정상 한국인에서 연령증가에 따른 혈장 Dehydroepiandrosteronesulfate ( DHEA-S ) 농도 및 DHEA - S / cortisol 비의 변화

박성우,유형준,임성희,최문기,유재명,박민숙,이권엽,박철수,김철홍,김현규,김두만,박규용 대한내분비학회 1997 Endocrinology and metabolism Vol.12 No.2

Backgroud: DHEA-S is the most abundant steroid hormone in circulation, and primarily secreted from the adrenal cortex, but its physiological role is little known. One of the characteristic features of DHEA-S is progressive decrement of plasma DHEA-S level with advancing age, in contrast, plasma levels of other adrenal hormones are not chaging or littie decreasing. To grasp the trends of plasma DHEA-S level and DHEA-S/cortisol ratio by age in healthy Korean, we measured the plasma DHEA-S levels and DHEA-S/cortisol ratios in healthy Korean. Methods: Healthy Korean(men: 99, women: 102, age range: 15-97 year old)were studied. Subjects were not taking drugs(such as glucocorticoid or androgenic medication) or cigarettes known to modify the plasma level of DHEA-S and cortisol, and had no evidence of hepatic, renal disease or hyperlipidemia as determined by serum lipid, bilirubin, SGOT, SGPT, BUN, creatinine. Data were analyzed by 10-year age group for men and women: i.e, 10-19, 20-29, 30-39, 40- 49, 50-59, 60-69, 70-79, 80-89 and 90 year or more. Plasma DHEA-S levels were measured by using a commercially available RIA kit with 125I labeled-DHEA-SO4(Coat-A Count DHEA-SO4), and for the measurement of plasma cortisol levels, commercial Gamma Coat TM[125I] Cortisol Radioimmunassay Kit was used. Results:. 1) In both men and women, plasma DHEA-S level showed high interindividual variation within the same age group. 2) There were individual sex differences in plasma levels of DHEA-S, in all age groups, plasma DHEA-S levels were significantly higher values for men than for women. 3) Maximum plasma DHEA-S levels(men; 237+-3.35 ug/dL, women; 108+-17.5 ug/dL) were at third decade in both men and women. 4) Both men and women showed the continuous decline in plasma DHEA-S level with age. These age-related decline was more prominent in men than in women(men; y= -3.152 * +292.6, r2= 0.8459, P$lt;0.05, women; y= -1.417 * +143.3, r2 = 0.7278, P$lt; 0.05). 5) As an index of aging, there was no stastical difference between DHEA-S and DHEA- S/cortisol ratio. Conclusion: In healthy Korean, there were high interindividual variation of plasrna DHEA-S levels. In both men and women plasma DHEA-S level was peak at third decade, and from when it declined progressively with age. These results suggest that although the reliability of single plasma DHEA-S measurement are limited, the decline of DHEA-S with advancing age might be a specific marker of endocrinologic hormonal milieu(aging index). Also, concerning to individual adrenal secreting capacity, we measured DHEA-S/cortisol ratio. But we did not found that plasma DHEA-S/cortisol ratio is superior to the plasma DHEA-S level as an aging index. (J Kor Soc Endocrinol 12:245-254, 1997)

『분노의 포도』의 이중적 작품구조

여형구(Yeo, Hyung-Goo),박상만(Park, Sang-Man) 원광대학교 인문학연구소 2013 열린정신 인문학연구 Vol.13 No.3

There are in The Grapes of Wrath sixteen interchapters making up almost one sixth of the novel. These interchapters have two main functions. First, by presenting the social background the most of them (1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 14, 17. 19, 23, and 29 chapter) serve to amplify the pattern of action created by The Joad family. Second, by providing such historical information as the development of land ownership in California, the consequent development of migrant labor, and certain economic aspects of the social lag some of them (19, 21, and 25 chapter) serve to present the philosophy or social message to which the current situation gives rise. Like the structure of the philosophical passages in interchapters, the chapters" texture have its roots in the Old Testament. This Biblical texture is supported by a continuum of symbols and symbolic actions. The most pervasive symbolism is that of grapes. Still another important Biblical symbol is Jim Casy (Jesus Christ). As the Israelites received the new Law in their exodus, so the migrants develop the new laws. The families learned what rights must be observed. Through this supporting Biblical texture and context there are interwoven two opposing themes which make up the book"s plot. One of these, negative one, concerns itself with the increasingly straitened circumstances of the Joads. This negative or downward movement is balanced by the positive or upward movement. Although the primitive family unit is breaking up, the fragments are going to make up a large group. The climax is prepared for by the last interchapter with which the novel is brought full circle. The rain continues to fall; the truck and household goods must be abandoned; the little mud levee collapsed; Rosashan"s baby is born dead; the boxcar must be abandoned; they take to the highway in search of food and find instead a starving man. Then the miracle happens. As Rose of Sharon offers her breast to the old man, the novel"s two counterthemes are brought together in a symbolic paradox. Out of her own need she gives life; out of the profoundest depth of despair comes the greatest assertion of faith.

생쥐 소장의 interstitial cells of Cajal에서 ATP-민감성 K^(+)통로를 통한 향도잡이 전류의 조절

박찬국,김만우,김형석,최석,전제열 朝鮮大學校 附設 醫學硏究所 2005 The Medical Journal of Chosun University Vol.30 No.1

Objectives: This study was performed to investigate whether ATP-sensitive K^(+) channels exist in interstitial cells of Cajal (ICC) of mouse small intestine and the physiological role of ATP-sensitive K^(+) channels in gastrointestinal motility. Methods: ICC were isolated from mouse small intestine and cultured for 2 days. Electrical activities of ICC were recorded using the whole-cell patch-clamp technique at 30°C. Results: ICC displayed rhythmic slow waves and spontaneous inward currents (pacemaker currents). Pinacidil, an ATP-sensitive K^(+) channel opener, induced membrane hyperpolarization and decreased amplitude of slow waves in current clamping mode. Also, pinacidil inhibited amplitude and frequency of pacemaker currents and activated outward currents at a holding potential of -70 mV. Pinacidil effects on slow waves and pacemaker currents were blocked by glibenclamide, a specific blocker of ATP-sensitive K^(+) channel. Forskolin, an activator of adenylate cyclase, induced membrane hyperpolarization and inhibited pacemaker currents like as pinacidil and blocked by glibenclamide. Conclusions: These results suggest that ATP-sensitive K^(+) channels exist in ICC and may be play an important role in regulating gastrointestinal motility through the modulation of pacemaker activities of ICC.

Carbofuran 土壤混入處理의 水稻害蟲 防除效果 및 水稻生育에 미치는 影響

朴亨萬,朴重秀,崔承允,李炯來 서울大學校 農科大學 1981 서울대농학연구지 Vol.6 No.1

In 1980, a field experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of soil-incorporated Carbofuran (Furadan 3G) on some rice insect pests and on the growth of rice plants of the variety Milyang-23, which is one of the Korean leading varieties. The effects were compared with those of the conventional broadcast of Carbofuran and Diazinon as local standard method. The results obtained were as follows: (1) The soil incorporation of Carbofuran dramatically suppressed the plant damages of the rice stem maggots (Chlorops oryzae and Hyderellia sasakii) and thrips (Baliothips biformis) at tillering stage of the rice; plant damages observed were 0.5%(1.2 a.i. kg/ha) and 0.6%(1.8 a.i. kg/ha) for the rice stem maggots, and 1.3%(1.2 a.i. kg/ha) and no damage(1.8 a.i. kg/ha) for thrips while with broadcast of Carbofuran there were 65.9%(1.2 a.i. kg/ha) and 42.4%(1.8% a.i. kg/ha) for ricestem maggots, and for the thrips, 60.6%, 36.0% with Carvofuran baoadcast, and 83.5%, 90.7% with Diazinon treatment, and 97.8% for the untreated check.(2) Soil incorporation and broadcast of Carbofuran were significantly effective for the control of brown planthoppers (Nilaparvata lugens) and the white-backed planthoppers (Sogatella furcifera), and the conventional broadcast of Diazinon was still unsatisfactory for controlling the brown planthoppers. (3) on 38th day after transplanting, the number of tillers per hill and plant height in the soil incoporation of Carboruran revealed the significant increases over those of the Carbofuran and Diazinon brodcasts and the check; with number of tillers per hill 23.0 for 1.2 a.i. kg/ha and 25.7 for 1.8 a.i. kg/ha with number of tillers per hill 23.0 for 1.2 a.i. kg/ha and 25.7 for 1.8 a.i. kg/ha with Carbofuran soil incorporation, while they were for 20.1, 22.1, with respective doses of the broadcasted Carbofuran they were 19.1 for the broadcased Diazinon, and 18.5 for the check, on the 82nd day after transplanting, root development of rice plants grown on the Carbofuran soil incorporated sites also revealed a significant increase over the broadcasting treatments and the check in the number and length of roots.(4) Even under the unusual low-temperature conditions during 1980 in Korea, Carvofuran soil incorporation greatly promoted the heading of rice plants and consequently resulted in significant shortening of the heading time as compared to those of Carbofuran and Diazinon broadasts and the check. In addition, soil incorporation of Cabofuran resulted in much better heading status(65 to 70% in completed heading) than broadcast(35 to 37% in Carbofuran broadcast and 20% in Diazinon broadcast) and the untereated check(30%). (5) The mexmium growth promotion of rice plants was observed from the rate of 1.8 a.i. kg/ha of the Carbofuran soil incorporation in plant height (90.0cm), stem height(78.6cm), length of uppermost internodes(24.7cm), and root weight(5.0g/hill in dry base) over the untreated check(81.9cm in plant height, 62.9cm in stem height, 19.3cm in uppermost intermodes and 3.6g in root weight) and other insecticide treated plots. However, there was no singnificant difference in panicle length among the treatments. (6) The number of panicles per hill, number of grains per panicle and 1000-grain weight showed that Carbofural soil incorporation significantly increased those yield components as compared to the broadcast and the untreated check. Of the treatments, Carbofuran soin incorporation registered significantly higher grain yields (2,460kg/ha from 1.2 a.i. kg/ha and 2,244kg/ha from 1.8 a.i. kg/ha treatments) than Carbofuran broadcest (1,005kg/ha from 1.2 a.i. kg/ha and 1,185kg/ha from 1.8 a.i. kg/ha treatments), Diazinon broadcast(63kg/ha), and the check(849kg/ha). Showing the low yield potential of the test variety seemed to be cold-damage from unusual weather conditions in 1980. (7) Analysis of essential macro-and micro-element contents in rice plants on the 122nd day after transplanting showed more k, Cu, Mn and Zn contents in the plants treated by soil incorporation of Carbofuran than those in the untreated check, while N and Fe were lower in the plants treated by Carbofuran than those in the untreated check, while N and Fe were lower in the plants treated by Carbofuran soil incorporation. Amounts of K and Zn were much greater in Carbofuran soil incorporation than in Carbofuran broadcast, and N and P were greatly lower in the plants by Carbofuran soil incorporation. (8) in conclusion, the result obtained in this study would provide some real evidences that Carbofuran incoporated with the paddy soils could be a new insecticidal application method of the maximization of rice yield through the dramatical suppressin of the plant damages of insect pests; the rice leaf stem maggots, thrips, and planthoppers, and great growth stimulation(increasing the root development, the effective tillers, panicles, etc.) of rice plants.

NiSO₄·7H₂O의 焙燒에 關한 硏究

朴龍鎭,趙萬衡,許南棺 弘益大學校 1983 弘大論叢 Vol.15 No.2

Roasted NiSO₄·7H₂O after dehydration and also roasted it with a mixture of FeSO₄and CuSO₄. From this experiment the following results have been investigated: 1. The roasting reaction of NiSO₄comenced at 750℃ and finished at 915℃. 2. Desulphuration in roasting reaction of FeSO₄or CuSO₄or with charcoal powder has been influenced by adding a quantity of charcoal powders, but the roasting rection of NiSO₄with charcoal powder have no effect on desulphuration in spite of adding power being increased in great quantities. 3. The roasting reaction of NiSO₄starts at a higher temperature than that of FeSO₄or CuSO₄and is completed at a higher temperature than both of them. Also, we have found out that the roasting reaction of these compound(FeSO??/ CuSO₄, FeSO₄/NiSO₄or CuSO₄/NiSO₄) starts and is completed at a temperature between the starting and completion points of these two sulphate roasting reactions.

사지의 주요 동맥손상의 처치: 23증례에 대한 분석

원형섭,김상은,배성만,박철완,이 근,조상훈,김상일,우병완 大韓應急醫學會 1996 대한응급의학회지 Vol.7 No.1

Extremity vascular trauma is common in most emergency centers, and controversy remains about the optimal management of arterial injuries. Retrospectively we reviewed the records of 23 patients who had upper or lower extremity arterial trauma from July 1994 to December 1995. The purpose of this study was to evaluate our department`s management policy to major arterial injuries. The leading cause of major arterial injuries was penetrating trauma. We found that there were clinical findings such as absence of or decreased strength of pulsation(82.6%), cool ischemic extremity(69.6%), large expanding hematoma(43.5%), major bleeding(17.4%) and bruit or thill(8.7%). We gave the priority to management of life-threatening injuries and applied the pressure dressing to wounds as early as possible. There were 18 men(78.3%) and 5 women(21.7%); the mean age was 35(range 20-56 years old) years. There were 12 arterial injuries(52.2%) in the upper extremity and 11 arterial injuries(47.8%) in the lower exteremity. The most commonly injured artery was the brachial artery in the upper(34.8%) and the femoral artery in the lower(30.4%) extremity. The etiology included knife stabbing in 10 patients(43.5%), motor vehicle accidents in 6(26.1%), industrial accidents in 4(17.4%), falls in 2(8.7%) and a farm equipment accident in 1 patient(4.3%). The associated injuries were muscle injuries(78.3%), fracture(56.5%), nerve injuries(52.2%), vein injuries(43.5%), shock(17.4%) and dislocation(13.0%). All patients with arterial injuries were given a preoperative prophylactic antibiotic and TIG(tetanus immunoglobulin). We used Doppler technique as a means of detecting the blood flow. Fourteen patients(60.9%) underwent preoperative arteriography in the radiology department. We performed surgical exploration as soon as major arterial injuries were suspected. The most common methods of treating major arterial injuries were interposition vein graft(69.6%) and end to end anastomosis(21.7%). Systemic or locally infused heparin was used for all vascular repairs. In many of our patients(56.5%), fasciotomy was performed before the vascular repair, as a part of the exploration of the distal arteries. There were 2 amputations(8.7%) but no death. The reason for secondary amputation were wound infection in one and failure to achieve sufficient arterial flow to the involved extremity with resulting gangrene in the other. As the time factor is vitally important in the management of arterial injuries, we advocate prompt and early surgical treatment within 6 hours of the trauma. In conclusion, we believe that the crucial factorsin successful management of major arterial injuries of the extremities are early diagnosis, prompt treatment, complete debridement, fasciotomy when indicated, and simultaneous treatment of concomitant injuries.

혈중 및 호기 일산화탄소를 이용한 일산화탄소 헤모글로빈 농도간의 관련성 연구

김형수,박태혁,손지언,정갑열,김정만,김준연 동아대학교 2001 大學院論文集 Vol.26 No.-

This study was conducted to find a correlation between blood COHb and calculated COHb with expiratory air and related variables such as occupational and smoking factors. Author selected 69 healthy workers in 8 workplaces suspected CO exposure. Basic informations were collected by self-reported questionnaire and medical history taking. Author measured Indirect COHb concentration with expiratory air using Micro II-Smokerlyzer and blood COHb concentration using Oxymeter. The results of the study were summarized as follows : 1. In the smoker, mean blood COHb and calculated COHb with expiratory air were 2.21±0.98% and 2.27±0.97 %, and there was not a statistically significant difference. In the non-smoker, mean blood COHb and calculated COHb with expiratory air were 0.42±0.43 % and 0,65±0.30 %, and there was also not a statistically significant difference. 2. There were positive correlations between blood COHb and calculated COHb with expiratory air in both the smoker (r=0.91, p=0.0001) and non-smoker (r=0.73, p=0.0001). 3. In the smoker, the factors affected COHb were total smoking index (Pack × years) and passed time after the last smoking. 4. In the nonsmoker, the parking and driving groups had higher COHb concentration than others (p<0.05). In conclusion, there was no significant difference between indirect COHb concentration with expiratory air using Smokerlyzer and blood COHb concentration and there was a highly significant correlation between indirect and blood COHb concentrations. Therefore indirect COHb concentration with expiratory air is a useful screening method for CO exposure. Author suggest the resection of smoking during at least 90 minutes before measuring COHb concentration in order to exclude smoking effects.

Mirizzi 증후군의 변형된 분류와 치료

김형철,강길호,채만규,김성용,백무준,이문수,박상흠,이문호,김창호,송옥평,조무식,박희주 순천향의학연구소;Soonchunhyang Medical Research Institute 2000 Journal of Soonchunhyang Medical Science Vol.6 No.1

Purpose : The Mirizzi syndrome is relatively rare and preoperative diagnosis of this disease is difficult. In 1978, Morelli suggested the subclassification of the Mirizzi syndrome into acute or chronic form. We experienced 5 cases of acute form. We analysed clinical features, preoperative radiologic findings and operative findings of 18 cases including acute forms which were diagnosed as Mirizzi syndrome and should suggest the modified classification of Mirizzi syndrome for choice of appropriate treatment. Method : From January 1995 to December 1998, 18 cases, of which 8 cases were diagnosed at Soonchunhyang University Chunan Hospital, and 10 cases were reported in the Korean Journal were retrospectively analysed with regard to clinical features, preoperative radiologic findings and operative findings. According to the clinical features, whole cases were divided into type Ⅰ(acute form) and type Ⅱ(chronic form) and then each type of cases were subclassified according to preoperative radiologic findings and operative findings. Results : Of 18 cases there were 5 cases in type Ⅰ(27.8%), 13 cases in type Ⅱ(72.2%). Type Ⅱb was most common. Type Ⅰa cases were treated only with cholecystectomy. We applied cholecystectomy, T-tube choledochostomy and patch technique in type Ⅰb and thpe Ⅰc cases. Cholectystectomies including removal of gallstones and internal drainage procedures were done in type Ⅱ chronic forms. Conclusion : The acute form(Type Ⅰ) of Mirizzi syndrome was suggested by Morelli might be subclassified into typeⅠa,Ⅰb and Ⅰc following the presence of the necrotic defect in common hepatic duct. Through the modified classification of Mirizzi syndrome based on clinical feature, preoperative radiologic findings and operative findings, we can choice appropriate treatment.

TRISS Method와 ASCOT Method를 이용한 외상환자의 생존율 분석

김형수,배성만,양혁준,박철완,이근,고영관 대한응급의학회 1995 대한응급의학회지 Vol.6 No.2

Despite traumatic injuries cause serious problems in our society, there are few adequate and objective scoring system that assess the severtiy of trauma patients. The Major Trauma Outcome Study(MTOS)in United States deisgned the TRISS(Trauma Score & Injury Severity Score)method by means of Revised Trauma Score(RTS),Injury Severity Score(ISS0,and age,while Champion et al deviced ASCOT(A Severtriy Characterizaiton Of Trauma)method to overcome the limitation of TRISS. This study attempted to make a comparison between TRISS and ASCOT by using date for 422 injured patients which were collected form September,1993 to February,1994. Ascot and TRISS were compared in their sensutivity,Specificity,disparity and Z-statistics. 1)Sex ratio of male to female was 2.8:1 and the commonest age of trauma patients was thirties (23.8%). 2)The average probability of survival(Ps)for 442 patient by TRISS method was 0.9228 and that of ASCOT method 0.9356. 3)Disparity of Ps between survival and non-survival using TRISS and ASCOT was relatively low for both indexes as 0.3507 and 0.3296, respectively. 4)The sensitivity rates(number of patients predicted to die who actually died/total who actually died)for the non-survival of both TRISS and ASCOT method were low (35.0%),but the specificity rates(number of patients predicted to live who actually lived/total who actually lived)for the survival of TRISS and ASCOT were 99.1%and 99.6%respectively. 5)Z-statistics(difference between predicted and actual number of death)of both TRISS(1.3224)and ASCOT(1.2234)resulted in positive value which meant that actual number of death exeeded predicted number of death. 6)The ASCOT that have presumed to be more accurate method for patients with head trauma and with multiple injuries to one portion of body,had its intricacy and difficult points in practical application. And the difference between the result of ASCOT and TRISS was not so significant. 7)It is thought that a new, more comprehensive index would like to be developed and thoroughly tested on a variety of data sets in order for it to be used in trauma system quality assurance evaluation.

전자화폐 보급·확산에 따른 향후 조세정책방향에 대한 연구 : 탈세모형을 중심으로

전형준,이만우,박기홍 한국재정.공공경제학회 2003 재정논집 Vol.17 No.2

본 논문에서는 기존 문헌들에서 구체적으로 다루어지지 못했던 전자화폐 등장으로 인한 조세회피(tax avoidance) 및 탈세 (tax evasion) 등에 관한 연구, 즉 기존의 지불·결제수단과 다른 특징을 가진 전자화폐의 등장 및 새로운 정보통신기술의 발달, 그리고 온라인(on-line)상에서의 상거래 및 금융거래의 보편화와 같은 경제환경의 변화등과 관련하여 조세관련 문제의 증가가능성을 탈세모형을 이용하여 이론적으로 살펴보고, 이에 따른 앞으로의 조세정책방향을 제시하고자 한다. As commerce move to the Internet, the age of electronic money surely will not be far behind. What the tax authorities finds there, however is an environment that poses some fairly fundamental challenges to long-held principles of tax administration and tax policy. What is worse, moving money at the speed of light to any place in the world anonymously over the Internet will soon be as easy as a few keystrokes on your personal computer. Such anonymous money movements substantially increase the potential that the size of the identifiable tax base will be diminished. Government tax authorities are challenged and threatened by this new technology. The danger is that if the current tax system is retained, government will become even more intrusive as it tries to stop tax avoidance, tax evasion, and money laundering etc. we should know that "the more the government tries to tax regulate, control, and confiscate, the greater the incentive for the problems associated with the use of electronic money-tax avoidance, tax evasion, money laundering etc." This paper discusses possible consequences of electronic money from the view of taxation and shows the theoretical analysis in income tax evasion. Our studies suggest future tax policy direction for electronic money. First. we should pay attention to change of taxation environment as a result of electronic money. Second, we should all work together to secure resonable tax base and tax revenue with the combination of low tax rate to get more compliance behavior of tax payers. Third, we should know that long-held principles of tax administration and tax policy may be required adjusting the principles to apply them to Internet transaction and electronic money.