공자의 인(仁)사상과 효(孝)교육문화를 통한 성인 인격교육과 청소년 인성교육 방향(5)

김익수 ( Kim¸ Iksoo ) 한국청소년효문화학회 2021 韓國의 靑少年文化 Vol.37 No.-

인자(仁字)는 논어 이전에도 있었다. 『시경(詩經)』, 『서경(書經)』. 『역경(易經)』에 보인다. 어원학적으로는 갑골문(甲骨文)에는 보이지 않고 확실하기 나타난 것은 기원전 8세기라고 한다. 『논어(論語)』에는 인(仁)에 대하여 백 아홉 번이나 나온 것을 보면 인은 공자의 핵심사상임에는 틀림없다. 그러나 『논어』에 보이는 인(仁) 개념은 명료하게 정의되어 있지는 않다. 심지어는 번지가 3번이나 인을 질문했는데, 그때마다 각각 다르게 가르치고 있기도 했다. 공자의 인(仁)은 상황에 따라 다의적(多義的)으로 말했기 때문에 정의를 내린 것은 없다. 인은 사람만이 가지고 있는 착한 마음 즉 인심(仁心)이며 그 인심(人心)으로 서로 사랑하고 협동하여 공동체를 이루는 도(道)와 덕(德)이다. 인은 서로가 사랑하고 천심(天心)으로 하나(一)가 되어 모두 함께 사는 세계를 창건하여 인류 역사와 문화를 계승하여 발전시키는 핵심적 덕행이다. 여하튼 인(仁)이란 효제충신(孝弟忠信)을 총괄하는 개념이다. 본 연구에서는 인이 많이 출현되고 있는 『논어』「이인」편을 중심으로 하여 다의한 공자의 인사상 중에 1) 인의 정도(正道), 2) 인의 실천, 3) 인과 허물(過)에 대하여 논구한 것이다. 거듭 주장하지만 가정에서의 효제(孝弟) 국가에서 충신(忠信)을 합한 것이 인(仁)이다. 오늘날 최대 교육 위기를 극복하는 방안으로 공자의 가르침인 극기복례(克己復禮)로 통해 온 누리에 사랑이 넘치는 인의 세계를 창건할 수 있다고 본다. 이런 점을 한국적 가치와 효문화를 정립을 위한 내용으로 삼아 어른들에게는 인격교육을 심고 청소년 인성교육방향을 제시하고자 한다. 구체적으로 1) 부모도 사심(邪心)과 불의로 가지 않게 하기 2) 유(遊) 행방제시 3) 효도의 기본 4) 부모의 건강에 초점을 맞추어 논한 것이다. 이처럼 공자의 인사상과 효교육문화를 오늘에 되살려 성인(成人)들도 인격을 제대로 갖추고 수양을 게을리하지 말 것을 촉구하며 청소년들의 인성교육을 위하여 교육의 원뿌리를 찾아 교육 바로 세우는 것을 제기하고자 한다. There were exemplary People (仁字) even before The Analects. They were found in The Classic of Poetry (詩經), The Book of History (書經), and The Book of Changes (易經). It was not etymologically found in oracle bone scripts (甲骨文), but they say that it was ovbioushy done around the 8th century B.C. Anyway, benevolence must be Confucius' core idea when the fact that it is found 109 times in The Analects is considered. However, the concept of benevolence (仁) was not clearly defined in The Analects. Even though a student (Beonji) asked Confucius three questions about it, his answers were each different. In fact, it is difficult to define benevolence (仁) was because it has very various (多義的) meanings. Benevolence is good hearts had by only people, that is, human hearts (人心) and Benevolent hearts (仁心), and the way (道) and virtue (德) to create a community by loving and cooperating with one another by them. Benevolence is virtuous conduct to love one another, become one (一), create the world that everybody lives together, and inherit and develop human history and culture. This study discusses 1) benevolence and right ways (正道), 2) practice of benevolence, and 3) benevolence and faults (過) in Confucius' benevolence thought with very various meanings secondly (First: Korean Thought and Culture, Volume 102) done in To Live among Men of Humanity of The Analects that it appears most often thoroughly. And Benevolence is the sum of loyalty and faithfulness (忠信) at home and in the filiality and fratemity (孝弟) nation. Overcoming oneself and return to the rites (克己復禮), Confucius' teaching can create the world of benevolence filled with love in the whole world to overcome troubled times of today. The researcher suggests direction of youth personality education by establishing Korean vaiues and filial piety culture. 1) Does not make parents have selfish human desire (邪心) abdunrightful means, 2) Presents methods to study (遊), 3) The basics of filial piety, 4) Parental health Education is in critical condition as a lot of Western ideas have recently been acceptedd without criticism. Let's suggest educational culture of Confucius' benevolence thought and filial piety as the national policy to set education straight by reviving the foundation of Korean Confucian Classics today and finding the main root of personality and character education of adults and youth who neglect them.

Development and characterization of ten polymorphic microsatellite markers in the seven-spotted lady beetle, Coccinella septempunctata (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae)

Min Jee Kim,Ki-Hwan Kim,Kee Young Kim,Iksoo Kim 한국응용곤충학회 2011 한국응용곤충학회 학술대회논문집 Vol.2011 No.05

The seven-spotted lady beetle, Coccinella septempunctata (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) has a broad ecological range, living almost anywhere there are aphids for feeding. In this study, we isolated and characterized a total of 10 microsatellite loci from the species. The loci were validated and characterized using 25 samples collected from five Korean localities. The number of alleles and heterozygosity observed at each locus ranged from 4 to 16 and from 0.37 to 0.89, respectively. None of the loci deviated significantly from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium and there was no indication of significant linkage disequilibrium among pairs of loci. These microsatellite markers should be very valuable markers for population genetic studies of Coccinella septempunctata.

Mitogenome descriptions of three new beetles belonging to Scarabaeiformia (Insecta: Coleoptera): Genomic comparison and phylogenetic analysis in Coleoptera

Min Jee Kim,Man Il Kim,Ki Gyoung Kim,Iksoo Kim 한국응용곤충학회 2009 한국응용곤충학회 학술대회논문집 Vol.2009 No.10

Up to now only 17 coleopteran mitogenomes have been fully or near fully sequenced, but this chart does not include any complete mitogenome sequence of the coleopteran infraorder Scarabaeiformia, in which the monotypic Scarabaeoidea is included. In this study, we firstly present three scarabaeoid mitogenomes, two of which are completed and one is near completed. The complete nucleotide sequences of the white-spotted flower chafer, Protaetia brevitarsis (Scarabaeiformia: Scarabaeidae), was determined to be 20,319 bp, the two-spotted stag beetle, Metopodontus blanchardi (Scarabaeiformia: Lucanidae), was 21,678 bp, and the incomplete garden chafer, Polyphylla laticollis (Scarabaeiformia: Scarabaeidae), which lacks sequence information from whole A+T-rich region and a partial srRNA gene was 14,473 bp. Thus, the two complete mitogenome sequences are longest among the completely sequenced insect mitogenomes, followed by the 19,517 bp-long dipteran Drosophila melanogaster. Phylogenetic analysis using the concatenated 13 amino acid sequences of PCGs of the 13 coleopteran insects including three newly sequenced scarabaeoid successfully recovered a monophyly of suborder Polyphaga, a monophyly of infraorder Cucujiformia, a monophyly of infraorder Elateriformia, and also a monophyly of infraorder Scarabaeiformia within Polyphga. However, the Scarabaeiformia represented by three newly sequenced species was unexpectedly placed as a sister group to the Cucujiformia, instead of the placement to the sister to the Cucujiformia and Elateriformia group.

Optical parameters of boron-doped ZnO nanorods grown by low-temperature hydrothermal reaction.

Kim, Soaram,Park, Hyunggil,Nam, Giwoong,Yoon, Hyunsik,Kim, Younggyu,Kim, Byunggu,Ji, Iksoo,Kim, Jong Su,Kim, Jin Soo,Kim, Do Yeob,Kim, Sung-O,Leem, Jae-Young American Scientific Publishers 2014 Journal of nanoscience and nanotechnology Vol.14 No.11

<P>Sol-gel spin-coating was used to deposit ZnO seed layers onto quartz substrates, and ZnO nanorods doped with various concentrations of B (i.e., BZO nanorods) ranging from 0 to 2.0 at% were hydrothermally grown on the ZnO seed layers. The effects of B doping on the absorption coefficient, optical band gap, Urbach energy, refractive index, extinction coefficient, single-oscillator energy, dispersion energy, average oscillator strength, average oscillator wavelength, dielectric constant, and optical conductivity of the hydrothermally grown BZO nanorods were investigated. The optical band gaps were 3.255, 3.243, 3.254, 3.258, and 3.228 eV for the nanorods grwon at 0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0 at% B, respectively. B doping increased the Urbach energy from 40.7 to 65.1 meV for the nanorods grown at 0 and 2.0 at% B, respectively, and significantly affected the dispersion energy, the single-oscillator energy, the average oscillator wavelength, the average oscillator strength, the refractive index, and the optical conductivity of the hydrothermally grown BZO nanorods.</P>

Description of Nearly Completed Mitochondrial Genome Sequences of the Garden Chafer Polyphylla laticollis manchurica, Endangered in Korea (Insecta: Coleoptera)

Min Jee Kim,Ki-Gyoung Kim,Iksoo Kim 한국응용곤충학회 2013 한국응용곤충학회 학술대회논문집 Vol.2013 No.10

We present the nearly complete mitogenome sequences of the garden chafer, Polyphylla laticollis manchurica, which is listed as an endangered species in Korea. The P. l. manchurica mitogenome, which includes unfinished whole A+T-rich region and a partial srRNA was 14,473-bp long, possessing typical sets of genes (13 PCGs, 22 tRNA genes, and 2 rRNA genes). Gene arrangement of the P. l. manchurica mitogenome was identical to the common one found in the majority of insects. The 5 bp-long motif sequence (TAGTA) that has been suggested to be the possible binding site for the transcription termination peptide for the major-strand was also found in the P. l. manchurica mitogenome between tRNASer(UCN) and ND1. As has been previously determined, the high A/T content was unanimously observed in P. l. manchurica in terms of A/T bias in the third codon position (73.5%) compared with the first (66.4%) and second codon position (66.2%), and a high frequency of A/T-containing codons (a total of 28.22% for TTA, ATT, TTT, and ATA). The PCGs encoded in major-strands are slightly T-skewed, whereas those of the minor-strand are A-skewed, indicating strand asymmetry in nucleotide composition in the Coleoptera including P. l. manchurica.

Geographic Genetic Contour of the Dung Beetle, Copris tripartitus (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae), that Is Endangered in Korea

Ki-Gyoung Kim,Ah Rang Kang,Min Jee Kim,Iksoo Kim 한국응용곤충학회 2011 한국응용곤충학회 학술대회논문집 Vol.2011 No.05

The dung beetle, Copris tripartitus, (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae), is one of the insect species listed as endangered wildlife in Korea. In order to establish conservation strategy an investigation on nation-wide genetic magnitude and nature of genetic diversity would be required. In this study, we sequenced each partial sequences of mitochondrial COI (658 bp) and CytB (433 bop) genes and complete internal transcribed spacer 2 (ITS2) of the nuclear ribosomal DNA (411~420 bp) from 70 individuals of C. tripartitus collected from five Korean localities. The sequence divergence of mitochondrial genes was unexpectedly substantial as 5.0% (33 bp) for COI and 4.6% (20 bp) for CytB, whereas that of ITS2 was only 1.9% (6 bp), revealing much higher variability in mitochondrial DNA. In phylogenetic analysis, each 57 and 47 haplotypes obtained from COI and CytB gene sequences was subdivided into two groups (groups A and B), but the node supports for each group was not strong enough to consider each group as independent monophyletic groups in both genes. This interpretation was further supported by the same analysis with ITS2, showing no subdivision at all. These findings reinforce importance for the inference of phylogenetic result using both mitochondrial and nuclear encoded sequences. The C. tripartitus occurring in Korean peninsula was genetically well connected to each other and no obvious population genetic structure was detectable.

Complete Mitochondrial Genome Sequence of the Yellow-spotted Long-horned Beetle Psacothea hilaris (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) and Phylogenetic Analysis among Coleopteran Insects

Ki Gyoung Kim,Mee Yeon Hong,Min Jee Kim,Man Il Kim,Chang Hwan Bae,Sook Jae Seo,Sang Hyun Lee,Iksoo Kim 한국응용곤충학회 2009 한국응용곤충학회 학술대회논문집 Vol.2009 No.05

We have determined the complete mitochondrial genome of the yellow-spotted long horned beetle, Psacothea hilaris (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae), an endangered insect species in Korea. The 15,856-bp long P. hilaris mitogenome harbors gene content typical of the animal mitogenome and a gene arrangement identical to the most common type found in insect mitogenomes. As with all other sequenced coleopteran species, the 5-bp long TAGTA motif was also detected in the intergenic space sequence located between tRNASer (UCN) and ND1 of P. hilaris. The 1,190-bp long non-coding A+T-rich region harbors an unusual series of seven identical repeat sequences of 57-bp in length and several stretches of sequences with the potential to form stem-and-loop structures. Furthermore, it contains one tRNAArg-like sequence and one tRNALys-likes equence. Phylogenetic analysis among available coleopteran mitogenomes using the concatenated amino acid sequences of PCGs appear to support the sister group relationship of the suborder Polyphaga to all remaining suborders, including Adephaga, Myxophaga, and Archostemata. Among the two available infraorders in Polyphaga, a monophyletic Cucujiformia was confirmed, with the placement of Cleroidea as the basal lineage for Cucujiformia. On the other hand, the infraorder Elateriformia was not identified as monophyletic, thereby indicating that Scirtoidea and Buprestoidea are the basal lineages for Cucujiformia and the remaining Elateriformia.

Complete Nucleotide Sequence and Organization of the Mitogenome of the Endangered Eumenis autonoe (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) and Phylogenetic Analysis among Lepidopteran Insects

Min Jee Kim,Man Il Kim,Ah Rang Kang,Ki Gyoung Kim,Iksoo Kim 한국응용곤충학회 2009 한국응용곤충학회 학술대회논문집 Vol.2009 No.05

Eumenis autonoe belonging to a lepidopteran family Nymphalidae (superfamily Papilionoidea) is an endangered species in Korea. Historically, the species was distributed in Europe and Asian region including a wide region in Korean peninsula. However, in Korean peninsula, the species is found only in two isolate dregions: South in a remote island Jeju, where altitude is higher than1, 400 meter on Halla Mt. and North in far northern Korean peninsula around Mt. Bekdu. In this study, we report the complete mitochondrial genome of the endangered E. autonoe collected from Mt. Halla. The 15,489-bp long E. autonoe genome has a typical gene content found in animal mitochondrial genomes and contains the gene arrangement identical to all other sequenced lepidopteran insects, which differs from the most common type found in insects, as the result of the movement of tRNAMet to a position 5’-upstream of tRNAIle. As seen in many other lepidopteran insects, no typical ATN codon for COI gene is available. Thus, we tentatively designated the CGA (arginine) found at the beginning of the COI gene, as has been suggested for lepidopteran COI starter. The intergenic spacer sequence located between tRNASer (UCN) and ND1 of E. autonoe mitogenome also contains the ATACTAA motif which is conserved in all sequenced lepidopteran species. The 678-bp long A+T-rich region, which is longest in sequenced lepidopteran insects contains ten identical tandem repeats composed of 27 bp plus one 13-bp long identical incomplete final repeat. Such repeat sequence is rare in the lepidopteran mitogenomes known so far. The E. autonoe A+T-rich region also contains a poly-T stretch located at the end of the region as 19 bp and also contains the downstream conserved motif ATAGA that were previously suggested to serve as a structural signal for minor-strand mtDNA replication. Phylogenetic analysis using the concatenated 13 amino acid sequences of PCGs among available six lepidopteran superfamilies (Tortricoidea, Pyraloidea, Papilionoidea, Bombycoidea, Geometroidea, and Noctuoidea) rooted with three dipteran species with BI and ML analyses supported the following topology: ((((Bombycoidea + Geometroidea +Noctuoidea) + Papilionoidea) + Pyraloidea) + Tortricoidea). Within Papilionoidea, a closer relationship between Lycaenidae and Pieridae, excluding Nymphalidae was observed. Further fruitful information will be available after more analysis is done.

Whole-genome sequences of 37 breeding line Bombyx mori strains and their phenotypes established since 1960s

Seong-Wan Kim,Min Jee Kim,Seoung-Ryul Kim,Jeong Sun Park,Kee-Yong Kim,Ki Hwan Kim,Woori Kwak,Iksoo Kim 한국응용곤충학회 2022 한국응용곤충학회 학술대회논문집 Vol.2022 No.04

Genetic Relationships between Oeneis urda and O. mongolica (Nymphalidae: Lepidoptera)

Sung-Soo Kim,Xinlong Wan,Min Jee Kim,Iksoo Kim 한국응용곤충학회 2013 한국응용곤충학회 학술대회논문집 Vol.2013 No.04

The species status of Oeneis urda (Eversmann) and O. mongolica (Oberthür) has been argued based on morphological characters. Reexamination of their major morphological characters has shown a slight differentiation in the two species. Sequences of three mitochondrial genes (COI, ND6, and ND1) and one nuclear region (internal transcribed spacer 2, ITS2) from two O. urda populations (Yangyang and Mt. Hanla) and one O. mongolica population (Uljin) were performed for phylogenetic and population genetic inferences. Sharing of identical sequences in the ND6 gene and ITS2, minimal sequence divergence in the COI and ND1 genes, and phylogenetically undividable sequence types in all mitochondrial genes and ITS2 suggest genetic continuity between the two species. Nevertheless, significant FST estimates (p < 0.05) were found for the COI gene in comparisons between Yangyang (O. urda) and Uljin (O. mongolica), between Yangyang (O. urda) and Mt. Hanla (O. urda), and between Uljin (O. mongolica) and Mt. Hanla (O. urda) populations. These FST estimates, along with other gene-based analyses collectively suggest isolation of the two species at some point in the past, but incomplete separation between the two species on the mainland (Yangyang and Uljin) and biogeographically forced isolation of the O. urda population on Mt. Hanla collectively appear to complicate species status of these two species that were once further clearly separated.