Projections of summertime ozone concentration over East Asia under multiple IPCC SRES emission scenarios

Lee, Jae-Bum,Cha, Jun-Seok,Hong, Sung-Chul,Choi, Jin-Young,Myoung, Ji-Su,Park, Rokjin J.,Woo, Jung-Hun,Ho, Changhoi,Han, Jin-Seok,Song, Chang-Keun Elsevier 2015 Atmospheric environment Vol.106 No.-

<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>We have developed the Integrated Climate and Air Quality Modeling System (ICAMS) through the one-way nesting of global–regional models to examine the changes in the surface ozone concentrations over East Asia under future climate scenarios. Model simulations have been conducted for the present period of 1996–2005 to evaluate the performance of ICAMS. The simulated surface ozone concentrations reproduced the observed monthly mean concentrations at sites in East Asia with high R<SUP>2</SUP> values (0.4–0.9), indicating a successful simulation to capture both spatial and temporal variability. We then performed several model simulations with the six IPCC SRES scenarios (A2, A1B, A1FI, A1T, B1, and B2) for the next three periods, 2016–2025 (the 2020s), 2046–2055 (the 2050s), and 2091–2100 (the 2090s). The model results show that the projected changes of the annual daily mean maximum eight-hour (DM8H) surface ozone concentrations in summertime for East Asia are in the range of 2–8 ppb, −3 to 8 ppb, and −7 to 9 ppb for the 2020s, the 2050s, and the 2090s, respectively, and are primarily determined based on the emission changes of NO<SUB>x</SUB> and NMVOC. The maximum increases in the annual DM8H surface ozone and high-ozone events occur in the 2020s for all scenarios except for A2, implying that the air quality over East Asia is likely to get worse in the near future period (the 2020s) than in the far future periods (the 2050s and the 2090s). The changes in the future environment based on IPCC SRES scenarios would also influence the change in the occurrences of high-concentrations events more greatly than that of the annual DM8H surface ozone concentrations. Sensitivity simulations show that the emissions increase is the key factor in determining future regional surface ozone concentrations in the case of a developing country, China, whereas a developed country, Japan would be influenced more greatly by effects of the regional climate change than the increase in emissions.</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P> <P> <UL> <LI> Change in ozone level is determined by the combination of NO<SUB>x</SUB> and NMVOC emissions. </LI> <LI> Ozone level over East Asia would get worse in the near future (the 2020s) than far future. </LI> <LI> A high-concentration event generally increases and more frequently occurs in the future. </LI> <LI> Change in ozone air quality in a developing country depends more on emissions change. </LI> <LI> Change in ozone air quality in a developed country depends more on climate change. </LI> </UL> </P>

가강수량의 변화패턴과 기후인자와의 상관성 분석

이다래 ( Darae Lee ),한경수 ( Kyung Soo Han ),권채영 ( Chaeyoung Kwon ),이경상 ( Kyeong Sang Lee ),서민지 ( Minji Seo ),최성원 ( Sungwon Choi ),성노훈 ( Noh Hun Seong ),이창석 ( Chang Suk Lee ) 대한원격탐사학회 2016 大韓遠隔探査學會誌 Vol.32 No.3

수증기는 지구 장파 복사에너지의 주요 흡수인자이다. 따라서 수증기량의 변화를 모니터링하고 변화의 원인을 세밀하게 조사하는 것은 필수적이다. 본 연구에서는 위성관측에 의해 얻어지는 Total Precipitable Water (TPW)자료를 사용하여 가강수량의 변화패턴을 모니터링 하고자 한다. 또한 기후인자들 중 수증기를 통해 생성되어 수증기의 변화패턴을 분석하는데 있어 중요한 역할을 하는 강수량과 다른 기후인 자들에 비해 비교적 주기적으로 나타나는 엘니뇨를 통해 가강수량의 변화패턴과 기후인자와의 상관성분석을 실시하고자 한다. 본 연구에서는 TERRA/AQUA 위성의 Moderate-Resolution Imaging Spectroadiometer (MODIS) 센서를 통해 관측된 TPW의 장기적인 변화와 한반도 중남부지방의 강수량변화를 정량적으로 분석 하고, 이들의 관계를 엘니뇨와 함께 비교하였다. 이를 통해 엘니뇨의 발생이 한반도 중남부지방의 강수량과 TPW의 변화에 영향을 주고 있는 지에 대해 조사하고자 한다. 먼저, 시계열 분석을 통해 TPW와 중남부지방 강수량의 변화를 정량적으로 산출하고 anomaly분석을 통해 이들의 변화를 세밀하게 분석한 결과 서로 반대 의 양상을 띠는 부분이 발견되어 엘니뇨의 anomaly분석결과와 비교하였다. 그 결과 대부분 같은 양상을 띠고 있던 TPW와 강수량이 엘니뇨가 발생한 후 서로 반대의 양상을 띠는 것을 확인하였다. Water vapor is main absorption factor of outgoing longwave radiation. So, it is essential to monitoring the changes in the amount of water vapor and to understanding the causes of such changes. In this study, we monitor temporal variability of Total Precipitable Water (TPW) which observed by satellite. Among climate variables, precipitation play an important part to analyze temporal variability of water vapor because it is produced by water vapor. And El Nino is one of climate variables which appear regularly in comparison with the others. Through them, we analyze relationship between temporal variability of TPW and climate variable. In this study, we analyzed long-term change of TPW from Moderate-Resolution Imaging Spectroadiometer (MODIS) data and change of precipitation in middle area of Korea peninsula quantitatively. After these analysis, we compared relation of TPW and precipitation with El Nino. The aim of study is to research El Nino has an impact on TPW and precipitation change in middle area of Korea peninsula. First of all, we calculated TPW and precipitation from time series analysis quantitatively, and anomaly analysis is performed to analyze their correlation. As a result, TPW and precipitation has correlation mostly but the part had inverse correlation was found. This was compared with El Nino of anomaly results. As a result, TPW and precipitation had inverse correlation after El Nino occurred. It was found that El Nino have a decisive effect on change of TPW and precipitation.

만성 신부전증 환자의 중증 고혈당에 따른 의식변화 결핍에 대한 연구

박은주,강성귀,한상웅,김호중,이창범,임천규,박성광,윤경택,위형중,안유헌 대한신장학회 2000 Kidney Research and Clinical Practice Vol.19 No.6

In diabetic patients who were being treated with hemodialysis, coma and other neurological deficits did not occur in spite of extremely elevated serum glucose levels. In this report, we compared diabetic patients with renal failure in severe hyperglycemia with nonketotic hyperosmolar coma patients with normal renal function to know what affect mental changes. Mental changes were not present in diabetic patients with renal failure. These patients with renal failure showed more severe hyperglycemia, but corrected serum sodium concentration and calculated effective serum osmolality were low. So it is suggested that corrected serum sodium concentration and effective serum osmolality are more important factor affecting mental changes than high blood glucose levels in diabetic patients with renal failure, due to absence of osmotic diuresis.

정신분열병에 대한 리스페리돈의 효과 및 안정성

이민수,김용구,김영훈,연병길,오병훈,윤도준,윤진상,이철,정희연,강병조,김광수,김동언,김명정,김상훈,김희철,나철,노승호,민경준,박기창,박두병,백기청,백인호,손봉기,손진욱,양병환,양창국,우행원,이정호,이종범,이홍식,임기영,전태연,정영조,정영철,정인과,정인원,지익성,채정호,한상익,한선호,한진희,서광윤 大韓神經精神醫學會 1998 신경정신의학 Vol.37 No.1

연구목적 : 본 시험의 목적은 임상시험 시작전에 연구자들을 대상으로 PANSS Workshop을 통하여 PANSS, ESRS에 대한 국내에서의 표준화 작업을 구축하고 새로운 정신병 치료제인 리스페리돈의 효과와 안정성을 재확인하여 리스페리돈 사용에 대한 적정화를 이루는데 있다. 연구방법 : 1996년 4월부터 1996년 9월까지 국내 39개 대학병원 정신과에 입원중인 혹은 증상이 악화되어 입원하는 정신분열병 환자 377명을 대상으로 다시설 개방 연구를 시행하였다. 1주일간의 약물 배설기간을 가진후, 리스페리돈을 8주간 투여하였고, 기준점, 1주, 2주, 4주, 그리고 8주후에 평가되었다. 용량은 제1일에는 리스페리돈 1mg씩 1일 2회, 제2일에는 2mg씩 1일 2회, 제3∼7일에는 3mg씩 1일 2회 투여하였다. 이후 환자의 임상상태에 따라 임의로 증량할 수 있으며, 최대 일일 16mg을 초과하지 않도록 하였다. 추체외로 증상을 조절하기 위한 투약을 허용하였다. 임상증상 및 부작용의 평가는 PANSS(Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale), CGI(Clinical Global Impression) 그리고 ESRS(Extrapyramidal Symptom Rating Scale)을 사용하였다. 연구결과 : 377명중 343명(91%)이 8주간의 연구를 완결하였다. 치료 종결시점인 8주후 PANSS 총점수가 20% 이상 호전된 경우를 약물 반응군으로 정의할때, 약물반응군은 81.3%였다. 리스페리돈에 반응하는 예측인자로는 발병연령, 이전의 입원 횟수, 유병기간이 관련 있었다. 리스페리돈은 1주후부터 PANSS양성, 음성, 및 일반정신병리 점수상에 유의한 호전을 보여 효과가 빨랐다. CGI의 경우도 기준점에 비해 1주후부터 유의한 감소를 나타내었다. ESRS의 경우, 파킨슨 평가점수는 기준점과 비교해 투여 1주, 2주, 4주후 유의하게 증가되었다가 8주후 기준점과 차이가 없었다. Dystonia 평가점수는 1주후만 유의한 증가를 보였으며, dyskinesia 평가점수는 유의한 차이가 없었다. 혈압, 맥박수의 생명징후 및 일반 혈액학 검사, 생화학적 검사, 심전도 검사에서 유의한 변화는 없었다. 결 론 : 이상의 다시설 개방 임상 연구를 통해 리스페리돈은 정신분열병 환자에서 양성증상뿐만 아니라 음성증상 및 전반적인 증상에도 효과적인 것으로 사료된다. 보다 명확한 평가를 위해서는 다른 항정신병약물과의 이중맹검 연구가 필요할 것으로 생각되며, 또한 장기적 치료에 대한 평가도 함께 이루어져야 하겠다. Objective : The purpose of this study was to investigate the efficacy and safety of risperidone in the treatment of Korean schizophrenic patients. Method : This multicenter open study included 377 schizophrenic patients drawn from 39 university hospitals. After a wash-out period of 1 week, the schizophrenic patients were treated with risperidone for 8 weeks and evaluated at 5 points ; at baseline, and 1, 2, 4 and 8 weeks of treatment. The dose was increased from 2mg/day(1mg twice daily) to 6mg/day(3mg twice daily) during the first week and adjusted to a maximum of 16mg/day over the next 7 weeks according to the patient's clinical response. Medication to control extrapyramidal symptoms was permitted. The psychiatric and neurological status of the patients was assessed by PANSS, CGI, and ESRS scales. Results : 343(91%) of 377 patients completed the 8-week trial period. Clinical improvement, as defined by a 20% or more reduction in total PANSS score at end point, was shown by 81.3% of patients. The predictors of response to risperidone were associated older age, shorter duration of illness, fewer previous hospitalization. Risperidone had rapid onset of action ; a significant decrease of the total PANSS and three PANSS factor(positive, negative, general), and CGI was already noticed at the end of first week. For the ESRS, parkinsonism rating scores were significantly increased until week 4 comparing with baseline. Dystonia rating scores were significantly increased until week 1, and dyskinesia rating scores were not significantly changed during the study. Laboratory parameters including vital sign, EKG, hematological, and biochemical values showed no significant changes during the trial. Conclusions : This study suggests that risperidone is generally safe and effective against both the positive and negative symptoms in our group of patients.

〈관동별곡〉 해석의 문학교육적 의미망

한창훈 한국문학교육학회 2005 문학교육학 Vol.16 No.-

Reading is the basis and the core of literature education. Students develop their literary abilities by reading. This study has emphasized the significance of pointing out literature educational value of 〈Kwandongeolgok〉. Though things have changed greatly, still in the most classes 〈Kwandongbyeolgok〉 is thaught in an established form. Teachers explain the grammatical or linguistic knowledge necessary to read 〈Kwandongbyeolgok〉. But such teachings can not interest students in the work, in the end they can not accomplish the basic purpose of classic literature education, extending experience and horizontal of life. Through the favorable comments of the day, 〈Kwandongbyeolgok〉 have been a canon of korean literature. Using a expression form. Kasa 〈Kwandongbyeolgok〉 describe the magnificent view of 〈Kwandongbyeolgok〉 and literary hereditary customs connected with 〈Kwandongbyeolgok〉. It seems that lighting up a new feature of object through the similarities between situations can be a useful method of recreating a canon. Recreating canons is the important purpose of classical literature education. Sometimes a literary work which was rated high and known widely becomes lost in oblivion. Because readers can not understand esthetic ground of the literary work. The narrator of 〈Kwandongbyeolgok〉 pursues an ideal at the same time purposes to harmonize the ideal and reality. On that point 〈Kwandongbyeolgok〉 is very distinctive in contrast with other works of the day. The author of 〈Kwandongbyeolgok〉 treats with the theme, pursuit of humanity through the form of Kihangkasa paradoxically and seriously.

RC 띠장-철골 보 접합부의 고정도를 고려한 지하골조 비선형해석

한창헌,김승훈,서수연,이리형 대한건축학회 2001 대한건축학회 학술발표대회 논문집 - 계획계/구조계 Vol.21 No.2

The purpose of this paper is to investigate the variation of the structural behavior of the underground members in building when the rigidity of RC wale-steel beam joint changes. To accomplish the purpose, nonlinear analysis is performed using DRAIN-2DX program. In the analysis, variables are the magnitude of lateral forces and flexural rigidity of the joint in which RC wale and steel beam is connected by stud connector. The flexural rigidity is calculated using flexural beam theory, compared to previous test results. From the comparison, it was shown that the flexural rigidity of the joint with stud connector can be predicted well by using the process. Nonlinear analyses show that it is possible to decrease the moment at the mid-span of beam by increasing the rigidity of the joint.

흰쥐 신경계 발달에 따른 전압의존성칼슘채널 α₁ subunits(α_1D, α_1B, α_1A, α_1E)유전자들의 발현에 관한 연구

김창미,한승훈,한상준,김동연,이경상,전용혁 대한해부학회 1998 Anatomy & Cell Biology Vol.31 No.5

중등학교 문학교육에서 정의적 영역 평가의 문제

한창훈 한국문학교육학회 2003 문학교육학 Vol.12 No.-

This is a study on the evaluation of emotional reception in teaching literature in middle and high school. The contents of it is summarized as follows. 1. To evaluate the emotional receptions of students, we must to considerate the linguistic elements of the literary text which is given as a object of teaching. Through those linguistic elements, students receive cognitively the literary text given as a object of learning. 2. However, the linguistic elements of the literary text are not fixed. This is the main base on which we can evaluate emotional reception of students in teaching literature. 3. However, we must not value all responses to the literary text of students. We must only lead students to make emotional response to the literary text. At this time, we should make the linguistic elements of the literary text or the context in which the literary text is placed a precondition. 4. Therefore, the important thing is the abilities of students to explain conditions, the linguistic elements of a literary text or context in which a literary text is placed, to lead them to make emotional response to the literary text. It is the object of evaluation.

저온환경이 백서의 신장기능과 심방이뇨호르몬 농도에 미치는 영향

한상헌,조경우,강창원,김선희,김향 대한내분비학회 1993 Endocrinology and metabolism Vol.8 No.2

It has been known that chronic cold exposure resulted inn a sustained increase in blood pressure in rats. The mechanism reponsible for the cold-induced hypertension is still unknown. It is the purpose of the present experiments to explore the renal and hormonal effects of chronic cold exposure in rats. Chronic cold exposure for 2 weeks from 25℃ to 4℃ resulted in increases in urin vlume, UNaV, UKV and positive water balance. Chromic cold exposure also increased urinary excretion of creatinine. Chronic cold exposure(25℃ to 4℃) decreased plasma renin activity and increased plasma level of atrial natriuretic peptide. However, ANP mRNA content of atrium did not change. These data suggest that the plasma levels of atrial natriuretic peptide as well as renin activity are involved in the regulation of body fluid and electrolytes metabolism in chronic cold exposed rats. (J Kor Soc Endocrinol 8:134~140, 1993)

NDWI를 활용한 한반도 지역의 산림 캐노피에 대한 water stress 평가

성노훈 ( No Hun Seong ),서민지 ( Min Ji Seo ),이경상 ( Kyeong Sang Lee ),이창석 ( Chang Suk Lee ),김현지 ( Hyun Ji Kim ),최성원 ( Sung Won Choi ),한경수 ( Kyung Soo Han ) 대한원격탐사학회 2015 大韓遠隔探査學會誌 Vol.31 No.2

잎의 수분 함유량은 식물의 건강상태를 나타내는 중요한 척도 중 하나로써, 이를 원격탐사를 활용하여 모니터링 하는 것은 산림관리에 있어서 매우 중요하다. 본 연구에서는 식생 캐노피의 수분량을 연구하는데 유용한 지수인 Normalized Difference Water Index (NDWI)를 이용하여 한반도 산림의 water stress 정도를 알아보고자 한다. SPOT/VEGETATION S10 채널자료를 1999년부터 2013년까지 취득하여 NDWI 를 산출하였고, 데이터의 노이즈를 제거하기 위하여 단순이동평균, NDWI의 시간적 변화를 파악하기 위하여standardized anomaly를 수행했으며, 직관적인 모니터링을 위해 NDWI anomaly를 등급화 하였다. 또한 피해면적 150 ha 이상의 대형 산불과 비교 검증을 통해, 산림 캐노피의 water stress 평가 인자로서 Leaf water content is one of important indicators that shows states of vegetation. It is important to monitor vegetation water content using remote sensing for forest management. In this study, we investigated the degree of water stress in Korean peninsula with Normalized Difference Water Index (NDWI) to study the water content of vegetation canopy. We calculated the NDWI using SPOT/ VEGETATION S10 channel data over forest from 1999 to 2013. We calculated Simple Moving Average (SMA) to remove temporal noises of NDWI in time series, and used standardized anomaly to investigate temporal changes. We classified the NDWI anomalies into three scales (low, moderate, and high) in order to monitor intuitively. We also investigated suitability of the NDWI as an evaluation criterion about water stress of vegetation canopy by comparing and verifying forest fires damaged area over 150 ha. Consequently, huge forest fire occurred 24 times during the study period. Also, negative anomalies appeared in every forest fire location and their neighboring areas. In particular, we found huge forest fires where NDWI anomalies were in ‘high’ scale.