當歸의 種類에 따른 四物湯이 白鼠의 胸部大動脈 血管弛緩에 미치는 影響

김형환,이주호,이제현,안덕균,박성규 대한본초학회 2001 大韓本草學會誌 Vol.16 No.2

We have examined the relaxational reponse to the water extract of Angelica gigas Nakai (AG), A. sinensis(Oliv.) Diels (AS), A. acutiloba Kitagawa (AA), and Four-Substance Decoctions (AG-FSD, AS-FSD, AA-FSD) in isolated thoracic aorta from sprague dawley(SD) rat in the presence and absence of endothelium. Rat thoracic aorta was investigated in vessel segments suspended for isometric tension recording by polygraph. Responses to AG, AS, AA and AG-FSD, AS-FSD, AA-FSD were investigated in vessels precontracted with 5-hydroxytryptamine(5-HT) were compared in vasodilation effect. We found that the thoracic aorta segments responded to AG, AS, AA and AG-FSD, AS-FSD, AA-FSD with a dose-dependent vasodilation. The 5-hydroxytryptamine induced contraction at 10-4M were inhibited by 26.3%, 2.7%, 2.1% and 24.6%, 1.1%, 3.2% after addition of the 0.1 g/㎖ water extract of AG, AS, AA and AG-FSD, AS-FSD, AA-FSD. The 5-hydroxytrptamine induced contraction at 10^-4M with and without endothelium were inhibited by 24.6% and 6.9% after addition of the 0.1 g/㎖ water extract of AG-FSD. In conclusion, AG, AS, AA and AG-FSD, AS-FSD, AA-FSD-induced relaxation in the isolated rat thoracic aorta were composed of dose-dependent relaxation. AG-FSD has very potent vasodilation.

80세 이상 노인 환자에서 시행한 슬관절 전치환술

김규현,고덕환,임신우,김동헌 건국대학교 의과학연구소 2002 건국의과학학술지 Vol.12 No.-

Purpose : The purpose of this study is whether total knee arthroplasty would be an effective procedure in the group over than eighty year-old patients. Materials and Methods : Between 1990 and 2001, 54 cases of the patients who are older than 80 year-old(group A) and 456 cases of the patients who are less than 80 year-old(group B) were treated by total knee arthroplasties and we evaluated the patients by Knee Score of American Knee Society and daily activity. Results : Pain was markedly improved in group A, and 30 of the patients(79%) participate the recreational activities, 32 patients(84%) could shop gloceries after surgery, and only 5 patients(13%) living in the house are neccessary for their family members. The mean knee score was 92 points and 91 points, pain score was 43 points in group A and 39 points in group B, and function score was 61 points in group A and 68 point in group B. Conclusion : Total knee arthroplasty still is a valuable procedure even for this elderly group, and most of these patients returned to a more functional lifestyle.

신체증상 및 기분증상을 주증상으로 호소하는 우울증 환자군의 비교 : In relation with somatic symptoms and stressful life events

김덕호,이상연,장환일 대한적십자사 2000 적십자병원지 Vol.27 No.1

Hypertext를 이용한 교수-학습자료 개발 및 실행 방안에 관한 연구 : 고등학교 공통과학 (화학부문)을 중심으로 Based on High School Common Science (Department of Chemistry)

김성배,정덕영,박종환,김성홍,여수동 慶北大擧校 師範大學 科學敎育硏究所 2000 科學敎育硏究誌 Vol.24 No.-

The necessity of the internet-aided instruction, and the advantages and restrictions of it were widely investigated as theoretical background, and the general principle of designing the instruction, model of procedure in science class, practical design of the internet-aided instruction procedure of it's development and effective approach of web design. On the basis of the above, experiment contents of 10 units in highschool common science (department of chemistry)were reconstructed, and deployment plan for teaching-learning guidance papers for experiments, reports of experiments, individualized problem for evaluation, self-learning references, guidance papers for teaching, figure files for forming concepts and principles were made. Experimental unit of chemical reaction speed which is difficult for the first grade highschool students is established, and it is made a form of CD-ROM title with animation and presentation techniques. As a result, Learning environment which raised learner's motivation was presented. Further more, based on web instruction model and instruction design principle for learning with internet, teaching-learning home page with HTML was made.

『儒林外史』에 반영된 비판의식

김덕환 동양대학교 2008 동양대학교 논문집 Vol.13 No.1

吴敬梓一生以移居南京爲界可分前后兩段. 前期他以聲色犬馬的生活方式遊離于正常的生活軌道之外, 其后家業衰落, 移居南京, 安徽巡撫欲蓄其應博學宏詞試 以病不赴, 晩年益貧困, 卒于揚州. 他雖是名門望族的后代, 小時深受儒家思想的熏陶, 但由于經濟地位的迅速變化, 使他接觸了劳动人民 看到了社會的黑暗和科擧制度的罪惡. 因爲恩想上有進步的一面, 幷且掌握了描寫現實的諷刺手法, 所以才能在晩年寫出『儒林外史』述部十分杰出的崙篇諷刺小設. 本文是『儒林外史』所反映的批判意识, 它通过對各類人物無恥行爲的直實生動的描寫, 深刻地揭露了行將崩潰的封建制度的腐朽性, 强烈地抨击了罪惡的科拳制度, 井涉及了政治制度, 倫理道德, 社會風氣等, 客觀上否定了整個封建制度. 否定, 鞭撻科拳制度, 漣素官僚集圖, 揭露封建札敎, 同情人民群衆.

4,5-bis(hexanoyloxy)의 dodecame 合成 및 그 潤滑性

金鍾大,崔在煥,林得根 嶺南大學校附設 基礎科學硏究所 1985 基礎科學硏究 Vol.5 No.-

4,5-Bis(hexanoyloxy) dodecane was syntheisized from 4,5-dodecanediol which was obtained through continuous reaction steps starting from n-octyl alcohol. All the intermediates and final products were purified by way of distillation or crystallization, and confirmed by IR spectrophotometer and refractometer. Physical properties of the diester synthesized were also determined for the flowing point and solidifying point. It was observed that the flowing point of the diester was under-78℃, and it appeared that the diester synthesized is much more superior to the common mineral lubricant on the base of the solidifying temperature.

미만성 대형 B-세포 림프종에서의 예후인자에 관한 연구

김삼용,곽승근,박상은,윤환중,조덕연,김진만 충남대학교 의학연구소 2003 충남의대잡지 Vol.30 No.2

미만성 대형 B-세포 림프종은 가장 흔한 악성 림프종의 한 종류로서 우리나라에서는 전체 비호지킨 림프종의 50%를 차지한다. 비호지킨 림프종에서 병기는 호지킨병과는 달리 예후 인자로서의 유용성이 적다. 따라서 병기만을 예후 인자로서 평가하는 한계를 극복하기 위해 국제예후지표(International Prognostic Index)가 도입되었다. 특정 환자에서 IPI 점수와 함께 그 환자의 림프종의 생물학적 특성을 분석한다면 예후 예측에서 정확도가 높아질 것이다. 본 연구에서는 미만성 대형 B-세포 림프종에서 국제예후지표의 유용성을 확인하고자 하였으며, 각종 생물학적 지표의 면역화학염색을 통하여 이들을 배세포 중심 아형(germinal center subgroup : 이하 GC양 아형으로 약함)과 활성화 B-세포 아형(post-germinal center subgroup; 이후 pGC양 아형으로 약함)으로 분류하고 이들의 예후 예측에 대한 적절성을 평가하였다. 결과는 다음과 같다. 1. 연령분포는 37세에서 69세로 중앙치는 56세이었으며, 남자는 17예(65.4%), 여자가 9예(34.6%)였다. 병기는 Ⅰ, Ⅱ, Ⅲ, Ⅳ기가 각각 2예(7.7%), 11예 (42.3%), 5예(19.2%), 8예(30.8%)였다. 'B'증상은 5예(19.2%)에서 양성이었다. 진단 당시 혈청 LDH치가 상승한 경우가 11예(42.3%)였고, 거대종양(직경이 10㎝이상)을 갖는 경우가 5예(19.2%)이었다. ECOG 수행등급은 0이 2예(7.7%), 1이 18예(69.2%), 2가 5예(19.2%), 3이 1예(3.8%)이었다. 2. 면역조직화학염색 상 bcl-2의 양성은 17예(65.4%), bcl-6의 양성이 20예(76.9%)이었다. CD10이 양성인 경우가 5예(19.2%)이었다. IRF-4가 양성인 경우는 8예(30.8%)였다. 26명의 환자에서 bcl-6, CD10과 IRF-4를 이용하여 GC양 아형과 pGC양 아형으로 분류 하였는데, GC양 아형은 14예(53.8%)이었고, pGC양 아형은 7예(26.9%), 분류가 되지 않는 경우가 5예(19.3%)이었다. 3. 평균 48개월 동안 추적한 결과 중앙생존기간은 44개월이었고 생존기간은 1~100+개월에 분포하였다. Kaplan-Meier법에 의한 5년 누적 생존률은 32%이었다. 4. 병기, 'B' 증상, 혈청 LDH 농도, ECOG 수행등급, 거대종양유무가 통계학적으로 의미있는 임상적 예후 인자였다. 5. 면연조직화학염색에서는 bcl-2만이 통계학적으로 유의한 예후인자였다. 6. GC양 아형은 pGC양 아형에 비해 생존기간은 좋았으나, 통계학적 유의성은 없었다. 7. 다변량 분석결과 bcl-2 발현과 혈청 LDH치만이 예후에 영향을 미쳤다. Clinical Significanceof Expression of Biomarkers in Patients with Diffuse Large B-cell Lymphoma Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma(DLBL) is the most common type of lymphoma in Korea, representing about 50% of non-Hodgkin's Lymphomas. Although DLBL is usually considered as a specific category, the diversity in clinical presentation, morphology, genetic and molecular alterations strongly suggest that these tumors represent a heterogeneous group of neoplasia rather than a single clinicopathological entity. Clinical prognostic systems, including the International Prognostic Index (IPI), although useful to assess overall prognosis, embraces patients with heterogeneous prognoses. It is likely that the prognostic assessment of patients with DLBL might be improved by using biological features. During the last decade, most studies dealing with the heterogeneity of DLBL have focused on individual protein expression and molecular alterations. The expression of individual antigens related to different stages of B-cell differentiation, including CD10, bcl-6, and IRF-4, may help to define groups of tumors with different clinical and pathological characteristics. To determine the clinical significance and prognostic value of individual biomarker expression and the biomarker expression patterns according to germinal center subgroup or post-germinal center subgroup of DLBL as defined by a relatively small number of single antigens, we studied 26 patients with de novo DLBL, whose archival pathology specimen were available for immunohistochemistry studies, atChungnam National University Hospital from September 1992 to December 2000. Archival specimens from each patient were immunostained with respective antibodies for CD10, bcl-6, IRF-4, bcl-2 antigens. Two immunophenotyping profiles were distinguished according to the pattern of differentiation; germinal center(GC;CD10/Bcl-6+/IRF-4-) subgroup or postgerminal center (pGC ; CD10/bcl-6/IRF4+) subgroup. The results are as follows; 1) Baseline characteristics of patients were ; median age of patients was 56(range ; 37-69). 17 patients(65.4%) were male. 5 patients(l9.2%) had 'B' symptoms. Stages were as follows ; stage Ⅰ2 patients(7.7%), stage Ⅱ 11 patients(42.3%), stage Ⅲ 5 patients(l9.2%), stage Ⅳ 8 patients(30.8%). 11 patients (42.3%) had elevated LDH levels. 25 patients(96.2%) had ECOG performance grade 0-Ⅱ and 1 patient had grade Ⅲ. 5 patients(l9.2%) bad bulky disease. 2) The results of immunohistochemical study were as follows ; positive bcl-2 staining in 17 patients(65.4%), positive bcl-6 in 20 patients(76.1%), positive CD10 in 5 patients(l9.2%), positive IRF-4 staining in 8 patients (30.8%). 3) After a median follow up duration of 48 months, the median survival duration was 44 months with a range of survival of 1-100+ months. 5-year overall survival rate was 32% by Kaplan-Meier method. 4) The clinical factors affecting survival were elevated serum LDH level, B symptoms, bulky disease, stage at diagnosis and ECOG performance status 5) Among the biomarkers, only bcl-2 expression affected survival of DLBL patients 6) The germinal center like subgroup had superior survival than post-germinal center like subgroup but had no statistical significance. 7) Multivariate analysis showed that bcl-2 and serum LDH level had siginificance on survival Conclusion In addition to the known clinical prognostic factors, immunohistochemically defined characteristics such as bcl-2 expressionin DLBL is important and subgroups(germinal center or post-germinal center subgroup) of DLBL may have importance in predicting prognosis of DLBL patients

豫測方法에 관하여 : 마케팅을 중심으로

金恒錫,盧德煥,梁鍾烈 군산대학교 1987 論文集 Vol.14 No.-

This paper review the emprical research on forecasting in marketing.We offer a framework for discussing forecasts in the area of marketing, and then review the literatare in light of that framework.Particular emphasis is given to pragmatic interpretation of the literature and finding.We hope to (1) summarize the more important empirical research that relates to the choice and application of forecasting methods in marketing, (2) show how the research from this special issue links with the existing research on the forecasting and (3) provide an agenda for furture research. The paper is organized to Provide a framework for forcasting and then to examine research contributions within that framework. Exhibit 1.A Framework for Forecasts in Marketing. This paper is centered around what forecasts are needs.These needs are listed as A Framework for Forecasts in Marketing.(page 4) Significant gains have been made in forecasting for marketing in the past quarter century.Advances have occurred in the development of qualitative methods such as delphi, role playing, intentions and opinion surveys and bootstrapping.They have also occurred for quantitative methods suchas extrapolation and econometrics.The challenge now is to build up experience in applying these methods so generalizations can be made about which methods are most appropriate in the different areas where forecast are needs in marketing.The evidence and research needs discussed in this paper are now summarized.

주침 수치 방법에 따른 種大黃이 백서의 흉부대동맥 혈관이완에 미치는 영향

김형환,이현경,강순아,안덕균,박성규 대한본초학회 2004 大韓本草學會誌 Vol.19 No.1

Objectives: We have examined the relaxative response to the water extract of Rheum undulatuum (ERU) and water extract of alcohol processed Rheum unddatum (ARU) with isolated thoracic aorta from sprague dawley (SD) rat Methods: Rat thoracic aorta was investigated in vessel segments suspended for isometric tension recording by polygraph. Responses to ERU and ARU were investigated in vessels precontracted with 5- hydroxytryptamine(5-HT). Results: We found that the thoracic aorta segments responded to ERU and ARU with a dose-dependent vasorelaxation. 1. The thoracic aorta segments responded to ERU and ARU with a dose-dependent vasodilation. 2. The amounts of emodin were 0.063% and 0.076% in ERU and ARU, respectable. 3. The 5-HT induced contraction at 10^(-4) were inhibited by 85.2±4.76% and 83.4*8.82% after addition of the 0.lmg/mL. water extract of ERU and ARU. 4. The 5-HT induced contraction at l0^(-3)% were inhibited by 100% after 10^(-3) emodin. Conclusion: In conclusion, vasodilation effect of the water extract of Rheum undulatum L. in rat thoracic aorta was not decreased according to the alcohol processing of Rheum undulatum L.

주정중독에서의 근전도 바이오피드백의 치료적 적용에 관한 연구

김철규,황상종,장덕환 大韓神經精神醫學會 1986 신경정신의학 Vol.25 No.4

For the purpose of the therapeutic application of EMG biofeedback in the alcoholism, the authors investigated the tension-reduction hypothesis and the capability of reducing tension in alcoholics by EMG biofeedback. 21 alcoholics who were admitted to seoul National Mental Hospital from Jan. 1986 to Jun. 1986 and 21 control subjects entered for the experiment. A comparison between alcoholics and control subjects regarding frontalis muscle tension during 5 minutes of baseline recording on the first session was performed to examine the tension-reduction hypothesis indirectly. The data of muscle tension during 5 sessions of biofeedback training in both groups were analyzed to investigate the relative abilities of alcoholic subjects for neuromuscular learning, hypothesizing that alcoholics are less capable of reducing tension by nonalcoholic means than most people. The results were as follows; 1) Alcoholics(2.64±1.41μ) displayed a higher mean baseline level of frontalis muscle tension than did nonalcoholics (1.40±0.44μ) demonstrated by statistically significant difference. 2) Comparing the results of ANOVA by training condition at each session, a significant difference was found from the 3rd session in alcoholics and from the 4th session in nonalcoholics. 3) Comparing the results of t-test of mean muscle tension between types of three training conditions during each of the 5 sessions, BF(Biofeedback) group had a statistically significant difference in comparison with NF(No feedback) group or FF(False feedback) group in alcoholics and nonalcoholics. 4) The above-mentioned 2nd and 3rd results made in apparent that alcoholics can learn to reduce frontalis muscle tension by EMG biofeedback. 5) Comparison between below 2.0 μV and above 3.0 μV of baseline subgroup in alcoholics was performed, and there was a significant difference in age and duration of enforced abstinence.