Projections of high resolution climate changes for South Korea using multiple-regional climate models based on four RCP scenarios. Part 1: surface air temperature

Suh, M. S.,Oh, S. G.,Lee, Y. S.,Ahn, J. B.,Cha, D. H.,Lee, D. K.,Hong, S. Y.,Min, S. K.,Park, S. C.,Kang, H. S. SPRINGER SCIENCE AND BUSINESS MEDIA 2016 Asia-Pacific Journal of Atmospheric Sciences Vol.52 No.2

<P>We projected surface air temperature changes over South Korea during the mid (2026-2050) and late (2076-2100) 21st century against the current climate (1981-2005) using the simulation results from five regional climate models (RCMs) driven by Hadley Centre Global Environmental Model, version 2, coupled with the Atmosphere- Ocean (HadGEM2-AO), and two ensemble methods (equal weighted averaging, weighted averaging based on Taylor's skill score) under four Representative Concentration Pathways (RCP) scenarios. In general, the five RCM ensembles captured the spatial and seasonal variations, and probability distribution of temperature over South Korea reasonably compared to observation. They particularly showed a good performance in simulating annual temperature range compared to HadGEM2-AO. In future simulation, the temperature over South Korea will increase significantly for all scenarios and seasons. Stronger warming trends are projected in the late 21st century than in the mid-21st century, in particular under RCP8.5. The five RCM ensembles projected that temperature changes for the mid/late 21st century relative to the current climate are +1.54A degrees C/+1.92A degrees C for RCP2.6, +1.68A degrees C/+2.91A degrees C for RCP4.5, +1.17A degrees C/+3.11A degrees C for RCP6.0, and +1.75A degrees C/+4.73A degrees C for RCP8.5. Compared to the temperature projection of HadGEM2-AO, the five RCM ensembles projected smaller increases in temperature for all RCP scenarios and seasons. The inter-RCM spread is proportional to the simulation period (i.e., larger in the late-21st than mid-21st century) and significantly greater (about four times) in winter than summer for all RCP scenarios. Therefore, the modeled predictions of temperature increases during the late 21st century, particularly for winter temperatures, should be used with caution.</P>

protoplast-fusion에 依한 澱粉에서 Ethanol의 單段醱酵能 酵母 開發 : I. Characteristics of two yeast strains and conditions for the protoplast formation and reeneration as a preliminary step in interspecific protoplast-fusion I. Interspecific Protoplast-fusion 을 爲한 酵母菌林의 諸特性과 Protoplast 調製 및 Regeneration 條件

吳秉夏,黃殷成,李炯周,李啓瑚,朴官和,張海東,徐鉉昌 서울大學校農科大學 1984 서울대농학연구지 Vol.9 No.1

澱粉으로 부터의 alcohol 醱酵能을 增進시키기 爲하여 澱粉糖化性 菌株인 Saccharomyces diastaticus와 優秀한 alcohol 醱酵性 菌株인 Saccharomyces uvarum을 母菌株로 하여 이들간의 同屬異種間 原形質融合(interspecific protoplast fusion)을 通한 優秀한 澱粉醱酵 性 alcohol 生産性 菌株를 새로이 開發할 目的에서 다음과 같은 一漣의 實驗結果를 얻었다. S. diastaticus의 醱酵液과 S. diastaticus+S. uvarum 混合醱酵液의 風味特性등을 確認하였다. 風味成分 抽出은 methylene chloride와 diethylether를 가지고 neutral flavor fraction과 acidic flavor fraction으로 나누었고 gas chromatography를 通하여 同定 및 定量하였다. Neutral flavor fraction의 경우 S. diastaticus+S. uvarum 混合醱酵液이 S. diastaticus 醱酵液보다, ester成分中에서는 ethyl acetate와 ethyl undecanoate가 더 많았고, alcohol 成分中에서는 n-propanol과 n-butanol이 더 많았다. Acidic flavor fraction의 경우 C??~C?? fatty acid가 同定 및 定量되었는데 S. diastaticus+S. uvarum 混合醱酵液이 S. diastaticus 醱酵液보다 lauric acid, caprylic acid, capric acid 含量이 두드러지게 많았다. S. diastaticus의 glucoamylase 生産性, glucoamylase의 分離 精製, 酵素力價 그리고 酵素學的 特性에서 optimum pH는 5.0, optimum temperature는 55℃ 이었다. S. diastaticus와 S. uvarum을 母菌株로 이들 간의 protoplast fusion을 위한 基礎的인 硏究로서 두 菌株의 諸特性과 protoplast調製의 最適條件을 決定하고 protoplast의 regeneration 條件의 確立을 도모하였다.두 菌의 生育曲線에서 모두 培養開始 7~8 時間만에 對數期 中期에 到達되었으므로 protoplast 調製는 이 時期의 細胞를 쓰기로 하였다. Generation time은 S. diastaticus가 1.04, S. uvarum이 1.38 時間이었다. 細胞의 크기는 S. diastaticus 44.10?㎛³, S. uvarum 99.67㎛³로 S. uvarum이 2倍나 컸다. DNA 含量은 細胞 當 S. diastaticus 44.3fg, S. uvarum 37.6fg이었다. 30% glucose 및 soluble starch에 대한 두 菌株의 ethanol 醱酵能은 glucose에 對하여 S. uvarum 11.4%, S. diastaticus 8.9% 이었고 soluble starch에 對하여는 S. diastaticus 만이 6.9%이었다. 두 菌株는 generation time, 細胞크기 및 DNA 含量 等으로 보아 diploid strain임을 알 수 있었고, 融合株 選拔을 위한 marker 로는 Sacch. uvarum의 melibiose 資化能의 차이를 利用할 수 있음을 밝혔다. Protoplast의 調製에는 β-glucuronidase와 Zymoyase를 使用하였는데 두 酵素 反應最適條件은 β-glucuronidase는 pH 8.0에서 10% 濃度의 溶液으로, Zymolyase는 pH7.5에서 20㎛/ml의 濃度의 溶液으로 하여 모두 70分間 處理하는 것으로 決定하였으나 이 정도의 處理時間에서는 protoplast가 극히 不安定하게 되어 regeneration frequency가 떨어지는 것을 確認하였으며, 特히 Zymolyase 處理로 얻어진 protoplast의 regeneration率이 낮은 것은 Zymolyase中에 不純物로 微量 混在한 protease가 protoplast의 노출된 membrane-bound protein을 分解함으로써 protoplast를 破壞시키기 때문인 것으로 추측되었다. 融合實驗에 利用할 수 있을 정도의 regeneration frequency를 얻기 위해서는 Zymolyase를 45分間 處理하여 얻은 protoplast를 1.5%의 polyvinylpyrrolicone이 加해진 OYPD培地에서 重層法으로 展開하여 regeneration시키는 것이 좋은 것으로 판명되었다. As preliminary steps of protoplast fusion between Saccharomyces diastaticus and S. uvarum to develop a fusant of higher ethanol production from starch, characteristics of the two presumptive parent strains, optimal conditions for protoplast preparation and conditions for highrer regeneration frequency were investigated. To determine flavor characteristics of the parent strains, neutral and acidic flavor fractions were extracted from liquids fermented by S. diastaticus and S. diastaticus + S. uvarum with methylene chloride and diethly ether. The liquid by the mixed culture produced more ethly acetate, ethyl undecanoate, n-propanol, n-butanol, lauric acid, caprylic acid and capric acid than that by S. diastaticus. Glucoamylase from S. diastaticus was purified and activity, productivity, and characteristics were determined. Optimum conditions for the enzyme were pH 5.0 and 55℃. The two strains reached logarithmic phase in 7-8h during growth and the generation time was 1.04 in S. diastaticus and 1.38 in S. uvarum. Cell size and DNA content per cell of S. diastaticus were 44.10㎛³and 44.3 fg, and for S. uvarum, 99.67㎛³and 37.6fg. Ethanol productivities of S. diastaticus were 8.9% from 30% glucose and 6.9% from 30% starch and 11.4% from glucose with S. uvarum. Through determination of generation time, cell size, and DNA content per cell, both strains appeared as diploids, and differences in assimilability of melibiose and soluble starch of the two strains were selected as markers to determine the fusant. The optimal condition for protoplast formation was treatment of both strains with 10% ß-glucuronidase at pH 8.0 or 20㎍/ml Zymolyase at pH 7.5 for 70 min. While the regeneration frequencies were very low at 70min exposure to Zymolyase because of the instability of protoplasts, the yeasts treated for 45min were better for regeneration. The regeneration frequencies were also enhanced by 3-6 times when the regeration was carried out with 1.5% polyvinylpyrrolidone which stabilized protoplasts.

국내 감염성 질환 병원체의 성상 분석을 통한 표준 실험실 체계 구축 : 우리나라의 AIDS reagent 프로그램 개발 및 국내 HIV/AIDS 물질 자원화

강춘,남정구,김성순,최병선,김옥진,김재인,이성래,구본기,서순덕,이주실,조해월 국립보건연구원 1999 국립보건원보 Vol.36 No.-

The effects of mesenchymal stem cells injected via different routes on modified IL-12-mediated antitumor activity

Seo, S H,Kim, K S,Park, S H,Suh, Y S,Kim, S J,Jeun, S-S,Sung, Y C Nature Publishing Group 2011 Gene Therapy Vol.18 No.5

<P>Owing to its tumor tropism and prolonged transgene expression, mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) has been considered as an ideal delivery vehicle for cancer gene therapies or therapeutic vaccines. In this study, we demonstrated that intratumoral (i.t.) injection of MSCs expressing modified interleukin-12 (MSCs/IL-12M) exhibited stronger tumor-specific T-cell responses and antitumor effects as well as more sustained expressions of IL-12 and interferon (IFN)-γ in both sera and tumor sites than did IL-12M-expressing adenovirus (rAd/IL-12M) in mice bearing both solid and metastatic tumors. Subcutaneous (s.c.) injection of MSCs/IL-12M at contralateral site of tumor exhibited similar levels of serum IL-12 and IFN-γ as i.t. injection, but much weaker antitumor effects in both B16F10 melanoma and TC-1 cervical cancer models than i.t. injection. Although intravenous (i.v.) injection elicited earlier peak serum levels of cytokines, it induced weaker tumor-specific T-cell responses and antitumor effects than i.t. injection, indicating that serum cytokine levels are not surrogate indicators of antitumor effects. Taken together, these results indicated that MSC is more efficient than adenovirus as a cytokine gene delivery vehicle and that i.t. injection of MSCs/IL-12M is the best approach to induce strong tumor-specific T-cell responses that correlate with anti-metastatic effects as well as inhibition of solid tumor growth, although MSCs themselves have an ability to migrate into the tumor site. In addition, MSCs/IL-12M embedded in Matrigel (MSCs/IL-12M/Matrigel) exhibited significant antitumor effects even in immunodeficient mice such as SCID and BNX mice lacking T, B and natural killer (NK) cells, but not in IFN-γ knockout mice. Our findings provide an optimal approach for designing an efficient clinical protocol of MSC-based cytokine gene therapy to induce strong tumor-specific T-cell responses and therapeutic anticancer efficacy.</P>

Synthesis and biological evaluation of C-ring truncated deguelin derivatives as heat shock protein 90 (HSP90) inhibitors

Kim, H.S.,Hong, M.,Ann, J.,Yoon, S.,Nguyen, C.T.,Lee, S.C.,Lee, H.Y.,Suh, Y.G.,Seo, J.H.,Choi, H.,Kim, J.Y.,Kim, K.W.,Kim, J.,Kim, Y.M.,Park, S.J.,Park, H.J.,Lee, J. Elsevier/Pergamon 2016 Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry Vol.24 No.22

Based on the lead compound L-80 (compound 2), a potent heat shock protein 90 (HSP90) inhibitor, a series of C-ring truncated deguelin analogs were designed, synthesized and evaluated for Hypoxia Inducible Factor-1α (HIF-1α) inhibition as a primary screening method. Their structure-activity relationship was investigated in a systematic manner by varying the A/B ring, linker and D/E ring, respectively. Among the synthesized inhibitors, compound 5 exhibited potent HIF-1α inhibition in a dose-dependent manner and significant antitumor activity in human non-small cell lung carcinoma (H1299), with better activities than L-80. It also inhibited in vitro hypoxia-mediated angiogenic processes in human retinal microvascular endothelial cells (HRMEC). The docking study of 5 showed a similar binding mode as L-80: it occupied the C-terminal ATP-binding pocket of HSP90, indicating that the anticancer and antiangiogenic activities of 5 were derived from HIF-1α destabilization by inhibiting the C-terminal ATP-binding site of hHSP90.

Mechanical properties of (W,Ti)C and (W,Ti)C-NiAl₃ cermet consolidated by the high-frequency induction-heating method

Kim, W.,Suh, C.Y.,Roh, K.M.,Cho, S.W.,Na, K.I.,Shon, I.J. Elsevier Sequoia 2013 Journal of alloys and compounds Vol.568 No.-

In the case of cemented (W,Ti)C, Co is added as a binder for the formation of composite structures. However, the high cost of Co and the low corrosion resistance of the (W,Ti)C-Co cermet have generated interest in recent years for alternative binder phases. In this study, NiAl<SUB>3</SUB> was used as a binder and consolidated by the high-frequency induction heated sintering (HFIHS) method. The densification of both monolithic (W,Ti)C and (W,Ti)C-NiAl<SUB>3</SUB> cermet was accomplished within 3min. Highly dense (W,Ti)C and (W,Ti)C-NiAl<SUB>3</SUB> with a relative density of upto 99% were obtained within 3min by HFIHS under a pressure of 80MPa. The method was found to enable not only the rapid densification but also the prohibition of grain growth preserving the nano-scale microstructure. The average grain sizes of the sintered (W,Ti)C and (W,Ti)C-NiAl<SUB>3</SUB> were lower than 100nm. The addition of NiAl<SUB>3</SUB> to (W,Ti)C enhanced the toughness at the expense of the slight decrease in hardness. The hardness of (W,Ti)C and (W,Ti)C-NiAl<SUB>3</SUB> was significantly higher than that of (W,Ti)C-Co or (W,Ti)C-Ni. The fracture toughness and hardness values of (W,Ti)C, (W,Ti)C-5vol.%NiAl<SUB>3</SUB>, and (W,Ti)C-10vol.%NiAl<SUB>3</SUB> consolidated by HFIHS with a pressure of 80MPa and a induced current were 7.6+/-0.4MPam<SUP>½</SUP> and 2850+/-35kg/mm<SUP>2</SUP>, 8.5+/-0.3MPam<SUP>½</SUP> and 2610+/-37kg/mm<SUP>2</SUP>, 9.7+/-0.5MPam<SUP>½</SUP> and 2520+/-26kg/mm<SUP>2</SUP>, respectively.

생쥐 모델을 이용한 배아의 할구 생검법과 할구가 생검된 배아의 배양시 공배양 효과에 관한 연구: 인간에서의 착상 전 유전진단 기술 개발을 위한 동물실험 모델의 개발

김석현,류범용,지병철,최성미,김희선,방명걸,오선경,서창석,최영민,김정구,문신용,이진용,채희동,김정훈,Kim, S.H.,Ryu, B.Y.,Jee, B.C.,Choi, S.M.,Kim, H.S.,Pang, M.G.,Oh, S.K.,Suh, C.S.,Choi, Y.M.,Kim, J.G.,Moon, S.Y.,Lee, J.Y.,Chae, H.D.,Kim, C.H. 대한생식의학회 1999 Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine Vol.26 No.1

The genetic defects in human gametes and embryos can cause adverse effects on overall reproductive events. Biopsy of embryos for preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD) offers a new possibility of having children free of the genetic disease. In addition, advanced embryo culture method may enhance the effectiveness of embryo biopsy for the practical application of PGD. This experimental study was undertaken to evaluate the effects of coculture on the development in vitro of biopsied mouse embryos as a preclinical model for PGD of human embryos. Embryos were obtained after in vitro fertilization (IVF) from F1 hybrid mice (C57BLfemale/CBAmale). Using micromanipulation, 1, 2, 3 or 4 blastomeres of 8-cell stage embryos were aspirated through a hole made in the zona pellucida by zona drilling (ZD) with acidic Tyrode's solution (ATS). After biopsy of blastomeres, embryos were cultured in vitro for 110 hours in Ham's F-10 supplemented with 0.4% BSA or cocultured on the monolayer of Vero cells in the same medium. The frequence of blastocyst formation were recorded, and the embryos beyond blastocyst stage were stained with 10% Giemsa to count the total number of nuclei in each embryo. There was no significant difference in the blastocyst formation between the zona intact control group and the zona drilling (ZD) only, or biopsied groups. The hatching rate of all the treatment groups except 4/8 group was significantly higher than that of control group. In all the treatment groups, there was a significant reduction in the mean cell number of embryos beyond blastocyst stage ($50.2{\pm}14.0$ in control group vs. $41.2{\pm}7.9$ in ZD, $39.3{\pm}8.8$ in 7/8, $29.7{\pm}6.4$ in 6/8, $25.1{\pm}5.7$ in 5/8, and $22.1{\pm}4.3$ in 4/8 groups, p<0.05). When the same treatments were followed by coculture with Vero cells, a similar pattern was seen in the blastocyst formation and the hatching rate. However, in all the treatment groups, there was a significant increase in the mean cell number of embryos beyond blastocyst stage with coculture, compared with the parallel groups without coculture. In the cleavage rate of biopsied blastomeres cultured for 110 hours after IVF, there was no significant difference between coculture and non-coculture groups (87.2% vs. 78.7%). However, the mean cell number of embryos developed from the biopsied blastomeres was significantly higher in coculture group ($11.5{\pm}4.7\;vs.\;5.9{\pm}1.9$, p<0.05). In conclusion, biopsy of mouse embryos after ZD with ATS is a safe and highly efficient method for PGD, and coculture with Vero cells showed a positive effect on the development in vitro of biopsied mouse embryos and blastomeres as a preclinical model for PGD of human embryos.

c-Jun N-terminal kinase has a pivotal role in the maintenance of self-renewal and tumorigenicity in glioma stem-like cells

Yoon, C-H,Kim, M-J,Kim, R-K,Lim, E-J,Choi, K-S,An, S,Hwang, S-G,Kang, S-G,Suh, Y,Park, M-J,Lee, S-J Macmillan Publishers Limited 2012 Oncogene Vol.31 No.44

Uncovering the mechanisms that govern the maintenance of stem-like cancer cells is critical for developing therapeutic strategies for targeting these cells. Constitutive activation of c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) has been reported in gliomas and correlates with histological grade. Here, we found that JNK signaling is crucial for the maintenance of ‘stemness’ in glioma cells. Sphere-cultured glioma cells showed more phosphorylation of JNK compared with serum-containing monolayer cultures. Importantly, blockade of JNK signaling with SP600125 or small interfering RNAs targeting JNK1 or JNK2 significantly reduced the CD133<SUP>+</SUP>/Nestin<SUP>+</SUP> population and suppressed sphere formation, colony formation in soft agar, and expression of stem cell markers in sphere-cultured glioma cells. Intriguingly, sphere-cultured glioma cells exhibited enhanced expression of Notch-2, but not Notch-1, -3 or -4, and JNK inhibition almost completely abrogated this increase. Blocking the phosphoinoside 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt pathway with LY294002 or si-Akt also suppressed the self-renewal of sphere-cultured glioma cells. PI3K, but not Akt, had a role as an upstream kinase in JNK1/2 activation. In addition, treatment with si-JNK greatly increased etoposide- and ionizing radiation (IR)-induced cell death in glioma spheres. Consistent with glioma cell lines, glioma stem-like cells isolated from primary patient glioma cells also had a higher activity of JNK and Notch-2 expression. Importantly, inhibition of JNK2 led to a decrease of Notch-2 expression and suppressed the CD133<SUP>+</SUP>/Nestin<SUP>+</SUP> cell population in patient-derived primary glioma cells. Finally, downregulation of JNK2 almost completely suppressed intracranial tumor formation by glioma cells in nude mice. Taken together, these data demonstrate that JNK signaling is crucial for the maintenance of self-renewal and tumorigenicity of glioma stem-like cells and drug/IR resistance, and can be considered a promising target for eliminating stem-like cancer cells in gliomas.

BLT (Bi3.25La0.75Ti3O12) 박막의 결정립 배향성이 잔류 분극과 누설 전류에 미치는 영향

서주형,오상호,박찬향 대한금속재료학회(대한금속학회) 2001 대한금속·재료학회지 Vol.39 No.11

Effect of grain orientation on the electrical polarization and leakage current characteristics of Bi_(3.25)La_(0.75)Ti₃O_(12) (BLT) thin films was investigated in terms of c-axis off alignment. The c-axis epitaxial and various c-axis off aligned BLT films have been successfully grown by using different electrode materials (Pt and SrRuO₃) and heat-treatments. In order to evaluate the crystallinity and the film texture of various c-axis off-aligned BLT thin films, X-ray diffraction (XRD) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) were carried out. BLT thin film grown on the SrRuO₃/SrTiO₃ (100) substrate revealed that its c-axis aligned completely parallel to the substrate normal, by developing cube-on-cube epitaxial relathionship with underlying SrRuO₃ film. The corresponding P-E curve showed nearly paraelectric property. The polycrystalline (117) and (014) oriented BLT films grown in this study were shown that their c-axis off alignment about growth direction increased by amount more than 50°. As the degree of c-axis off-alignment was increased, remanent polarization was increased due to the anisotropic polarization characteristic of BLT film, however, the surface roughness of BLT films was increased and it resulted in degraded leakage current characteristic. Therefore, grain orientation of BLT thin films is a crucial factor controlling the polarization properties and leakage current characteristics.

모자에서 발생한 Waardenburg 증후군

김동혁,김목련,서창석,김수영,정진영 해성병원 1992 海星病院論文集 Vol.1 No.-