Dynamic Analysis of the Effect of Network Externality in Vertically Differentiated Market Hyung-Rae Cho․Minho Rhee † Dept. of Industrial Systems Engineering/ERI, Gyeongsang National University

조형래(Hyung-Rae Cho):이민호(Minho Rhee) 한국산업경영시스템학회 2019 한국산업경영시스템학회지 Vol.42 No.2

Network externalities are essentially dynamic in that the value consumers feel about a product is affected by the size of the existing customer base that uses that product. However, existing studies on network externalities analyzed the effects of network externalities in a static way, not dynamic. In this study, unlike previous studies, the impact of network externalities on price competition in a vertically differentiated market is dynamically analyzed. To this end, a two-period duopoly game model was used to reflect the dynamic aspects of network externalities. Based on the game model, the Nash equilibria for price, sales volume, and revenue were derived and numerically analyzed. The results can be summarized as follows. First, if high-end product has strong market power, the high-end product vendor takes almost all benefits of the network externality. Second, when high-end product has strong market power, the low-end product will take over most of the initial sales volume increase. Third, when market power of high-end product is not strong, it can be seen that the effects of network externalities on the high and low-end products are generally proportional to the difference in quality. Lastly, if there exists a strong network externality, it is shown that the presence of low-end product can be more profitable for high-end product vendor. In other words, high-end product vendor has incentive to disclose some technologies for the market entrance of low-end product, even if it has exclusive rights to the technologies. In that case, however, it is shown that the difference in quality should be maintained significantly.

Trade Union Democracy in Meta Industry

Cho,Hyo-Rae 비판사회학회 2003 경제와 사회 Vol.- No.58

조세회피와 발생액에 의한 이익조정이 회사채 신용등급에 미치는 영향

조영래(Cho, Young-Rae),김용(Kim, Yong) 한국산업비즈니스학회 2021 한국비즈니스연구 (비즈니스연구) Vol.5 No.1

본 연구에서는 2011년부터 2015년까지 유가증권시장에 상장된 기업들을 대상으로 신용등급이 상승하거나 또는 하락할 경우에 조세회피 및 발생액에 의한 이익조정이 회사채 신용등급에 어떠한 영향을 미치는 지를 분석하였다. 추가로 조세회피 및 이익조정의 지속성이 신용등급에 어떤 영향을 미치는지에 대해서도 분석하였다. 분석결과는 신용등급이 상승하는 경우에 조세회피가 1% 수준에서 유의적인 음(-)의 관계를 나타내었으며, 조세회피와 신용등급 상승의 상호작용변수는 유의적인 양(+)의 관계를 나타내었다. 이는 조세회피가 직전년도와 비교하여 신용등급이 상승하였을 때는 조세회피를 하려는 경향이 감소하기 때문이며, 또한 신용평가기관에서 신용등급이 상승할 때 조세회피는 감소할 것이라고 예측하여 보고된 이익을 그대로 반영하였기 때문이라고 판단된다. 그러나 신용등급이 하락하는 경우에는 이와 정반대의 결과를 도출하였다. 그러나 발생액에 의한 이익조정은 신용등급과 유의적인 관계를 나타내지 못하였다. 추가로 지속성이 회사채 신용등급에 영향을 미치는지를 검증하였는데, OLS회귀분석과 순서형 로짓회귀분석 모두 일부 이익조정(수정 Jones모형)의 경우 5% 수준에서 유의적인 음(-)의 관계를 나타내었다. 따라서 이익조정의 지속성은 신용등급에 부정적인 영향을 미친다고 볼 수 있다. 다만, 이들 관계는 측정치에 따라 차이가 나타나고 있다. 이러한 분석결과는 신용평가기관이 조세회피를 제대로 포착하지 못함으로써 신용위험을 왜곡시키고 나아가 신용등급에 대한 신뢰성을 떨어뜨릴 수 있다는 점을 시사하는 것으로 판단된다. This study empirically analyzed how tax avoidance affects bond credit ratings of listed companies on the korea exchange from 2011 to 2015. The results of this study are summarized as follows. First, the relationship between tax avoidance, earnings management and bond credit ratings was not statistically significant in all models. But In the case of a rise in bond credit rating, the relationship between the five years of accumulated cash effective tax rate(cashETR) were showed a significant negative(-) relationship at a 1% level. Also, if the bond credit rating declines, the results is the opposite of the case where the bond credit rating rises. Second, in determining whether continuous tax avoidance affects bond credit rating ratings, either the OLS analysis, or ordered logistics regression analysis, showed a significant negative(-) relationships only in the Jones Model at a 5% level. Third, The interaction effect of the decline in credit rating and persistence showed a significant negative(-) relationship at 1% level in all three models. Thus, the persistence of the tax avoidance can be seen to affect bond credit rating when combined with other factors that can interact. The results of this study suggest that many companies still avoid tax, but credit rating agencies are not able to capture them properly, thus distorting credit risk and decreasing credibility of credit rating.

『소년』의 과학

조형래 ( Hyung Rae Cho ) 국제한국문학문화학회 2009 사이 Vol.6 No.-

개항 이후 서구의 발달된 과학·기술 지식이 조선 내부에 대대적으로 유입되었지만 과학이라는 개념의 정립 및 그 실천과 관련하여 중대한 전환점이 되었던 것은 특히 1900년대 초반이었다. 특히 「소년」은 `과학`을 당시의 중요한 학지(學知)로서 취급하고 있었던 유력한 잡지 중 하나였다. 이것은 서구 사회의 고유한 전통과 문화를 반영하고 있는 특수한 학제이자 실천으로서의 사이언스의 번역어로서 카가쿠(科學)라는 말이 일본에 정착되고, 일본의 대학제도 내부에서 과학의 제반 학과가 설치되고 있었던 상황과 무관하지 않았다. 『소년』에서 주로 `이과`로 나타나고 있는 과학이란 무엇보다도 실험이라는 고유한 실천 및 진리생산 및 사실재현을 위한 정교한 글쓰기의 형식을 도입·정립했다고 할 수 있다. 그것은 당대의 조선인들로 하여금 자연과 세계의 객관적인 인식을 가능하도록 하는 기준을 제공했다. 뿐만 아니라 그것은 생물의 하위범주로서 인간을 자연 내부에 정위하는, 인간정신의 보편화에 관한 인식론적 전회와 관련되어 있다. 어떤 의미에서 과학이란 정의 만족과 관련된 1910년대 조선의 문학론의 탄생과 전혀 무관하지 않은 담론이었다. Since 1876, it had been an extensive flux of scientific and technical knowledge from the West into Cho-sun. But the important times for the establishment and revolution on that concepts in Korea was the early of 1900`s. Especially a word `과학` was treated as modern scholarship in So-nyun(the Young). This is a translation of very science that is the principle and practice of study represented historical traditions, experiences and cultures of the west And it was translated as Japanese Kagaku(科學) that introduced as study and education system into the society at that time. These were related with the beginning of modern science in Korea and with So-nyun first of all. In this children`s magazine it was mainly called a word `이과` that could make a particular practice of an experiment and a form of ecriture for production of truth and representation of experience. Also it offered to Korean some standardization for objective recognition of nature and world. Futhermore it considered a man to a part of nature, and then universalized human mental. This caused very important epistemological conversion about understanding nature and world. In a manner of speaking, science as episteme had concerned with discourses on the birth of literature as the satisfaction of sense in 1910`s Korea.

코메니우스의 유아교육사상에 관한 연구

조래영 숙명여자대학교 아동연구센터 2002 兒童硏究 Vol.15 No.2

Recently, interest of preschool education rose much. Psychology research chat was begun for spiritual pathology phenomenon treatment of modern and develop emphasized the importance of childhood education. Comenius was the most excellent educator Who pick up educational reform in 17th century, His theory started in Christian religion faith and built. He published a great many book and build school actually and enforced education. He was a doing to absolutize child's existence value sd1ich despise child at that time person. Insisted man and woman equal education and all humans were made by God's creation purpose. Also he asserted absoluteness of education for this. Spoke that can go by human who i9 coincided ill this God's purpose by education. And method of education advocated method by law of nature. He taking a serious view human's sense. Specially, experience of sense of early times of life did that keep all life for. This is Korean proverb that three-year-old habit goes eighty. That connect with human interests which this phenomenon is psychological is based in Freud's infant though which is leader of modem psychology. Freud did that phenomer10n gets into origin of adult's mental disease phenomenon psychological injustice enemy of infant season. Comenius asserted adsoluteness of experience of childhood. These education theory of Comenius reflects his thorough new school register image. All people received tasks that God gives. 8ecause achieve by God's purpose through education. Therefore, this article asserted absolute necessity of preschool education. And talked effective method of education. It is that modern developmental stage theory is risen on this account. Now, subject of Comenius though develops program of Christian children education. Also these subjects are tasks of all the childhood education scholars.

고받음각 항공기에 대한 세로방향 제어기 설계

조설,박래웅 대불대학교 2003 論文集 Vol.9 No.1

This paper presents a nonlinear adaptive control law methodology for a high angle of attack aircraft, in particular, a modified F-18 aircraft. The nonlinear adaptive controller presented in this paper is based on bilinear prediction model, and is constructed to minimize the difference of Lyapunov function with respect to the control inputs at each step. The physical constraints of inputs such as the limit of range and rate of change are considered importantly. In the paper, the reference trajectory is proposed as an intermediate step that allows the system to follows the command trajectory while meeting a variety of design requirements. This paper shows that nonlinear adaptive control can be utilized effectively to control high performance aircraft such as the F-18 aircraft for rapid maneuvers with large changes in angle of attack.

기능적 전기 자극의 임상 적용에 관한 고찰

조미숙,이윤미,박래준 대구대학교 특수교육재활과학연구소 2005 再活科學硏究 Vol.23 No.2

Functional Electrical Stimulation(FES) is a useful apparatus to activate paralyzed muscle resulting from upper moter neuron disease such as hemiplegia, cerebral palsy, spinal cord injury, etc. The purpose of FES, which contracts muscles by stimulating motor neuron with electric excitation, is used to strengthen weakened muscles, to decrease spasticity, to enhance the scope of joint mobility, or to control motor regulation. Recently, FES has been comprehensively used to control of the cardiovascular system, regulation of urinary and cystitis function, and breathing assistance along with the purposes of gate, standing, locomotion, etc. This review focused on the literature reporting application of FES to control respiratory capabilities and internal organ function as well as increase muscular strength, hand grasp, standing and walking in patients with upper motor diseases. 1. Walking : By applying FES, lower limb muscles can be stimulated to compensate for the drop foot problem of to generate the gate sequence in both legs while the muscles that facilitate balancing and posture during walking have to be voluntarily controlled by the patient. 2. Grasping : In supporting the hand function, the FES system should not interfere with the patient's preserved upper limb function. Furthermore, FES induced movements should not oppose natural joint movement and they have to respect the anatomy of bone and soft tissue composition. 3. Muscle strength and endurance : FES, which contracts muscles by stimulating motor neuron with electric excitation, is used to strengthen weakened muscles and to improve muscle endurance. 4. Internal organ function : FES will be used increasingly to improve the biood circulation, to provide bladder and bowel control, and to improve sexual function in disease of after traumatic injury. 5. Breathing ability : FES of abdominal muscles by surface electrode with inserting electric stimulation is effective to ventilatory support of spinal cord injury patients, who do not have neurologic injury and who have breathing ability. Electrical stimulation to abdominal muscles increases pressure of the abdomen by contracting abdominal muscles and pushing abdominal walls to inside whose action moves diaphragm to thoracic cavity. As a result, translocation of the diaphragm increases pleura pressure, decreases pulmonary volume and increases expiration. 기능적 전기 자극은 상위 운동신경원의 조절기능은 상실되었으나 하위 운동신경원이 정상적인 환자에게 적용되는 치료법으로 적은 양의 전기흐름을 주어 신경 활성화를 조절하는 분야로서, 전기적 흥분을 일으켜 원하는 운동신경섬유를 자극하여 근육을 수축시키는 것으로 신경근 전기 자극(Neuro-Muscular electrical stimulation, NMES)으로부터 시작되어 보통 약화된 근력의 강화, 경직의 감소와 관절가동범위의 증진 또는 수의적 운동조절의 향상을 목적으로 사용되어 왔다. 최근에는 기능적 전기 자극이 근력 강화, 지구력 강화, 관절 구축 방지, 이동, 기립, 보행 등의 일차적인 목적과 함께 심혈관계운동, 비뇨와 방광 기능의 조절과 호흡보조를 목적으로 사용되는 등 그 활용도는 점점 더 광범위해지는 추세이다. 이러한 점을 염두에 두고 본 연구는 상위 운동신경원 손상 시 기능적 전기 자극의 임상적 적용 가운데 특히 근래에 활발하게 이루어지고 있는 호흡분야를 포함한 여러 연구 동향을 문헌을 통해 고찰하였다. 1. 보행 : 기능적 전기 자극은 신경에 전기적 자극을 가해 마비된 근육의 수축을 유발함으로서 하지 마비환자가 보조기를 착용하지 않고도 기립 및 보행을 가능하게 한다. 2. 상지 기능 향상 : 집기 방법에 관계없이 손의 기능을 보조하기 위한 기능적 전기 자극의 적용은 환자가 보존하고 있는 상지 기능을 방해하지 않아야 하며, 기능적 전기 자극에 의해 유도되는 동작들은 관절의 실제 동작에 일치해야한다. 3. 근력과 지구력 : 신경에 전기 자극을 가하면 마비된 근육의 수축을 일으켜 근력강화를 시킬 뿐만 아니라 지속적인 적용은 근 지구력을 향상시킨다. 근 지구력 향상을 위한 기능적 전기 자극은 2형 근섬유를 1형 근섬유로 변화시킬 만큼 충분히 긴 기간동안 지속적으로 10Hz의 저주파수로 적용해야 한다고 보고되었다. 4. 내장기능 : 질병이나 외상 후 혈액 순환을 증진시키고 방광과 배변조절을 가능하게 하며 성기능을 향상시킨다고 보고하였다. 기능적 전기 자극에 의한 배변, 배뇨기능의 조절은 요도 합병증을 감소 및 예방할 뿐만 아니라 척수 손상자의 삶의 질을 향상시킨다. 5. 호흡능력 : 삽입식 전기 자극과 함께 표면 전극식 복부근육의 기능적 전기 자극은 신경학적으로 손상을 입지 않았거나 호흡능력이 있는 척수손상 환자의 환기보조에 효과적이다. 복부근육의 전기자극은 복부근육을 수축시켜 복벽을 내측으로 밀어 복부내압을 증가시킨다. 이는 횡격막을 흉강으로 이동시킨다. 이러한 횡격막의 전위는 결과적으로 흉막압을 증가시키고 폐용적을 감소시켜 호기를 증가시킨다.

減壓貯藏이 Tomato果實의 着色에 미치는 영향

趙來光,崔鍾旭,孫泰華 COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE KYUNGPOOK NATIONAL UNIVERSI 1984 慶北大農學誌 Vol.2 No.-

This experiment was conducted to observe the effect of subatmospheric pressure storage on the coloration of tomato fruits. Tomato fruits(Lycopersicon esculentum Kang Lyuk Misu), which were cultured on field, were havested at the mature green stage on June 16, 1976 and stored 10℃ under normal atmospheric pressure (NAP) and sub-atmospheric pressure (SAP). Furthermore, the treatment at SAP was subdivided into CO_(2) 0%(SAP-O), CO_(2) 5% (SAP-5) and CO_(2) 10%(SAP-10) concentration, respectively. The results obtained were as follows : The chlorophyll content was rapidly decreased for 10 days, whereas the content of chlorophyll in SAP treatment was retained 2㎎% after 40 days. The lycopene content in NAP-5 was 5㎎% after 20 days. On the other hand, that in SAP-10 was 3㎎% art after 40 days. The red color development was retarded for 30 days in SAP-10. Comparing with the formation of lycopene, that of carotene was less inhibited by storage conditions (carbon dioxide, temperature, pressure) and increased more slightly in SAP than in NAP. The ripening of tomato fruits in NAP was retarded for about 30 days as compared that in SAP. The intensity of respiration in SAP was weaker than that in NAP. Also the peak of respiration in SAP was delayed compared to that of NAP. The content of reducing sugar and titratable acidity in SAP were retained more than in NAP up to 30 days tested.

60세 이상 농촌노인의 일반적 특성과 교육수준이 한국판 MMSE 점수에 미치는 영향

이윤미,조미숙,박래준 대구대학교 특수교육재활과학연구소 2005 再活科學硏究 Vol.23 No.2

Back ground : The becoming older in age society which is caused by with increase of average length of life shows the continuous increase of the old person population. Reasoning with chronic retrogression characteristic disease or the dementia which is caused by also the same spirit nervous school register disease is increasing together. But still the research against the system function evaluation regarding an old person disease or epidemiology investigation insufficient from our country. The research which it sees led the old person probably is, evaluation and the what kind of should have given an effect, it examined and the research to begin it enforced. Methods : Duration to the object September from to October until 2005 the Young-Cheon city Sinlyung in village, Ha-Yang a town visited and sixty clients. All over 60 years of age, were the objects of tests for cognition function using the Mini Mental Status Examination-Korea (MMSE-K). Results: 1)Signify were closely correlated in MMSE-K scores accounted by the public characteristic the same educational level, age and sex. 2)Educational levels were closely correlated with MMSE-K scores. More over higher a confuncianism more all any other illiteracy. 3)Men received higher MMSE-K scores than women, especially in the noneducated group and the elementary school failure group. In conclusion, readjust ments of MMSE-K scores for demo graphic variables. 1. 배 경 평균수명의 증가로 인한 고령화 사회는 노인 인구의 계속족인 증가를 나타내고 이로 인한 만성퇴행성 질환이나 치매와 같은 정신 신경학적 질환도 함께 증가하고 있다. 그러나 우리나라에서는 아직 노인질환에 대한 체계적인 여러 기능 평가에 대한 연구나 역학 조사가 미흡하다고 할 수 있다. 따라서 본 연구는 노인 인지도 평가를 통해 어떤 점이 영향을 미치는지에 대해 알아보고자 본 연구를 시행하였다. 2. 방 법 2005년 9월 초에서 10월 말까지 영천시 신령면, 하양읍을 방문하여 60세 이상의 노인 각 60명을 대상으로 인지기능의 검사로서 MMSE-K를 측정하여 비교, 분석하였다. 3. 결 과 1) 연령, 성별, 교육 수준 등 일반적 특성인 변인들에 의해 MMSE-K 점수 변이는 밀접한 상관관계를 나타내었다. 2) 교육 수준은 MMSE-K 점수와 밀접한 상관관계를 갖고 있으며 유학이 무학보다 유의성이 높았다. 3) 남자는 여자에 비해 MMSE-K 점수가 의미있게 높았으나 이 차이는 주로 무학 등 저학력 남녀 노인 간의 차이에서 나타난 것이며. 이는 남, 녀 간의 인지기능 점수의 차이가 생물학적인 근거에 의해 생기는 것이 아니라는 것을 말한다.

대학생의 정신건강에 관한 실태조사(Ⅱ) : 1995학년도 조선대학교 신입생을 대상으로 1995 chosun University Entrants

김학렬,조용래,박상학,김상훈,표경식 조선의대 1995 The Medical Journal of Chosun University Vol.20 No.2