김정한의 〈인가지〉를 둘러싼 친일 담론 연구

정봉석(Jeong Bong seok) 동남어문학회 2016 동남어문논집 Vol.1 No.42

1943년 9월 『 춘추』에 발표된 이후 사장되었던 김정한의 희곡 〈인가지〉는 1966년 임종국의 『친일문학론』에서 처음으로 거명되고, 1989년 양승국이 엮은 『한국근대희곡작품자료집』에서 텍스트의 전문이 영인본으로 공개된다. 하지만 〈인가지〉의 친일극적 성격이 본격적으로 문단과 학계에서 공론화되어진 것은 2002년 박태일의 논문 「김정한 희곡 〈인가지〉 연구」가 발표되면서부터이다. 이 글은 〈인가지〉를 둘러싸고 전개된 친일극 논쟁을 분석하기 위하여 작품이 학계에 소환되어진 일련의 과정을 우선적으로 정리하였다. 본론에서는 〈인가지〉를 둘러싼 김정한의 부일 행적을 이른바 ‘절필 담론’과 ‘피신 담론’을 중심으로 밝히고자 하였다. 김정한은 조선어 교육이 금지되던 1940년부터 1966년 〈모래톱 이야기〉를 발표할 때까지 절필하였음을 밝혀왔다. 하지만 자전기록들과는 달리 1943년에 친일극 〈인가지〉를 발표하였고 광복기에는 좌익 계열의 소설들을 발표하였던 사실들을 비추어볼 때 그의 절필 담론이 허구였음을 확인하였다. 그리고 일제 말기에 식민지 지배기관이었던 ‘경남면포조합’에서 근무하였던 사실에서 〈인가지〉의 창작이 일제에 협력하였던 시기의 한 증좌임도 확인하였다. 피신 담론에서는 김정한이 해방 직전에 ‘불령선인’으로 지목되어 피신하였던 행적을 밝히고 있는데, 이 또한 쉽게 납득하기 어려운 지점이 있으며, 그진술의 일관성과 신빙성에도 의문이 제기되었다. 그리고 광복을 맞이하는 심경을 표현하는 대목에서도 모순적인 태도가 발견되었다. 이에 대한 분석을 통해 그동안 형성된 민족주의적 저항 이미지와 우국지사의 이미지가 사실은 김정한이 스스로를 분식한 결과였음을 밝힘과 동시에, 일제 말에는 친일로, 광복기에는 좌익으로, 정부수립 후에는 보도연맹으로 세 번의 전향을 경험하게된 경로를 확인할 수 있었다. 〈인가지〉는 김정한이 윤색하고자 하였던 일제 부역 행적의 정점에 놓여있는 상징적 표상이다. 한동안 〈인가지〉의 텍스트 독법과 해석 문제를 둘러싼 찬반 논의가 이루어졌으나 최근 발전적으로 계승되지 못하는 실정이다. 2부에서는 그 해석에 따른 쟁점들을 텍스트 분석을 통하여 비판적으로 조명하고자 한다. In September 1943, 〈Ingaji(Neighbor Story)〉 which was written by Kim, Jeong-han died out after being published in 〈Chunchu〉. In 1966, 〈Ingaji〉 was mentioned firstly in Im, Jong-Gook’s Pro-Japanese Literary Theory, and its full text was recovered through Korean Modern Drama Sourcebook edited by Yang, Seung-Gook in 1989. However, 〈Ingaji〉’s pro-Japanese play characteristics became an official issue in the literary and academic world in Park, Tae-Il’s thesis, Study in pro-Japanese play “인가지” written by Kim, Jeong-han in 2002. This writing preferentially arranged a series of process of 〈Ingaji〉 being recalled to the academic world to analyze the arguments of pro-Japanese play surrounding 〈Ingaji〉. This thesis tried to explain Kim’s trace of Japanophilism (pro-Japanese collaborationism) in 〈Ingaji〉 with two discourses: 1) giving up writing and 2) hiding from arrest. Kim, Jeong-han announced that he gave up writing from 1940 to 1966, from the time when teaching Korean was banned by Japan and to the time when he wrote 〈Moraetop(shoal) Story〉. However, his discourse of giving up writing was a false claim according to the fact that he published pro-Japanese play, 〈Ingaji〉 in 1943, and he also published left-leaning novels in contrast to his autobiographical records. Furthermore, he worked at ‘Kyoengnam Textile Union’ which was an institution of colonial exploitation in the late Japanese colonial period and it means that his creation of 〈Ingaji〉 is evidence which shows that he collaborated to Japan consistently. At the same time, Kim wrote about his trace of escaping from arrest. He explained that he was pointed out as 不逞鮮人(ふていせんじん, Huteisenjin)from Japan right before the independence of Korea which made hide from Japan. It has some less convincing explanations, however, and questions are being asked regarding the consistency and reliability. Also, his self-contradicting attitudes were found in the passage that he expresses his feelings when Korea became independent. Through the analysis, this thesis could reveal that his images of nationalistic defiance and patriotism were made-up by himself. In addition, it turned out that Kim had turned three times into the pro-Japanese collaboration in the late Japanese colonial period, the left-wing in the liberation period, and the Bodo-League after establishment of the government. Thus 〈Ingaji〉 is a symbolic representation which is at the peak of pro-Japanese behavior that Kim tried to embellish. 〈Ingaji〉’s pros and cons about the way of reading and interpretation have been debated for a while, but it couldn’t be developed and continued effectively in recent years. In part II, this thesis attempts to demonstrate issues depending on interpretations critically through the analyzing the texts.

Quantifier Sharing

Jeong-Seok Kim 한국언어학회 2015 언어 Vol.40 No.1

Kim, Jeong-Seok. 2015. Quantifier Sharing. Korean Journal of Linguistics, 40-1, 67-85. Since McCawley (1993), determiner sharing constructions have been in the spotlight. What is essential is that determiner sharing depends on Gapping and the shared determiner must be conjunct-initial. We first observe that quantifier sharing is possible in Korean. Following Kim (2011), we then argue that shared constituents can be linearized if they undergo movement out of the coordination site, which makes the shared position unpronounced. Since the shared position is not regulated by the LCA after movement, it causes no problem for PF linearization. (Korea University)

Is Locative Inversion an Empirical Argument for Local Economy ?

Kim, Jeong Seok 대한언어학회 1998 언어학 Vol.6 No.2

Kim, Jeong-Seok. 1998. Is Locative Inversion an Empirical Argument for Local Economy? Linguistics, 6-2, 45-65. This paper explores locative inversion in English. I argue that the inverted locative PP is in fact an NP; [_NP [_N' Φ_N [_PP_]]]. Consequently, I confirm Chomsky's (1995) suggestion that it is only the nominal feature that enters into a checking relation with the EPP requirement of T, contrary to Collins (1997). In addition, I argue that the optionality of locative inversion derives from the optional application driven by optional strong features, [+topic] and [+focus]. Therefore, I show that locative inversion is not relevant to global vs. local economy simply because the numerations of the inverted and the non-inverted derivations are not the same. (Korea University)

Dimethylnitrosamine 유발 급성 간 손상 흰쥐에서 ^(99m)Tc-Lactosylated Serum Albumin을 이용한 간 기능의 평가

정신영,이재태,서명랑,유정아,배진호,안병철,황재석,정재민,하정희,이규보 대한핵의학회 2003 핵의학 분자영상 Vol.37 No.6

목적: ^(99m)Tc-lactosylated serum albumin (^(99m)Tc-LSA)은 간세포에 특이적으로 결합하는 간수용체 영상용 방사성의약품으로 새로이 합성되었다. 간섬유화를 유발하는 dimethylnitrosamine (DMN)을 투여한 간 손상 휜쥐 모델에서 ^(99m)Tc-LSa의 역동학적인 간섭취를 조사하고 간효소치의 변화와 조직학적 소견을 비교하여, LSA의 간섭취가 간기능의 변화를 반영하는지를 연구하였다. 대상 및 방법: SD계 흰쥐에 DMN를 27 mg/kg으로 복강 내 주사하여 급성 간손상을 유도하고 대조군과 비교하였다. DMN을 주사한 흰쥐를 3일(DMN-3), 8일(DMN-8), 21일(DMN-21)에 ^(99m)Tc=LSA (1,665 mg/kg) 29 MBq를 정맥 주사하여, 30분 동안 동적 영상을 획득하고 간과 신장부위에 관심영역을 설정하여 간과 심장부위의 시간방사능 곡선을 얻었다. 간기능 평가를 위해 시간방사능 곡선을 이용하여 간섭취지수와 혈중제거지수를 구하였고 곡선 최적화를 시행하였다. DMN 투여군과 대조군의 간효소치의 변화와 간조직의 광학현미경 소견을 비교하였다. 결과: 대조군에서는 ^(99m)Tc-LSA가 빠르게 간에 섭취되고 혈중에서 제거되었으나 DMN을 처리한 군에서는 간섭취가 낮았다. 간섭취지수의 비교에서 대조군에 비해 DMN 처리군에서 유의하게 간섭취지수가 낮았다(DMN-3: 0.842, DMN-8: 0.898, DMN-21: 0.91, 대조군: 0.96, p<0.05). 혈중제거지수의 비교에서도 대조군에 비해 DMN 처리군에서 혈중제거지수가 유의하게 높았다(DMN-3: 0.731, DMN-8: 0.654, DMN-21: 0.604, 대조군: 0.473, p<0.05). 비선형 회귀분석에서 R_(2) 값은 0.9이상으로 좋은 일치를 보였고, 대조군에ㅓ K값이 DMN처리군에 비해 크고(DMN-3: 0.28, DMN-8: 0.41, DMN-21: 0.46, 대조군: 0.97, p<0.05), T_(1/2)값은 작았다(DMN-3: 2.5, DMN-8: 1.7, DMN-21: 1.5, 대조군: 0.7, p<0.05). 간효소치의 변화는 DMN-3군에서는 대조군에 비해 상승하였으나 DMN-8, DMN-21군에서는 간효소치의 상승이 관찰되지 않았다. 간조직 소견의 경우 DMN-3군에서 중심정맥 주위에 괴사가 관찰되었으나 DMN-8군, DMN-21군에서는 미약한 정도의 염증세포 침윤만이 관찰되었다. 결론: ^(99m)Tc-LSA 간신티그래피의 간섭취 정도는 간손상과 반비례하였으며 간섭취의 변화는 조직학적 손상이 심한 정도와 간손상후 회복되는 과정을 반영하여 주었다. ^(99m)Tc-LSA 간신티그래피가 간손상을 평가하고 간손상후 회복되는 과정을 추적하는 간수용체 영상용 방사성 의약품으로 사용될 수 있을 것으로 생각된다. Objects: ^(99m)Tc-lactosylated human serum albumin(LSA) is a newly synthesized radiopharmaceutical that binds to asialoglycoprotein receptors, which are specifically presented on the hepatocyte membrane. Hepatic uptake and blood clearance of LSA were evaluated in rat with acute hepatic injury induced by dimethylnitrosamine(DMN) and results were compared with corresponding findings of liver enzyme profile and these of histologic changes. Materials and Methods: DMN (27 mg/kg) was injected intraperitoneally in Sprague-Dawley rat to induce acute hepatic injury. At 3(DMN-3), 8(DMN-8), and 21(DMN-21) days after injection of DMN, LSA injected intravenously, and dynamic images of the liver and heart were recorded for 30 minutes. Time-activity curves of the heart and liver were generated from regions of interest drawn over liver and heart area. Degree of hepatic uptake and blood clearance of LSA were evaluated with visual interpretation and semiquantitative analysis using parameters (receptor index : LHL3 and index of blood clearance : HH3), analysis of time-activity curve was also performed with curve fitting using Prism program. Results: Visual assessment of LSA images revealed decreased hepatic uptake in DMN treated rat, compared to control group. In semiquantitative analysis, LHL3 was significantly lower in DMN treated rat group than control rat group (DMN-3:0.842, DMN-8: 0.898, DMN-21: 0.91, Control: 0.96, p<0.05), whereas HH3 was significantly higher than control rat group (DMN-3: 0.731, DMN-8: 0.654, DMN-21: 0.604, Control: 0.473, p<0.05). AST and ALT were significantly higher in DMN-3 group than those of control group. Centrilobular necrosis and infiltration of inflammatory cells were most prominent in DMN-3 group, and were decreased over time. Conclusion: The degree of hepatic uptake of LSA was inversely correlated with liver transaminase and degree of histologic liver injury in rat with acute hepatic injury.

췌십이지장절제술 후 결과에 영향을 미치는 인자

정희석,정귀애,장정환,김권천,민영돈,김성환 조선대학교 2003 The Medical Journal of Chosun University Vol.28 No.1

`Background : Pancreatoduodenectomy is a widely used technique in the treatment of periampullary, duodenal and cephalic pancreatic disease. Although many improvements have been made in operative technique and posmiddleerative care, pancreatoduodenectomy remains a technically difficult procedure attended by relatively high morbidity and mortality rates. Materials and methods : The hospital records of 51 patients who underwent pancreatoduodenectomy at the Chosun University Hospital between 1994 and 2001 were reviewed. Clinical data and the following morbidity and mortality were recorded The risk factors were analyzed by a Chi-square test. Results : Fifth decade was the most prevalent ages (43.1%) The mean age was 59 years (ranging from 29 to 78) and the male to female ratio was 26 to 1. The periampullary cancer was the most reason to operation (86%) and injury due to trauma, adenocarcinoma of stomach, colon cancer, chronic pancreatitis in order Posmiddleerative complications were developed in seventeen patients and anastomotic leakage was the most common complication Death within a month after operation was 3 (5.8%) and the one of the cause of death was leakage in two patients, the other cause was intraadbominal bleeding in one patients. The cardiovascular disease, pulomnary problem, diabetes, level of bilirubin were checked preoperatively and showed no statistical difference in the posmiddleerative morbidity. The other factors such as amount of bleeding, operation time were not influencing posmiddleerative complications. The occurrence of leakage in eight cases of drainage tuve inserted into the pancreaticojejunostomy site was not different from no tuve insertion statistically Conclusion: old age of the patients, diabetes mellitus and massive intraoperative hemorrhage are the risk factors influencing the results after pancreatoduodenectomy. Morbidity and mortality after pancreatoduodenctomy can be devreased if a prudent selection of paients is made and the operation is performed by accomplushed surgeon.

한국형 우울장애 약물치료 알고리듬 2006 (Ⅰ)

서정석,민경준,김원,석정호,박원명,송해철,이상열,전덕인,전현태,홍진표,한국형 우울장애 약물치료 알고리듬 2006 연구그룹 大韓神經精神醫學會 2007 신경정신의학 Vol.46 No.5

Objectives : Since the publication of Korean Medication Algorithm Project for Major depressive Disorder (KMAP-MD) in 2002, there has been a substantial need for a revision due to rapid progress in the pharmacological management for depressive disorder. We revised KMAP-MD to Korean Medication Algorithm Project for Depressive Disorder (KMAP-DD) in 2006. This paper is one of the following 4 papers consisting of Korean pharmacological algorithm for depressive disorder. Methods : The questionnaire consisted of 4 parts ; initial treatment of 1) non-psychotic depressive disorder, 2) psychotic depressive disorder, 3) treatment strategy for clinical subtypes and drug choice considering adverse effects, and 4) treatment for depressive disorder in women. It was composed of 22 questions, and each question had 54 sub-items. The questionnaire was completed by the review committee consisting of 101 experienced Korean psychiatrists. We classified the expert opinion to 3 categories (the first-line, the second-line, or the third-line). Results : For non-psychotic major depression, regardless ofthe severity of an episode, the antidepressant (AD) monotherapy was the optimal first-line treatment. SSRI, venlafaxine, and mirtazapine were the 1st-line AD. In case of a partial or no response to initial strategy, adding another AD was recommended. For psychotic major depression, combination of an AD and an atypical antipsychotic (AAP) was the treatment of choice. Among AAPs, quetiapine, rispendone, olanzapine were preferred. For non-responder to initial strategy, the next step was adding or changing AD before changing AAP. For women with premenstrual dysphoric syndrome or postpartum depression without psychotic features, AD monotherapty was a preferred strategy while for psychotic postpartum depression, combination of AD and AAP was recommended. Experts recommended various ADs according to adverse effect. Conclusion : These results suggest that the medication strategies for depressive disorder are rapidly changing and reflect the recent studies and clinical experiences.

연금보험료 공제방식별 세부담의 차이와 개선방안

정유석(Jeong Yu-Seok) 한국국제회계학회 2018 국제회계연구 Vol.0 No.81

우리나라의 경우 초고령사회로 진입하고 있는만큼 노후연금에 대한 대비가 매우 중요한 시점이다. 이러한 사회적 환경에 맞추어 연금 세제지원 확대방향을 일관되게 유지해 오고 있다. 특히 2013년 세법개정에서는 연금보험료에 대한 공제방식이 소득공제에서 세액공제로 전환되었다. 이러한 전환은 저소득층에 비해 상대적으로 고소득층이 더 큰 세제혜택을 받게 되어 과세불공평을 가져온다는 이유에 근거한 것이다. 그러나 일반보험료와 기타 특별공제 항목들에 대한 세액공제 방식으로의 전환은 소득수준별 과세형평성 제고의 효과를 가져 왔지만 연금보험료는 일관된 결과를 보여주지 않았다. 이점에 기초하여 본 연구는 연금보험료 공제방식의 전환에 따른 근로소득자의 소득 수준별 세부담의 차이를 분석하고 이에 때한 문제점 및 개선방안을 제시하였다. 연구결과에 대한 몇 가지 개선방안을 다음과 같이 제시하고 있다. 첫째, 최근 국제적 연금 공제방식과의 부합, 이중과세의 문제 해소 및 세무행정의 복잡성을 완화하기 위해 소득공제 방식으로의 재전환이다. 둘째, 공적 및 사적연금에 대한 이원화된 공제방식의 복잡성을 낮추고 세액계산의 용이함과 납세협력 비용의 절감을 위해 연금 유형별 공제방식의 일원화이다. 셋째, 연금세액공제의 연금저축 가입 유인 및 확대 효과를 제고하기 위해 세액공제를 받지 못하는 소득자들에게 연금저축 세액공제액을 환급해주는 방안이다. 넷째, 연금보험료 공제율의 차등 적용 소득구간의 조정이다. As Korea enters the super-aged society, it is very critical time now to prepare for old age pension. In line with such a social environment, Korea has consistently maintained a tax system support expansion direction for pension. In the revised Tax Law in 2013, the deduction type of pension premium changed from income deduction to tax credit (deduction). The reason is that high income brackets receive relatively bigger tax benefits than low income brackets, which causes inequity in taxation. The shift into tax credit type on general insurance premiums and other special deduction items has brought about the enhancement of taxation equity effect by income level. However, pension premiums have not shown a consistent result. Based on this, this study analyzed tax burden differences by earned income earners’ income level according to shift into pension premium credit type, and presented problems and improvement measures. This study presented several improvement measures as follows: first, re-shift into income deduction type to be in line with international pension credit type, to solve duplicate taxation, and to ease tax administrative complexity. second, credit type’s unification by pension type to reduce the complexity of double deduction type and for easy tax amount calculation and reduction of tax payment cooperation cost. third, introduction of negative pension tax credit in order to induce to join pension savings and enhance the expansion effect. fourth, income level adjustment through differential application of the credit rate of pension contributions.

Superconducting MgB2 Wire Drawing Considering Anisotropic Hardening Behavior and Hydrostatic Effect

Young‑Seok Oh,Ho Won Lee,Kook‑Chae Chung,Duck‑Young Hwang,Seong‑Hoon Kang,Jeong Whan Yoon 대한금속·재료학회 2022 METALS AND MATERIALS International Vol.28 No.7

Numerical modeling was conducted to investigate the deformation behavior of powder mixture during multi-pass drawingprocesses for multi-filamentary MgB2wire. A modified Drucker-Prager Cap (DPC) model with an elliptical cap surface usingthe new material characterization method was developed to capture the anisotropic hardening behavior and hydrostatic effectof the powder mixture. A number of uniaxial die compaction, cold isostatic pressing, diametrical compression, and uniaxialcompression tests were conducted using different powder densities to characterize the modified DPC model. A commercialfinite element software ABAQUS with a user subroutine was used to simulate the drawing of the MgB2wire. The densityand area fraction of the powder mixture during the wire-drawing process were verified with experimental results. The differencein packing density at the inner and outer filaments of the MgB2wire was successfully captured by simulation. Inaddition, the effect of the initial packing density on the superconducting properties of MgB2wire was numerically studied. It is shown that the increase in the superconducting area, which results from a high initial packing density, should be moreeffective compared to the increase in the grain connectivity in enhancing the critical current properties for the MgB2wirewhen the final packing density is saturated after a number of drawing processes.

자녀세액공제의 실효성과 자녀지원의 합리적 조정방안에 대한 연구

정유석(Jeong Yu-seok) 한국국제회계학회 2020 국제회계연구 Vol.0 No.92

우리나라의 경우 자녀와 관련한 지원규모 중 가장 큰 비중을 차지하는 것은 조세지원에 의한 것이다. 또한 조세지원은 현금지급 방식보다는 상당부분 현금지급 이외의 소득공제 또는 세액공제 방식에 의하여 유지되어 왔다. 현재 시행되고 있는 자녀관련 조세지원 제도에는 비환급형인 인적공제(기본공제)와 교육비공제 및 자녀세액공제가 있으며 현금지급을 하는 환급형으로 자녀장려세제와 근로장려세제가 있다. 추가로 최근 2018년 아동수당이 신설되면서 중복지원을 막기 위해 아동수당 지급대상(6세 이하) 자녀에 대해서는 자녀세액공제 적용을 폐지하는 세법개정이 이루어졌다. 그러나 그동안 자녀지원 지원규모의 확대와 다양한 제도들의 시행에도 불구하고 높은 저출산을 보이고 있어 자녀지원 제도 및 정책의 실효성에 대해 지속적으로 문제 제기가 되고 있는 실정이다. 이에 본 연구는 자녀관련 조세지원 방식에 따른 소득수준별 소득자의 조세감면 혜택의 차이와 이에 따른 조세지원제도의 실효성을 살펴보았다. 아울러 우리나라와 OECD 주요국들의 자녀지원 제도들의 비교를 통해 자녀관련 조세지원의 실효성을 제고하기 위한 보다 바람직한 개선방향을 아래와 같이 제시한다. 첫째, 4천만원 이하 저소득자들의 지원대상 비중이 낮은 자녀세액공제를 폐지하고 대신에 자녀세액공제 대상(7세 이상 20세 이하)에 대해 현금지급 방식의 자녀수당으로 전환하는 방안이다. 둘째, 일정 기준이하의 저소득자가 산출세액이 부족하여 자녀세액공제를 받지 못한 공제미달세액분에 대해 환급을 적용하는 방안이다. 셋째, 지원 취지 및 성격이 유사하고 중복되는 다양한 자녀지원 제도들의 통․폐합을 통해 제도를 단순화하는 방안이다. The biggest portion of assistances related to children is tax support in Korea. The tax support has been maintained through income tax deduction or tax credit to quite a degree, rather than paying cash. The current tax support system for children includes human deduction (basic deduction), educational expenses deduction, and child tax deduction, which are nonrefundable. The refundable support through cash payment includes child tax credit (CTC) and earned income tax credit (EITC). As child allowances were newly added in 2018, a tax law revision, by which child tax deduction application is abolished to the child allowances-subject children (6 or younger), was carried out to prevent duplicate support. However, problems on the effectiveness of the support system for children and the policy are persistently raised, because low child birth rate has been shown, despite child support size expansion and execution of various systems. This study examined earned income earners’ tax reduction and exemption benefit differences by income level according to child tax support methods, and the policy effectiveness. Through comparison between the Korean support system for children and major OECD countries’ systems, this study presents a desirable improvement direction to enhance the effectiveness of child tax support as follows: First, a method to abolish the child tax deduction, whose application ratio is low for the low income earners making KRW 40 million or less, and covert it to child allowances by which cash payment is made to child tax deduction subjects (7 to 20 years of age). Second, a method to apply refund on the underdeductible, namely, to those who did not receive child tax deduction, due to the lack of tax assessment amount of low income earners making money less than a certain amount of money. Third, a method to simplify various child support systems whose support purpose and nature are similar and duplicated through rearrangement.

생략에서의 구제효과

김정석 대한언어학회 2000 언어학 Vol.8 No.1

Kim, Jeong-Seok. 2000. The saving effect of ellipsis. Linguistics 8-1, 113-132. This paper examines the so-called saving effect of ellipsis in minimalism, first investigated by Lasnik (1995c, 1999a). It has been controversial in the generative literature whether syntax is fundamentally derivational or representational. More precisely, a related issue is whether well-formedness conditions are imposed specifically at the particular levels of representation made available in the theory, or they are imposed internal to the derivation leading to those levels? In line with Lasnik (to appear a), this paper tries to answer the latter question, and concludes that syntax is both derivational and representational. (Sogang University)