저자동시인용 연결망 분석을 통한 스포츠 안전사고의 지적 구조 규명

김경식 ( Kim Kyung-sik ) 한국융합과학회 2017 한국융합과학회지 Vol.6 No.3

연구목적: 이 연구는 저자동시인용 연결망 분석을 통하여 스포츠 안전사고의 지적 구조를 규명하고자 한다. 구체적으로는 스포츠 안전사고 연구에서 저자동시인용 연결망 구조를 규명한 다음, 스포츠 안 전사고 연구에서 중앙성이 높고 저자인용 출현빈도가 높은 저자가 누구인지를 밝혀내는데 목적이 있다. 연구방법: 이 연구는 한국학술정보(KISS)와 디비피아(Dbpia)에서 제공하는 스포츠 안전사고에 관한 논문을 검색하여 총 71편의 논문을 수집하였다. 이 연구에서는 검색 키워드를 “스포츠”와 “안전사고”로 한정하여 검색하였으며, 저자와 저자가 인용한 참고문헌을 엑셀에 정리하였다. 참고 문헌은 논문과 저서의 저자로 한정하였으며, 잡지나 신문 등은 제외하였다. 저자동시인용 연결망을 분석하기 위해 이 연구에서는 NetMiner 프로그램을 활용하였으며, 활동중심성(degree centrality)과 매개중앙성(betweenness centrality)을 분석하였다. 활동중심성은 어떤 저자가 다른 저자들에게 많이 인용되었다면 연결망 중심에 위치하게 된다. 매개중앙성은 저자와 저자의 관계를 매개하는 위치에 있는 정도를 말한다. 결론: 이상과 같은 연구방법 및 절차를 통해 도출한 결론은 다음과 같다. 첫째, 저자동시인용 연결망 구조는 거대 연결망과 하위집단 연결망으로 구성되었다. 연구자들 간의 교류가 매우 활발히 전개될 수 있는 구조적 조건을 갖추고 있다. 평균 연결정도는 1.3명이고, 군집계수는 .20 이다. 인용된 저자의 자아연결망 크기는 Seokjung Son, Eunkyung Kim, Kiyoung Yeon, Kiwhan Go 등의 순이며, 이들 저자는 스포츠 안전 연구에서 다른 저자들에게 상대적으로 크게 영향을 미쳤다. 그러 나 저자동시인용 연결망에서 등장하는 통계적으로 의미 있는 허브는 존재하지 않았다. 둘째, 저자동 시인용 연결망 활동중앙성은 Seokjung Son, Eunkyung Kim, Kiyoung Yeon 등의 순이며, 매개중앙성은 Seokjung Son, Eunkyung Kim 등의 순이다. 중앙성이 높은 저자들은 스포츠 안전 연구에 다른 저자들과 함께 많이 등장했다. 저자 인용과 피인용의 출현 빈도는 Seokjung Son → Seokjung Son, Youngchul Park → Youngchul Park, Doohyeon Kim → Doohyeon Kim 등의 순으로 높다. 즉, 자기 인용이 많았다. Pupose: The purpose of this study is to clarify the intellectual structure of the sports safety accident through the analysis of the authors` co-citation network. The research problems set in this study are as follows. First, what kind of network structure does the authors` co-citation network show in sports safety accident research? Second, who is the author who has high centralism and high frequency of author quotation in sports safety accident research? Methods: In this study, 71 papers were collected by searching articles related to sports safety accident provided by Korean Academic Information (KISS) and Dbpia. The search keywords were limited to "sports" and "safety accident", and the references cited by author were summarized in Excel. Conclusion: First, the authors` co-citation network structure consists of a huge network and a subgroup network. There is a structural condition in which exchanges among researchers can be actively developed. Average degree is 1.3 and clustering coefficient is .20. The authors` ego network size is listed in the order of Seokjung Son, Eunkyung Kim, Kiyoung Yeon, and Kiwhan Go. These authors have had a relatively large impact on other authors in sports safety research. But This network have not significant hubs. Second, frequency of authors` co-citation are Seokjung Son, Eunkyung Kim, and Kiyoung Yeon in order. Seokjung Son, Eunkyung Kim, etc. Authors with a high degree of centralism have appeared with other authors in sports safety research. The frequency of author citation is higher in order of Seokjung Son → Seokjung Son, Youngchul Park → Youngchul Park, Doohyeon Kim → Doohyeon Kim. In other words, there were many self-quotes.

The Relationship between Semantic Bleaching and Syntax: A Case from Bound Noun cwung in Korean

Tae Sik Kim 한국생성문법학회 2017 생성문법연구 Vol.27 No.3

Kim, Tae Sik. 2017. The Relationship between Semantic Bleaching and Syntax: A Case from Bound Noun cwung in Korean. Studies in Generative Grammar, 27-3, 565-589. This paper focuses on bound nouns in Korean and argues that there is a relationship between Semantic Bleaching and Syntactic notions such as c-command and dominance. Bound nouns in Korean need an aid of other words. In the case of the bound noun kes, the aid should be by lexical words, but not functional ones such as numerals and classifiers (Kim 2016a). However, the bound noun man and tongan allow the help of numerals and classifiers (Kim 2017a, 2017b). The bound noun cwung also needs the aid of numerals and classifiers, but the modification pattern of it is different: the bound noun cwung should be c-commanded or dominated by nP. I claim that the existence or non-existence of the nP restriction is related to the degree of semantic bleached-ness of bound nouns, and the bound noun cwung is less grammaticalized than the bound noun man and tongan.

소설과 기억의 정치학

김한식(Kim Han-sik) 한국비평문학회 2009 批評文學 Vol.- No.31

The greater part of the readers in south Korea are embarrassed at current north Korean literature, especially "Imperishable History." Because we cannot conclude whether "Imperishable History" is novel or history. And we do not admit "Forming the leader" in north Korean literature. We are unfamiliar with their writing and distribution system. Many man of letters think "Imperishable History" is not literature. "Eternal life" is one of the most interesting novel in "Imperishable History." It includes the story of the death of Kim, Il-sung and his last injunctions. But it do not have enough causal relationship and persuasive power. So we must read that text as the mirror of the north Korean history between 1994-1997. Three main topics are in this novel. The first is agricultural problem. The second is nuclear crisis. That is related to diplomatic, this is related to domestic. The third is restoration problem of a royal tomb of Dankoon. "Imperishable History" turns individual memory to official memory. It treats the history of Kim, Il-sung as the north Korean history. When a historical event occurred, always, Kim was there. Although it deal with the death of Kim, "Eternal Life" emphasize that his rule is not finished. The narrator says Kim's heroic deed is on his mind, and it is the real meaning of eternal life. It's very difficult to understand their novel. But we can admit that "Imperishable History" is not representative of all north Korean literature.

TEOS 솔 침전공정에서 SiO2 과포화 농도 및 입자 크기에 미치는 반응조건 영향

김경수,김선근,김우식,김성수,김준경 한국화학공학회 2000 Korean Chemical Engineering Research(HWAHAK KONGHA Vol.38 No.6

본 연구에서는 솔 침전공정에서 TEOS(Tetraethylorthosilicate) 반응물을 이용하여 실리카 분말 합성시에 TEOS 농도, 물농도, 반응물 주입속도, 교반속도 등의 반응조건이 실리카 과포화 농도 및 입자크기에 미치는 영향에 대해 연구하였다. TEOS 반응물과 물 농도가 증가할수록 입자유도시간은 짧아졌으며 입자유도시점에서의 과포화 농도는 감소하였다. 그러나, 반응물 주입속도가 입자유도시간과 입자유도시점에서의 과포화 농도에 미치는 영향은 서로 상반되었다. 즉, 반응물 주입속도의 증가에 따라 입자유도시간은 감소하였으나 입자유도시점에서의 과포화 농도는 증가하였다. 반응조건에 따라 서로 다른 과포화 농도에서 입자가 유도되는 것은 입자의 형성에 있어서 과포화도 이외의 용액의 조건에도 영향을 준다는 것을 의미하는 것이다. 한편, 교반속도는 입자유도시간과 유도시점에서의 과포화 농도는 거의 영향을 주지 않았다. 이것은 솔 침전공정에서 반응물 혼합시간이 충분히 짧아 실리카 생성에 있어서 반응속도가 입자유도 및 과포화 농도 결정에 가장 크게 영향을 미쳤기 때문이다. 반응조건에 따른 가수분해 및 축합 반응속도를 Kim등[15]이 제시한 식을 이용하여 예측하였으며 이 결과는 본 실험에서 측정한 입자유도시간의 함수로도 매우 잘 묘사될 수 있었다. 또한, 반응조건에 따라 합성된 최종입자의 크기 변화도 입자유도시간의 함수로 훌륭히 묘사될 수 있음을 보여 주었다. In a single feed semi batch reactor effects of reaction conditions, such as TEOS and water concentrations, react feed flow rate and agitation speed, on the silica supersaturation and particle size synthesized in sol precipitation were investigated. As the TEOS and water concentrations increased, the particle induction time and the supersaturation at the particle induction point were reduced. However, the dependencies of the particle induction time and supersaturation at the particle induction point on the reactant flow rate were opposite to each other. That was, the particle induction tune decreased with increase in the reactant flow rate but the supersaturation at the particle induction point increased. The fact that the supersaturation level to induce the particle was varied with the reaction condition implied that the solution condition determined by the reaction condition as well as the supersaturation level was important to the particle induction. Meanwhile, the particle induction time and supersaturation at the particle induction point were little influenced by the agitation speed in the reactor. This result was due to the micromixing time being short enough in comparison to the reaction time of TEOS. Thus, the particle induction time and supersaturation at the particle induction point was predominantly determined by the reaction time rather than the micromixing time of TEOS. The reaction rate constants of TEOS hydroysis and condensation, which was predicted with Kim et al.'s equations [15] at the reaction conditions was described as a function of the particle induction time. In addition, the particle size synthesized at the reaction conditions was able to be well fitted as a function of the particle induction time.

남명(南冥) 조식(曺植)의 치국론(治國論)과 의미 -상소문(上疏文)을 중심으로-

김강식 ( Kim Kang-sik ) 南冥學硏究院 2018 南冥學 Vol.23 No.-

조선중기의 성리학 체계화 과정에서 사상에서는 의리와 실천을 강조하고, 정치에서는 현실의 모순에 대해 타협을 거부하며 적극적인 개혁을 주장한 南冥 曺植은 비판적 지식인이자 전형적인 處士였다. 이에 16세기의 현실 모순을 정확하게 인식하고, 현실정치에 대한 개혁책이 적극적으로 담겨 있는 남명의 4차례의 上疏를 토대로 남명의 정치 현실에 대한 治國論을 살펴보았다. 이를 위해서 남명의 치국론을 정치의 영역을 크게 지방정치와 중앙정치로 나누어서 살펴보았다. 남명의 치국론의 중요성은 지방정치에서 찾을 수 있다. 남명은 현실 정치에 나아가지 않았지만, 16세기의 사회경제적 변화 속에서 자신이 거주하던 지역사회의 안정이 필요하였다. 이에 재지사족이 향촌통제책을 행사할 수 있는 향촌자치론이 남명에게도 필요하였다. 남명의 문인들에 의해서 일어났던 毁家黜鄕은 이런 모습을 보여준다. 아울러 재지 지주였던 양반의 입장에서 농경지의 경작을 위한 농민 계층의 안정이 필요하였는데, 이것은 조세제도의 공정성을 유지하고 부정을 방지하여 향민의 안정을 꾀해야 한다는 향민보호론으로 나타났다. 한편 남명은 조선중기의 절대군주제를 인정하고 君臣共治를 통해서 중앙의 정치가 안정되어야 한다고 보았다. 남명은 먼저 군주의 수신과 덕치를 이상으로 하는 성학군주론을 주장하였다. 아울러 군주의 정치가 원활하게 집행되기 위해서 수령과 향리의 엄정한 선택과 부정·비리를 막을 수 있는 장치가 작동할 수 있는 행정체계론을 지지하였는데, 특히 인재의 등용을 중시하였다. 결론적으로 남명의 치국론은 지방과 중앙 정치의 영역에 맞게 주장되었다. 먼저 중앙정치에서는 위정자의 올바른 처신과 역할, 위정자의 수신과 솔선수범, 위정자와 신료들과의 소통의 중요성, 제도 시행의 엄정성, 국방의 자위성 확보와 주체적인 외교 문제였다. 지방정치에서는 향촌자치, 목민관의 솔선수범, 백성의 민생 안정, 관료의 부정부패와 비리 척결, 상하의 소통문제였다. 남명은 시대정신에 따라 만들어진 정치형태를 부정과 편법을 통해 왜곡시키지 않고 올바른 방향으로 시행해 나가는 것이 현실 개혁의 방향이라고 보았다. Confusion scholar culture emerged in the 16th century during the early Chosun period, which was at ransition period for this new social system. The political and social mainstream considered rule by Neo-Confucianism to be ideal and suggested measures for its practice. Nammyeong Jo Sik(1501~1572) lived in a time of faction politics and purge of scholars during which Neo-Confucian political order was being established. Although Nammyeong Jo Sik did not enter political reality, he did not turn away from realistic politics (realpolitik). He was an active reality reformer, which was evident by his four public appeals for the reform of realistic politics. Nammyeong claimed through his appeals that fundamental adaptations to circumstances, rather than temporary stopgap measures were necessary for the reform of reality. Nammyeong’s principle of governing in central politics emphasized political initiatives, communication and decision making, exactness in implementation of policies, securing autonomy in self-defense, and independent diplomacy. In regional politics, he emphasized regional autonomy, the leading by example of governors, security of the livelihood of commoners, eradication of corruption of bureaucrats, and communication among the ranks. Nammyeong’s principle of governing transcends time as it still carries importance today. Nammyeong’s principle of governing can be divided into the local politics and central politics.

Discovery of urinary metabolomic biomarkers for early detection of acute kidney injury

Won, A Jin,Kim, Siwon,Kim, Yoon Gyoon,Kim, Kyu-Bong,Choi, Wahn Soo,Kacew, Sam,Kim, Kyeong Seok,Jung, Jee H.,Lee, Byung Mu,Kim, Suhkmann,Kim, Hyung Sik The Royal Society of Chemistry 2016 Molecular bioSystems Vol.12 No.1

<P>The discovery of new biomarkers for early detection of drug-induced acute kidney injury (AKI) is clinically important. In this study, sensitive metabolomic biomarkers identified in the urine of rats were used to detect cisplatin-induced AKI. Cisplatin (10 mg kg(-1), i.p.) was administered to Sprague-Dawley rats, which were subsequently euthanized after 1, 3 or 5 days. In cisplatin-treated rats, mild histopathological alterations were noted at day 1, and these changes were severe at days 3 and 5. Blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and serum creatinine (SCr) levels were significantly increased at days 3 and 5. The levels of new urinary protein-based biomarkers, including kidney injury molecule-1 (KIM-1), glutathione S-transferase-alpha (GST-alpha), tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 (TIMP-1), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), calbindin, clusterin, neutrophil, neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL), and osteopontin, were significantly elevated at days 3 and 5. Among urinary metabolites, trigonelline and 3-indoxylsulfate (3-IS) levels were significantly decreased in urine collected from cisplatin-treated rats prior to histological kidney damage. However, carbon tetrachloride (CCl4), a hepatotoxicant, did not affect these urinary biomarkers. Trigonelline is closely associated with GSH depletion and results in insufficient antioxidant capacity against cisplatin-induced AKI. The predominant cisplatin-induced AKI marker appeared to be reduced in urinary 3-IS levels. Because 3-IS is predominantly excreted via active secretion in proximal tubules, a decrease is indicative of tubular damage. Further, urinary excretion of 3-IS levels was markedly reduced in patients with AKI compared to normal subjects. The area under the curve receiver operating characteristics (AUC-ROC) for 3-IS was higher than for SCr, BUN, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), total protein, and glucose. Therefore, low urinary or high serum 3-IS levels may be more useful for early detection of AKI than conventional biomarkers.</P>

Thermodynamic Modeling of Miscibility Gap in the Al-In System

Kim, Sung Sik Research Institute of Science and Technology HONGI 2005 Hongik Journal of Science and Technology Vol.9 No.-

A thermodynamic modeling of phase diagram in the binary Al-In system was described using the Gibbs free energies of the phases. The subregular solution model was applied to describe the liquid phase in the present system. Using the experimental miscibility gap data in the literature, the interaction parameters in the excess Gibbs free energy expression of liquid phase were obtained as A^(0) = 39.8874 - 0.0192T and A^(1)= 2.5464 + 0.0008T (kJ/mol). With these parameters, the miscibility gap was regenerated. The present result was compared and discussed with other experimental and assessed data available in the literature.

면역전기영동법의 개량

김재식 慶北大學校 醫科大學 1985 慶北醫大誌 Vol.26 No.4

단백전기영동법과 면역전기영동법은 임상에서 일상검사화되었다. 그러나 면역전기영동법은 번거러운 방법 자체와 그 결과의 분해능(resolution)에 문제가 있어서 개량의 여지가 있다. 저자는 종래의 면역전기영동법에 다소의 개량을 시도하여 다음과 같이 요약할 수 있었다. 보통세균배지용인 Bacto-agar 15 g 로부터 acetyl화, chloroform 추출, petroleum ether 침전 및 탈 acetyl화 원리를 이용하여 8 g 의 정제 agarose-K를 얻을 수 있었고 국산화가 이루어졌다. 재생 X-ray film을 지지체판으로 쓸 수 있었다. 면역전기영동용 universal 형판을 설계하여 Kim's universal 면역전기영동형판(凸주형)을 제작하였다. Bacto-agar은 agarose와 agarose-K에 비하여 혈청단백전기영동에 있어서 각 분획의 형태가 부정하고 분해능도 불량하여 부적합하였고 면역전기영동상은 전기영동상보다는 양호하였으나 분해능이 좋지 않아서 역시 면역전기영동법에도 부적합하였다. Agarose와 agarose-K를 사용한 혈청단백전기영동 및 면역전기영동상에서 상호간에 별 차이를 인정할 수 없었다. 검체첨가에 있어서 원형 공(孔)보다 수직 구(溝)가 혈청단백전기영동에 적합하였고 면역전기영동에 있어서는 원형 공이 수직구보다 더 분해능이 좋았다. 면역전기영동에 있어서 검체첨가가 1 ㎕인 경우 모른 영역의 침전윤의 분해능이 가장 적합하여 항혈청과의 비를 20:1로 유지하는 것이 가장 이상적이고 우수하다고 보았고 검체의 희석은 1:5, 1:10 및 1:20, 3자간에 별다른 차이를 인정할 수 없었기 때문에 관례의 1:10을 중심으로 그때 그때 필요에 따라 조정하는 것이 좋다고 생각된다. Agarose-K 지지체, Kim's universal 면역전기영동 및 재생 X-ray film 지지판을 국산 킷트화하여 간편 저렴한 면역전기영동법의 개량이 가능하게 되었다. The serum protein electrophoresis and immunoelectrophoresis has become routine tests in clinical laboratory medicine. However the immunoelectrophoresis requires more improvement in the method itself and resolution of its precipitation arcs formed as the results. Agarose-K was purified from Bacto-agar by acetylation principle for self production. It was possible to use the used X-ray film as the plate for media (agar-gel) by clearing with 50% NaOH. Kim's universal IEP template was made for the convenient for both serum protein electrophoresis and immunoelectrophoresis because of poor resolutions in electrophoretic patterns. There was no difference between agarose (commercial) and agarose-k in serum protein electrophoresis and immunoelectrophoresis patterns. The round well appeared to be appropriate for immunoelectrophoresis patterns and the vertical sample hole for electrophoresis patterns. The appropriate amount of the sample(serum) appeared to be 1㎕ for high resolution in immunoelectrophoresis patterns. There was no difference in immunoelectrophoresis patterns by 1:5, 1:10 and 1:20 dilutions of sera. The simple, convenient and economical self-made Kim's universal IEP kit seemed to be most practical and useful in routine clinical laboratory.

Prices, Qualities, and Costly Information in a Search Model of Money

Kim, Young Sik 서울大學校 經濟硏究所 2005 經濟論集 Vol.44 No.3-4

This paper examines the implications of costly information for prices and qualities in a search model of money. Agents can acquire an inspection technology at a cost where incurring a higher cost permits quality to be recognized with higher probability. First, in contrast to the exogenous information structure, the equilibrium without lemons no longer exists. Second, in the constrained equilibrium where uninformed buyers get a zero net surplus from trade, average quality of output increases with the money stock since buyers choose to be better informed as the money stock increases. The price dispersion in terms of the premium for known quality increases with the money stock. As for the effects of inflation, buyers become better informed with inflation, which implies the larger premium for the known quality. In the constrained equilibrium, higher average quality and lower price of known quality with a positive inflation imply higher welfare relative to a zero inflation.

Fluphenazine Decanoate의 治療經驗 第 3 篇 錐體外路症床과 經口用 抗精神病藥物의 治療經歷

金光日,金容植 大韓神經精神醫學會 1980 신경정신의학 Vol.19 No.4

The authors have tried to evaluate the incidence of extrapyramidal side reactions between acute schizophrenic and chronic schizophrenic groups in converting of oral antipsychotic medications into fluphenazine decanoate injection. The acute group consisted of 15 acute schizophrenics whose history of previous oral antipsychotic medication was less than 3 months. And the chronic group was 24 chronic schizophrenics whose history of, oral medication was more than one year. Ayd's method was applied to the all patients; in converting of oral antipsychotics into the depot form, the full estimated dose of fluphenazine decanoate was given for the initial shot after two days of clearance of oral medications. DiMascio's rating scale was used for evaluation of extrapyramidal symptoms. Extrapyramidal symptoms such as rigid facial expression, tremor, akinesia, rigidity, akathisia and dystonia were noticed to be 80 percent in the acute group and 45.8 percent in the chronic group. This difference was significant on the level of 0.02. It was proved that the patient group with a long-term history of previous oral antipsychotic medication revealed a lower incidence of extrapyramidal side reactions compared to the group with a shorter history of previous oral medication. For a safer dosage regimen even in the chronic patient group, however, it is recommended to start the regimen with very small test dose and to increase gradually up to 1cc as required, because this low-dose regimen manifested extrapyramidal symptoms in 10 or 19 percent from the previous trials(Kim-1979, Kim & Kim-1980).