한국무속의 '신병'에 대한 진단분류연구

서동혁,이부영,신민섭,유희철 大韓神經精神醫學會 1996 신경정신의학 Vol.35 No.6

To study nosologically the Korean shaman's initiation sickness, 'Shin-Byong', the authors investigated 29 shamans with Symptom Check List-90-R(SCL-90-R) and questionnaire without visiting and interviewed 70 shamans using SCL-90-R, questionnaire and The Schedule for Affective Disorder and Schizophrenia-Lifetime(SADS-L). All shamans were located in Seoul. The results were as follows : 1) Among symptom groups of SCL-90-R, 'Shin-Byong' were associated with higher scores in depression, somatization, psychoticism and hostility group in descending order. 2) With DSM-Ⅲ-R classification, 87.2% of 'Shin-Byong' cases were mood disorders, Another 8.6% of cases were somatization and dissociative disorders and two disorders were related with dissociative phenomenon. Considering the diagnosis of manic episodes in this study, it seems to be a part of dissociative phenomenon, 'Shin-Byong' is the syndrome that is mainly composed of depression and disorders, which are related with dissociative phenomenon. 3) Shamans have teleologic thinking that 'Shin-Byong' is the phenomenon to receive spirits and diagnose intuitively. They think the main therapeutic method is recieving spirits, In conclusion, 'Shin-Byong' isn't a real disease entity but it is a shamanistic disease concept transformed during the shamanistic therapeutic process for depression patients with high dissociative tendency and dissociative disorder.

확률분포의 난수생성기 제작과 활용에 관한 연구

신봉섭,권희용 안양대학교 자연과학연구소 1996 自然科學硏究 Vol.3 No.-

본 논문에서는 통계적 모의실험에서 자주 사용되는 여러 확률분포에 따르는 난수들의 생성기를 구현하고, 제작된 난수생성기가 실제 모의실험에서 유용하게 활용될 수 있음을 보였다. 구현된 난수생성기는 FORTRAN의 함수부프로그램이나 SUBROUTINE으로 제작되어 라이브러리로 구성한 것이다. 따라서 사용자가 간단한 link-과정을 통해 쉽게 활용할 수 있다. 또한 구현된 라이브러리의 각 SUBROUTINE들은 여러 가지 통계적인 검증을 거쳐 안정성을 확인하였고, 실제 모의실험을 통해서도 안정성에 문제가 없음을 볼 수 있다. In this thesis, a library of random number generators for various statistical distributions which often used in stochastic simulation is implemented and applied to the real situation of statistical simulation. The implemented library contains FORTRAN routines which are in the form of FUNCTION or SUBROUTINE, and thus user can simply use this library by linking it. Each routine of the implimented library was tested by the various procedures and proved to be very stable. This stability was also obtained through the real simulation.

혈액암환자에서 조혈모세포 이식 후 따르는 헤르페스 바이러스 감영 양상

이호섭,탁희상,신성훈,김양수,남성진,김혜수,박진희,정수현,김성빈,김예나 고신대학교 의과대학 2010 고신대학교 의과대학 학술지 Vol.25 No.1

배경 : 헤르페스바이러스과에는 단순포진 바이러스(HERPES SIMPLEX VIRUS, HSV), 수두대상포진 바이러스 (VARICELLA-ZOSTER VIRUS, VZV), 엡스타인-바 바이러스 (EPSTEIN-BARR VIRUS, EBV), 그리고 거대세포 바이러스 (CYTOMEGALOVIRUS, CMV) 등이 있다. 헤르페스바이러스 감염은 혈액암환자에서 조혈모세포 이식 환자에서 전파 (dissemination), 이차감염, 세균 중복 감염의 심각한 합병증을 일으킬 수 있다. 하지만 항암약물치료를 받는 림파종 환자에서 항 바이러스 약제의 사용 용량과 기간에 대한 concensus는 없다. 헤르페스바이러스 감염에 대한 발생율과 위험인자를 후향성으로 분석하였다. 방법 : 고신대학교 복음 병원에서 1995년 6월부터 2009 년 2월 사이에 새롭게 진단되어 조혈모세포 이식을 받은 전체 58명의 환자들이 후향적으로 현 연구에 등록했다. 헤르페스 바이러스 감염은 임상적 진단, 혈청학적 검사 또는 병리학적 진단에 기초하여 확진한다. 환자들의 특성은 다음과 같다: 평균 연령은 44세 (범위 19-62세)였고 남녀비는 30:28이었다. 등록된 질환은 백혈병 (n=9, 15.5%), 림프종 (n=30, 51.7%), 다발성 골수종 (n=12, 20.7%), 재생불량성 빈혈 (n=6, 10.3%) 그리고 골수이형성증후군 (n=1, 1.7%)이 포함되었다. 결과는 chi-squre test나 independent samples T test를 사용하여 분석되었다. Multivariate analysises에 대해 logistic regression test를 사용하였다. 결과 : 15명의 환자들 (25.9%)에서 조혈모세포 이식후 헤르페스 바이러스 감염이 발생하였다. 조혈모세포 이식 5년간 누적 발생율은 53.9%였다. Univariate analyses에서 헤르페스 바이러스 감염에 대한 유의한 위험 인자는 없었다. 하지만 조혈모세포 이식후 생존 기간(40.18 ± 30.14 months vs 20.06 ± 26.67 months, p=0.018)은 헤르페스 바이러스 감염의 낮은 발병율과 유의한 관련성이 있었다. 이식 편대 숙주질환 (GVHD)의 존재 (37.5% in developed GVHD vs 0% in no GVHD, p=0.200), 동종조혈 모세포 이식에서 면역억제요법의 기간 (15.98 ± 14.02 months vs 6.78 ± 3.67 months, p = 0.374)은 헤르페스 바이러스 감염에 대한 위험인자가 아니었다. 결론 : 조혈모세포 이식 후 생존 기간은 어사이클로비어 예방을 받은 혈액암 환자에서 헤르페스 바이러스 감염의 낮은 발병율과 연관성이 있는 것으로 보인다. 저용량의 어사이클로비어 예방은 헤르페스 바이러스 감염의 고위험군인 조혈모세포 이식을 받은 혈액암 환자에 필요하리라 생각된다. Background : Herpesviridae family includes herpes simplex virus, varicella zoster virus, Epstein-Barr virus, and cytomegalovirus, etc. Herpesviridae viral infection (HVI) can lead to serious complications including dissemination, secondary infection, bacterial superinfection in patients with hematologic malignancy following hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). But there was no consensus on the dose and duration of antiviral agents prophylaxis in patients undergoing chemotherapy. We retrospectively analyzed the incidence and the risk factors for HVI. Method : A total of 58 patients who newly diagnosed and received HSCT with prophylaxis of acyclovir at the Kosin University Gospel Hospital, Busan, Korea between June 1995 and February 2009 were enrolled retrospectively in the current study. HVI was confirmed based on clinical diagnosis, serologic test or pathologic diagnosis. The characteristics of the patients were as follows: the median age was 44 years (range 19-62 years) with a female-to-male ratio of 30:28. The enrolled diseases included leukemia (n=9, 15.5%), lymphoma (n=30, 51.7%), multiple myeloma (n=12, 20.7%), aplastic anemia (n=6, 10.3%) and myelodysplastic syndrome (n=1, 1.7%). The results were analyzed using a chi-square test and independent samples T test. For the multivariate analysis, we used logistic regression test. Results : Fifteen patients (25.9%) developed HVI after HSCT. The cumulative incidence of HVI was 53.8% at 5 years after HSCT. In univariate analysis, there was no significant risk factor for HVI. The presence of graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) (37.5% in developed GVHD vs. 0% in no GVHD, p=0.200), duration of immunosuppressive therapy (IST) in allo-SCT (15.98 ± 14.02 months vs. 6.78 ± 3.67 months, p = 0.374) were not risk factors for HVI. Conclusion : The incidence of HVI was similar to that in historical other studies. There was no risk factor associated with development of HVI. Most of the HVI occurred within the first 24 months after transplantation. So long term use of antiviral prophylaxis may be needed to prevention of HVI after HSCT.

SDM을 이용한 ATM 호 수락 제어

권희용,신봉섭 안양대학교 자연과학연구소 1996 自然科學硏究 Vol.3 No.-

축약 분산 기억장치(Sparse Distributed Memory, SDM)를 기본으로 한 신경망 호 수락 제어 방안을 제시한다. 호 수락 제어(Call Admission Control,CAC)는 ATM 망 트래픽 제어기의 핵심 요소이다. ATM은 B-ISDN의 다양한 멀티미디어 통신을 제공하여야 한다. 따라서 호 수락 제어는 다양하게 변화하는 ATM 망 환경에 적응할 수 있어야 한다. 그러나, 기존의 ATM 호 수락 제어 방식은 가능한 모든 망 환경의 변화를 예측, 분석하여 제어기를 설계하였다. 이것은 최적의 설계를 어렵게 한다. 최근 신경망 방식이 이러한 문제를 해결하기 위해 도입 되었다. 그러나 이 역시 진정한 적응형 제어를 제공하지는 않았다. 제안한 방식은 신경망 제어기에 SDM을 사용하여, 다양한 환경 변화에 쉽게 적응하는 호 수락 제어 기능을 제공한다. 실험 결과 본 방식은 ATM 망 환경에 급격한 변화가 있을 경우 기존의 신경망 방식과 유사한 성능 수준을 유지하면서, 재학습 없이 온라인 상태에서 새로운 환경에 적응하여, 제어 기능을 적응적으로 수행할 수 있음을 보였다. A neural network call admission control(CAC) method based on sparse disturbuted memory(SDM) is proposed. CAC is the main AYM network traffic control method. ATM is the key technology of B-ISDN which can provide various multimedia communication channels. CAC should be adaptable to the rapid and various changes of the ATM network environment. Traditional approaches to the ATM CAC require detail network analysis in all possible situations. The optimal implementation is very difficult. Therefore, neural approaches are introduced recently. However, it does not meet the adaptability requirements. Proposed method uses SDM as the neural network controller. It provides the CAC with good adaptability to manage the changes. Experimental results are as good as those the previous neural approaches without re-leanrning and using additional analytical data in case there are rapid changes in the network environments.

성인에서 Haemophilus influenzae 감염증의 임상양상과 미생물학적 특성

이종섭,황병연,정희진,김우주,박승철,이도현,이창규,신종희,황규잠,이영희 대한화학요법학회 2000 대한화학요법학회지 Vol.18 No.2

목적 : H. influenzae는 성인에서 흔히 호흡기 감염을 일으키는 균주로, 최근 ampicillin 내성 β-lactamase 생성 균주들이 지속적인 증가를 보이고 있어, 이에 국내 성인에서 H. influenzae에 의한 감염의 임상양상과 분리된 균주들의 미생물학적 특성을 조사하고자 하였다. 방법 : 1998년 3월부터 1999년 9월까지 고려대 구로병원에 내원한 환자중에서 H. influenzae가 분리된 68명을 대상으로 임상양상을 조사하고 항균제 감수성 검사를 시행하였다. 분리된 33주에 대해서 혈청형, 생물형, 세포외막 단백분석을 시행하였고, β-lactamase 생성여부에 따른 감염 환자군간 임상상 및 예후의 차이를 비교하였다. 결과 : 환자의 평균연령은 68세였고, 지역사회 획득감염이 전체의 85%를 차지하였다. 폐렴과 기관지염과 같은 하기도 감염이 전체환자의 75%를 차지하였고 분리 검체 역시 객담이 84%로 가장 많았다. 환자의 71%가 기저질환을 가지고 있었으며, 그 중에 만성 폐쇄성 폐질환, 심혈관 질환, 악성종양, 당뇨병이 대부분이었다. 혈청형으로는 nontypeable 형이 68%로 가장 많았고 b형은 한 예도 없었다. β-lactamase 생성율은 63.2%였고, β-lactamase 양성균주의 항균제 내성율이 음성균주에 비하여 높았으나 β-lactamase 생성 여부에 관계없이 cefotaxime, azithromycin, ciprofloxacin에 대하여 100%의 감수성을 나타내었고 cefaclor, cefuroxime에 대해서는 10% 이하의 낮은 내성율을 보여 이들 항균제들이 치료에 효과적일 것으로 사료된다. 세포외막 단백분석에서는 C형과 D형이 전체의 64%로 가장 많았으며, 혈청형과의 유의한 연관성은 보이지 않았다. 결론 : 성인에서 H. influenzae는 주로 만성 기저질환자에서 급성 호흡기감염 또는 만성 폐쇄성 폐질환의 급성 악화를 유발한다. 기존의 보고에 비해 β-lactamase 양성율이 증가하였고, 이에 따른 항균제 내성율도 증가하여 항균제의 선택에 유의하여야 할 것으로 생각된다. 세포외막 단백분석상 특정한 유형의 균주에 의해 감염이 집중적으로 발생하고 있어 향후 역학 조사의 도구로 이용할 수 있겠다. Purpose : H. influenzae is one of the common causative microorganisms of respiratory tract infections in adults. Recently. β-lactamase producing, ampicillin-resistant H. infiuenzae has become worldwide problem as well as in Korea. We studied to investigate the clinical features and microbiologic characteristics of H. infiuenzae infections in adults. Materials & Methods : From March 1998 to September 1999, 68 patients were enrolled in this study. Clinical features of H. infiuenzae infections were investigated, 68 isolates were subjected to the β-lactamase test, and 33 isolates were used for serotyping. biotyping, antibiotic susceptibility and outer membrane protein (OMP) analysis. Results : Mean age of study patients was 68 years-old and the acquisition rate in community was 85%. Pneumonia and bronchitis were the most common type of infection such as 80%, sputum was the most common clinical specimen for H. mQuenzae isolation. 70% of patients had chronic underlying diseases. Non-typeable strains were 68% and β-lactamase producing rate was 63%. There was no difference in the clinical features and prognosis of H. influenzae infection between the β-lactamase positivie and -negative groups. The susceptibility of cefotaxime, azithromycin, and ciprofloxacin was 100% and that of cefaclor, cefuroxime was under 10% in spite of β-lactamase positivity. In OMP analysis, C and D types were dominant (64%). Conclusion : H. influenzae caused acute respiratory infections in adults with chronic underlying disorders. This study shows higher β-lactamase producing rate and antibiotic-resistance rate than that were reported previously. OMP analysis shows that two major types of strains cause clinical infections intensively.

국내에서 발생하고 있는 사람 브루셀라증의 임상적 특성

김연숙,최영실,오원섭,권기태,이혁,이선희,손준성,김신우,장현하,정숙인,고관수,박미연,백경란,송재훈 대한감염학회 2006 감염과 화학요법 Vol.38 No.6

배경 : 2002년 내국인에서의 첫 사람 브루셀라증의 증례 보고 이후 국내에서 사람 브루셀라증이 빠른 증가를 보이고 있다. 이에 연구자들은 국내에서 발생하는 브루셀라증의 임상적 특성을 연구하고자 하였다. 방법 : 2003년부터 2006년 7월까지 7개 대학병원에 내원한 환자들을 대상으로 WHO의 진단기준에 의하여 확진된 브루셀라증 환자들의 의무기록을 후향적으로 조사분석 하였다. 배양된 균은 삼성서울병원에 의뢰하여 16S rRNA 유전자 분석방법을 이용하여 종을 확인하였고, 표준시험관응집검사는 국립보건원에 의뢰하여 시행하였다. 결과 : 34예의 환자들이 브루셀라증으로 확진되었고, 31명이 남자였다. 혈액에서 B. abortus가 증명된 경우가 8예, 표준시험관 응집검사상 의미 있는 항체가 상승을 보인경우가 26예이었다. 환자들은 대부분 축산업관련 종사자였고, 추후 브루셀라증으로 확진된 소와의 직접 접촉을 통해 감염된 것으로 여겨진다. 국내 사람 브루셀라증의 가장 흔한 증상은 발열이었고, 위장관계 합병증이 가장 흔히 동반되었다. 치료로는 doxycycline/rifampicin이 24예의 환자에서 doxycycline/aminoglycoside (streptomycin 혹은 gentamicin)이 10예의 환자에서 6주 이상의 기간 동안 투여되었다. 치료에 반응을 보이지 않는 환자는 없었고, 재발이 1예 있었다. 결론 : 국내에서 발생하는 사람 브루셀라증의 원인균으로 현재까지 분리 동정된 것은 B. abortus이며, 소 브루셀라증의 증가로 인해 인체감염사례가 함께 증가하는 것으로 사료된다. 위험 직업군 종사자들에서 감염된 소와의 직접 접촉을 통해 주로 발생하고 있는 브루셀라증의 임상종상은 국외에서 발생하는 경우와 유사한 양상을 보이고 있으며 치료에 대한 반응은 비교적 좋은 편이긴 하나, 추후 보다 많은 환자들을 대상으로 한 연구가 필요하리라 사료된다. 사람 브루셀라증의 조절을 위해서는 소 브루셀라증의 조절이 필수적이며, 브루셀라증의 조절에 성공한 선진국의 사례를 적극적으로 도입해야 할 것으로 생각된다. Background : Since the first Korean case of human brucellosis was reported in 2002, the incidence of human brucellosis has been rapidly increasing. We performed this study to evaluate the clinical characteristics of human brucellosis occurring in South Korea. Materials and Methods : Demographic features, clinical manifestations, and therapeutic outcomes of cases confirmed as brucellosis according to WHO diagnostic criteria were evaluated. Species of Brucella isolates were identified with 16S rRNA gene sequencing method. Serologic diagnosis was performed with standard tube agglutination test (STA). Results : A total of 34 cases were enrolled from 2003 to 2006 in six hospitals. Eight cases were confirmed with the isolation of Brucella from blood and 26 cases were confirmed with titer of antibodies ≥1:160 by STA. Male (31) was predominant and most of the patients were cattle farmers. The most common transmission route was direct contact with infected or their cattle byproducts. Fever was the most prominent symptom and fatigue followed. Gastrointestinal and musculoskeletal systems were commonly complicated. Patients were treated with doxycycline and rifampin or aminoglycosides for more than 6 weeks. All patients responded well to the therapeutic regimens, but one patient relapsed 10 months after treatment. Conclusion : Brucellosis occurring in Korea has been caused by B. abortus, whose preferred natural host animals are cattle. Korean patients were infected through direct contact with bovine brucellosis. Clinical manifestations of brucellosis were similar to those occurring worldwide. Therapeutic outcomes were good among patients with brucellosis in Korea. In order to prevent human brucellosis, measures to eradicate bovine brucellosis should precede.

주의력결핍/과잉행동장애와 양극성장애 공존 환아군과 주의력결핍/과잉행동장애 환아군의 비교연구

정동선,하규섭,정희연,구훈정,황준원,김붕년,신민섭,조수철,홍강의 大韓神經精神醫學會 2006 신경정신의학 Vol.45 No.6

Objective : Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is frequently comorbid with a variety of psychiatric disorders. Among them, bipolar disorder (BPD) has especially attracted growing interest. This is partly due to the fact that early onset BPD has been frequently misdiagnosed as ADHD because of symptomatic overlap. The aim of the present study is to find the differences in demographic data and clinical features of ADHD+BPD and ADHD in children and adolescents. Method : Children and adolescents patients participating in the present study have been enrolled at the child psychiatric clinic since 2004. 14 patients meeting the DSM-IV chteria for ADHD+BPD and 19 patients meeting the criteria for ADHD and 15 healthy comparison subjects were recruited. All groups were evaluated through the Schedule for Affective disorders and Schizophrenia for School-Age Children-Present and Life Time version-Korean version (K-SADS-PL-K). Demographic data and clinical charactehstics of the subjects were also collected. Parents were asked to complete the Child Behavior Check List(CBCL) and the Toddler Temperamental Scale (TTS) clinical ratings were obtained using the Young Mania Rating Scale(YMRS), the Children's Depression Iventory (CDI) and the Dupaul ADHD scale. Clinical variables between ADHD+BPD and ADHD were analyzed using the Mann-Whitney U test. YMRS, CDI, Dupaul ADHD scale (inattention and hyperactivity), CBCL, and TTS among the three groups were analyzed using the Kruskal-Wallis test with post-hoc Mann-Whitney U test. Results : 1) ADHD+BPD group had an earlier onset age of ADHD than ADHD group 2) ADHD+BPD group had more co-morbid psychiathc disorders than ADHD group. 3) Compared to ADHD group, ADHD+BPD had more psychiathc family history, especially mood disorders. 4) ADHD+BPD group had prodromal symptoms such as irritability, anger dyscontrol and academic dysfunction, compared to ADHD group who rarely showed prodromal symptoms. 5) ADHD+BPD group had higher ADHD scores than the ADHD group in the Dupaul ADHD inattentive scale. 6) In global functions of CBCL, ADHD+BPD group showed more impaired functions at home and school than ADHD group. 7) In Attention diagnostic system (ADS), ADHD+BPD group had more omission and commission errors than ADHD group, especially in the visual system. 8) In the subtests of the IQ profile, ADHD+BPD group had lower arithmetic and block design scores than ADHD group. Conclusion : Clinicians have to rule out underlying bipolarity in children and adolescents with ADHD who show earlier age of onset and severe clinical features. Bipolarity should be explored intensively in ADHD children and adolescents who have early onset of symptoms and severe functional impairment.

족삼리 침자극의 복통 억제기전 연구

임사비나,임형택,박히준,장지련,최일환,이석찬,김대수,신희섭 WHO COLLABORATING CENTRE FOR TRADITIONAL MEDICINE 2004 東西醫學硏究所 論文集 Vol.2004 No.-

Objective : Acupuncture has been used for treatment of numerous disorders, especially for pain control in Oriental Medicine. However, the mechanism of pain control by acupuncture was not clear until now. This study was performed to prove analgesic mechanism of acupuncture treatment at acupoint ST_(36) by observing the changes of abdominal pain and c-Fos expression in the thalamus. Methods : Abdominal pain was induced by acetic acid, and the changes of writhing reflex after acupuncture treatment an ST_(36) and non-acupoints were measured. c-Fos immunohistochemistry was also performed to study the changes of the neuronal activity in the thalamus. Results : The writhing reflex decrease significantly after acupuncturing at ST_(36) compared with control group(p<0.05). The changes of the writhing reflex by non-acupoint acupuncture treatment also showed significant decrease compared with control group(p<0.05). c-Fos expression in the thalamus, especially periventricular part was significantly decreased after acupuncturing at ST_(36) compared with control groups(p<0.05). Conclusion : This study shows that the acupuncture has the analgesic effect in the abdominal pain induced by acetic acid and the thalamus might be a important area for this mechanism.

Control of On–Off or Off–On Fluorescent and Optical [Cu²⁺] and [Hg²⁺] Responses via Formal Me/H Substitution in Fully Characterized Thienyl “Scorpionate”-like BODIPY Systems

Kim, Kibong,Choi, Shin Hei,Jeon, June,Lee, Hyosun,Huh, Jung Oh,Yoo, Jaeduk,Kim, Jong Taek,Lee, Chang-Hee,Lee, Yoon Sup,Churchill, David G. American Chemical Society 2011 Inorganic Chemistry Vol.50 No.12

<P>One 8-phenyl and two 8-mesityl-substituted “scorpionate”-like BODIPY-type species of the formula [3,4,4-tris(5-<I>R</I>-(2-thienyl))-8-(2,4,6-<I>R′</I>-phenyl)-4-bora-3a,4a-diaza-<I>s</I>-indacene (R = H, R′ = H, <B>3a</B>; R, = H, R′ = Me, <B>2a</B>; R, = Me, R′ = Me, <B>2b</B>)] have been synthesized and fully characterized. Importantly, differences in their solution (MeCN) optical Cu<SUP>2+</SUP> and Hg<SUP>2+</SUP> probing capacity via <I>SSS</I>-chelation were investigated. Compounds <B>2a</B>–<B>3a</B> were prepared from the requisite 8-substituted BODIPY complexes. They were characterized first by complete <SUP>1</SUP>H, <SUP>11</SUP>B and <SUP>13</SUP>C NMR spectroscopic assignments (CD<SUB>3</SUB>Cl or CD<SUB>3</SUB>C(O)CD<SUB>3</SUB>); the molecular structures of <B>2a</B> and <B>3a</B> were determined by X-ray crystallography. Compounds <B>2a</B>–<B>3a</B> were studied by UV–vis and fluorescence spectroscopy [Φ<SUB>F</SUB> = 0.27 ± 0.013 (<B>2a</B>); 0.024 ± 0.0016 (<B>2b</B>); 0.0034 ± 0.00047 (<B>3a</B>)]. Importantly, low [Cu<SUP>2+</SUP>] with <B>3a</B> (<3.0 × 10<SUP>–5</SUP> M) gave rise to an increase of fluorescence intensity (off–on; 6.3-fold), whereas with <B>2a</B> it decreased (on–off). When [Hg<SUP>2+</SUP>] (<3.0 × 10<SUP>–5</SUP> M) was added to <B>2b</B>, the λ<SUB>em,max</SUB> value increased (off–on<I>;</I> 3.2-fold), and for <B>2a</B>, it decreased (on–off). The association constant (<I>K</I><SUB>a</SUB>) for Hg<SUP>2+</SUP>·<B>2a</B> was determined to be 3120 ± 307 M<SUP>–1</SUP>. An approximate stoichiometric 1:1 binding determined by Job plot analysis is in line with successful DFT modeling of <I>SSS</I>-Cu<SUP>2+</SUP> binding for this system type. <SUP>1</SUP>H NMR spectroscopy also revealed tentative sets of product complex peaks. These simple differences caused by formal ligand Me-group incorporation are the first for any related fluorophores, to the best of our knowledge.</P><P>Three new “scorpionate”-like BODIPY species have been isolated and characterized. They exposed interesting differences in low [Cu<SUP>2+</SUP>] and [Hg<SUP>2+</SUP>] on−off and off−on fluorescence responses through formal methyl group placement into the fluorophore skeleton.</P><P><B>Graphic Abstract</B> <IMG SRC='http://pubs.acs.org/appl/literatum/publisher/achs/journals/content/inocaj/2010/inocaj.2010.50.issue-12/ic101681h/production/images/medium/ic-2010-01681h_0004.gif'></P><P><A href='http://pubs.acs.org/doi/suppl/10.1021/ic101681h'>ACS Electronic Supporting Info</A></P><P><A href='http://pubs.acs.org/doi/suppl/10.1021/ic101681h'>ACS Electronic Supporting Info</A></P><P><A href='http://pubs.acs.org/doi/suppl/10.1021/ic101681h'>ACS Electronic Supporting Info</A></P>

Phospholipase Cβ Serves as a Coincidence Detector through Its Ca²⁺ Dependency for Triggering Retrograde Endocannabinoid Signal

Hashimotodani, Yuki,Ohno-Shosaku, Takako,Tsubokawa, Hiroshi,Ogata, Hidenori,Emoto, Ken,Maejima, Takashi,Araishi, Kenji,Shin, Hee-Sup,Kano, Masanobu Elsevier 2005 Neuron Vol.45 No.2

<P><B>Abstract</B></P><P>Endocannabinoids mediate retrograde signal and modulate transmission efficacy at various central synapses. Although endocannabinoid release is induced by either depolarization or activation of G<SUB>q/11</SUB>-coupled receptors, it is markedly enhanced by the coincidence of depolarization and receptor activation. Here we report that this coincidence is detected by phospholipase Cβ1 (PLCβ1) in hippocampal neurons. By measuring cannabinoid-sensitive synaptic currents, we found that the receptor-driven endocannabinoid release was dependent on physiological levels of intracellular Ca<SUP>2+</SUP> concentration ([Ca<SUP>2+</SUP>]<SUB>i</SUB>), and markedly enhanced by depolarization-induced [Ca<SUP>2+</SUP>]<SUB>i</SUB> elevation. Furthermore, we measured PLC activity in intact neurons by using exogenous TRPC6 channel as a biosensor for the PLC product diacylglycerol and found that the receptor-driven PLC activation exhibited similar [Ca<SUP>2+</SUP>]<SUB>i</SUB> dependence to that of endocannabinoid release. Neither endocannabinoid release nor PLC activation was induced by receptor activation in PLCβ1 knockout mice. We therefore conclude that PLCβ1 serves as a coincidence detector through its Ca<SUP>2+</SUP> dependency for endocannabinoid release in hippocampal neurons.</P>