often held up as an antecedent condition of attitude formation towards products (Verlegh and Steenkamp, 1999; Laroche et al., 2005; Zeugner-Roth and Diamantopolous, 2009), as a determinant of visiting intentions for tourist destinations (Nadeau et al., 2008; Martínez and Alvarez, 2010) or even as a source of political power (van Ham, 2001; Nye, 2004; Wang, 2008). However, the way in which country image is approached in the literatures dealing with it various venues of relevance almost exclusively threat the construct as a source of some exerted effect and rarely venture into the issue of how country image is formed and how it various venues of its commercial relevance interact. Some exceptions to this general rule can be found in White (2012) who explored how product image exerts a formative effect on country image, a country-of-origin effect in the inverse. Also, Nadeau et al. (2008) observed that country image as it pertains to destination image as well as to exports intersect in an interesting way and that the two areas of commercial relevance indeed are not completely separate. In the present study we postulate that the meaning attributed to a particular country’s image is the result of an oscillation of meaning between that attributed to objects (such as for instance products, destinations or people) associated to the country and the country image itself. I.e. a product perceived as being associated to a country would derive its meaning from the country image but also exert a feedback of meaning towards the country image. Any association is not only a determinant of meaning towards one of the objects in an association dyad (cf. Keller, 1993) but this meaning also, through association, transfer in the inverse direction as well. This suggests that any venue of meaning attribution to a country could potentially exert an effect on any situation in which the country in turn exerts a formative influence. For example, a product image of a product associated to a country could potentially exert an influence on the countries attractiveness as a tourist destination through a mediated influence through country image. In order to put this mechanism to the test 500 respondents from the USA (311 female, x age 46.5, respondents of Korean origin excluded) were recruited through an online panel and subjected to a psychometric test-series featuring items pertaining to the image of South Korea, the image of South Korean products and various factors pertaining to the respondent’s attitude towards South Korea as a tourist destination. The resulting data was subjected to statistical analysis using a covariance-based structural equation model approach. The results of the data analysis suggest that attitudes and notions directed to products from South Korea exert a statistically significant effect on the image of the country as a whole. This image in turn exerts an effect on the whether consumers express interest in visiting the country in their capacity as potential tourists. These results are in support of White (2012) in that they demonstrate that attitudes towards products from a particular country contribute to the attitude towards a country as a whole. The results also support Nadeau et al. (2008) in their finding that country image as it pertains to inferring the degree of quality of exports and the attractiveness of a place as a tourist destination should not be compartmentalized, but rather treated as a facets of the same construct. In the present study the case of South Korea was used with a particular goal in mind. The rather unusual historical particularities of the transition of South Koreas economy makes it highly interesting as an example for several reasons. Not only did South Koreas transition take place in a highly compressed timeframe, but it also took a route which runs counter to the notion that tourism often serves as the starting point of economic transition (Dieke, 2003; Dritsakis, 2004; Oh, 2005; Mishra et al., 2006; Kaplan and Celik, 2008) as the rise of South Korea can be said to have been driven by industrial development and exports, prior to the country becoming a popular tourist destination. The particularities of this path to a greater degree of economic development arguably shed new light on the issue of how country image can form and how it pertains to highly variable commercial contexts and how the effect the country image construct exert transect across these various venues of commercial activity.

The Effects of Store Environment on Shopping Behavior: The Role of Consumer Idiocentrism and Allocentrism

Jay-Sang Ryu,Audra Bringhurst 한국유통과학회 2015 Asian Journal of Business Environment (AJBE) Vol.5 No.4

Purpose – The purpose of this research is to identify how idiocentric consumers and allocentric consumers respond to retail store environments and how such responses affect their consumer behaviors in a sustainable consumption setting. Method – Data were collected from 422 U.S. adult consumers via a web-based survey. Two store settings were created, perceptually related (eco-friendly clothing displayed with greenery)or perceptually-unrelated (eco-friendly clothing displayed without greenery), and consumers were asked to take the survey based on the given store setting. Results – Allocentric consumers perceived a product and its display environment were related whereas idiocentric consumers perceived the two were unrelated. Also, the former exhibited higher purchase intentions when the product and store environment were related (eco-friendly clothing displayed with greenery), but the latter did when the two were unrelated (eco-friendly clothing displayed without greenery). Conclusions – This research suggests that retailers should consider consumer self-concept at personal-level when implementing marketing strategies. This research also demonstrates that consumers are influenced by store environment in relation to their self-concept and that self-concept can be temporarily modified by various stimuli such as visual displays.

Hydrogen-Doped Polymeric Carbon Monoxide at High Pressure

Ryu, Young-Jay,Yoo, Choong-Shik,Kim, Minseob,Yong, Xue,Tse, John,Lee, Sung Keun,Kim, Eun Jeong American Chemical Society 2017 The Journal of Physical Chemistry Part C Vol.121 No.18

<P>The ability to control materials stability, bonding, and transformation by thereto-mechanical and chemical means is significant for development of high-energy density extended solids. We report that doping hydrogen (similar to 40%) in carbon monoxide (CO) can greatly lower the polymerization pressure of CO and enhance the stability of recovered polymeric CO products at ambient conditions. Hydrogen-doped CO crystallizes into well-grown dendrites of beta-CO-like phase at 3.2 GPa, which polymerizes to highly unsaturated black polymer (phase I) at similar to 4.7 (5.8) GPa. Upon further compression, this highly colored polymer transforms into a translucent 3D network structure (phase II) at 6-7 (10-17) GPa and then a transparent 2D layer structure (phase III) at 20-30 (30-60) GPa. A similar series of transformations are also found in pure CO but at considerably higher transition pressures, as noted in parentheses. All polymeric phases are recoverable at ambient conditions, exhibiting an array of phase stability and novel properties such as chemically unstable phase I, highly luminescent phase II, and highly transparent layered phase III. The density of recovered products ranges from similar to 2.3 g/cm(3) to 3.6 g/cm(3), depending on the pressure recovered. The recovered products are highly disordered but slowly decompose to crystalline solids of anhydrous polymeric oxalic acid while exhibiting interesting crystal morphologies such as nm-cobs, nm-lamellar layers, and mu m-bales. The present first-principles MD simulations suggest that the polymerization occurs at 6 (or 10) GPa in H-2-doped (or pure) CO. While not directly participating in the reaction, the role of H-2 molecules is to enhance the mobility of CO molecules leading to the polymerization.</P>

對于"閃現時裝店(Pop-up Fashion Store)"的顧客態度以及購買意圖硏究

( Jay Sang Ryu ) 한국마케팅과학회 2011 Journal of Global Fashion Marketing Vol.2 No.3

Pop-up retail refers to the practice of opening a transitory, short-term, and often unannounced retail sales space. Such a space may be set up in a movable container or in an existing structure to offer consumers experiential shopping and face-to-face interaction with brand representatives. The retail industry has rapidly embraced pop-up retail as a feasible distribution channel for reaching consumers, launching new products, and testing niche markets. Pop-up stores may also be operated as promotional events; the purpose of which is to increase brand awareness rather than to make sales. Researchers have compared consumer behavior in the context of such varied retail outlets as traditional brick-and-mortar stores and online stores. However, researchers have not heretofore investigated consumer behavior associated with pop-up fashion stores, even though a wide range of retailers utilize the pop-up format. Since pop-up retail is a distinct type of retail outlet, consumers` attitudes and shopping intentions toward pop-up stores may differ from those they harbor toward traditional brick-and-mortar stores or online stores. The research goal of identifying variables that influence consumers` attitudes and intentions relative to pop-up fashion stores is important to developing effective pop-up retail strategies that will, in turn, allow fashion brands to diversify their distribution channels and thus reach more consumers and better promote their brands. Six hypotheses were proposed based on the review of literature: fashion involvement positively affects fashion-oriented impulse buying behavior (hypothesis 1a) and attitudes toward pop-up fashion stores (hypothesis 1b). Similarly, the need for hedonic shopping experiences positively effects impulse buying behavior (hypothesis 2a) and attitudes toward pop-up fashion stores (hypothesis 2b). Finally, fashion-oriented impulse buying behavior positively effects attitudes toward pop-up fashion stores (hypothesis 3), which in turn, effects shopping intentions at the stores (hypothesis 4). The data was collected from 245 consumers at the airports in two major cities in the West and Southwest regions of the US. The sample was comprised of women (60.8 %) and men (39.2 %) with an average age of 34.1 years. The fit statistics of the measurement model confirmed an excellent model fit: χ2=252.82 with 160 df at p-value<0.001; RMSEA of 0.047 (90% CI for RMSEA=0.035-0.058); CFI of 0.99; and NFI of 0.97. Cronbach`s alpha for latent constructs ranged from 0.88 to 0.98, and factor loadings were in the range of 0.71 to 0.96 with p-values<0.01. The construct reliability ranged from 0.84 to 0.97, and the average variance extracted ranged from 0.58 to 0.90. The overall fit indices of the research model indicated a good model fit: χ2=288.67 with 163 df at p-value<0.001; RMSEA of 0.053 (90% CI for RMSEA=0.042-0.063); CFI of 0.99; and NFI of 0.97. Fashion involvement had a positive effect on fashion- oriented impulse buying behavior, supporting Hypothesis 1a (γ=0.54, p<0.001). There was no significant positive effect of fashion involvement on attitudes toward pop-up fashion stores, rejecting Hypothesis1b. The need for hedonic shopping experiences had a significant positive effect on fashion-oriented impulse buying behavior and attitude toward pop-up fashion stores, supporting both Hypotheses 2a (γ=0.31, p<0.001) and 2b (γ=0.32, p 0.001). Fashion-oriented impulse buying had no significant positive effect on attitudes toward pop-up fashion stores, rejecting Hypothesis 3. Positive consumer attitudes toward pop-up fashion stores increased participants` shopping intentions with regard to the stores, supporting hypothesis 4 (β =0.72, p<0.001). Operating pop-up fashion stores may be an effective retail strategy for suiting the interests of hedonic consumers. The idea of stores "popping-up" unexpectedly may be appealing enough to catch some consumers` attention but attention alone may not be sufficient motivation to get consumers to take the next step, that is, shopping at a given store. Although pop-up stores are meant to be open for only a short period of time, retailers should attend to such considerations as the quality of merchandise, store layout and ambience, window displays, and customer service so as to create a desirable shopping environment and experience. The non-significant association between fashion involvement and attitudes toward pop-up fashion stores suggests that consumers, even those who are highly interested in fashion, may not be entirely aware of the benefits or even the concept of pop-up fashion stores. This study also revealed no significant positive effect of fashion-oriented impulse buying on attitudes toward pop-up fashion stores. The lack of connection was probably due to lack of experience with pop up retailers. Therefore, retailers could focus on increasing consumer awareness of pop-up retail as an innovative and exciting retail distribution channel by utilizing social networking services such as Facebook and Twitter to facilitate immediate word-of-mouth promotion to create buzz about pop-up stores. Global fashion brands may apply a pop-up retail strategy to retail internationalization and test the potential of entering markets before committing to the markets. Established global fashion brands may use pop-up stores to identify ideal locations for future permanent stores in foreign markets and as promotional events to engage in interactive brand communication with the consumer. For emerging global fashion brands, pop-up stores could function as a means to understand the consumer. By interacting with the consumer in pop-up store settings, fashion brands can scrutinize consumer responses to brand positioning and product offerings and increase brand awareness. They could also increase their presence in the global market through setting up stores in a pop-up shopping mall.