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강봉균 한국뇌학회 2001 한국뇌학회지 Vol.1 No.1
신경계를 갖는 생물체는 환경과의 교류를 통하여 유용한 정보를 얻음으로써 환경적응과 생존에 필요한 적절한 행동을 창조해낸다. 기억은 유지되는 시간에 따라 단기기억과 장기기억으로 구분된다. 또한 기억은 심리학적 구분에 의해 서술기억과 반사기억으로 나뉘는데, 현대 생물학의 급속한 발전과 다양한 연구방법의 도입에 의해 심층적인 연구가 가능하게 되었다. 본 종설에서는 바다 달팽이인 군소(Aplysia)와 같은 간단한 동물이 어떻게 학습과 기억의 심리학적 현상에서 대두된 어려운 난제를 푸는데 이용되어져 왔는지를 서술하고자 한다. 기억은 어디에, 어떻게 저장되는가? 기억은 분자 수준의 기본적인 규칙이 있는가? 단기기억과 장기기억은 서로 다른 과정을 거치는가? 이와 관련하여 최근에 분자 및 세포 수준에서 이루어진 연구 결과들을 비교 분석하고자 한다. 반사기억의 분자 메커니즘인 장기 시냅스 촉진은, 서술기억의 형성에 중요한 해마구조에서 밝혀진 장기 시냅스 강화와 유사한 점들을 공유하고 있음이 많은 증거들에 의해 입증되고 있다. 시냅스 가소성이 신경계에서 진화적으로 잘 보존되었음을 볼 때, 다양한 종류의 기억들을 서로 연관시킬 수 있는 분자 및 세포 수준의 체계도를 추정하여 볼 수 있다. 다양한 형태의 기억들을 규정하는 학습정보의 복잡성에 따라 동원되는 시냅스의 개수가 결정되며, 또한 각 시냅스에서 일어나는 시냅스 가소성 외에도 시냅스간을 연결지어주는 초 시냅스 가소성의 존재를 예측해 볼 수 있다. The organisms having the nervous system communicate with the environment and utilize profitably information derived from it, hence creating the appropriate behavior for both adaptation and survival. Learning and memory can be psychologically classified into declarative and reflexive memory, which can now be approached with the powerful methods of modern biology. Memory is also divided into short-term and long-term memory based on the length of memory retention. In this review, I show how a simple organism like the marine snail Aplysia can contribute to the clarifications of some previously intractable questions in the psychology of learning and memory: Where and how is memory stored? Is there any molecular grammar of memory? Are short-term and long-term memory different processes? Some of the recent works on this field are reviewed and discussed in the molecular and cellular terms regarding these questions. A body of evidence shows that long-term facilitation(LTF), a cellular mechanism of a reflexive memory, has many features common in long-term potentiation(LTP), another form of synaptic plasticity in the hippocampus that is important in processing in declarative memory. I suggest a hypothesis that there may be a molecular or cellular hierarchy that binds together the diverse memory forms, based on the notion that synaptic plasticity is evolutionarily conserved in the nervous system. The number of synapses that are recruited may determine the degree of complexity in a learned information defined by the different types of memory. Furthermore, the synapses may be bound to one another by supersynaptic plasticity, thereby encoding complex information.
Protein Degradation during Reconsolidation as a Mechanism for Memory Reorganization
Kaang, Bong-Kiun,Choi, Jun-Hyeok Frontiers Research Foundation 2011 Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience Vol.5 No.-
<P>Memory is a reference formed from a past experience that is used to respond to present situations. However, the world is dynamic and situations change, so it is important to update the memory with new information each time it is reactivated in order to adjust the response in the future. Recent researches indicate that memory may undergo a dynamic process that could work as an updating mechanism. This process which is called reconsolidation involves destabilization of the memory after it is reactivated, followed by restabilization. Recently, it has been demonstrated that the initial destabilization process of reconsolidation requires protein degradation. Using protein degradation inhibition as a method to block reconsolidation, recent researches suggest that reconsolidation, especially the protein degradation-dependent destabilization process is necessary for memory reorganization.</P>
Synaptic Protein Degradation as a Mechanism in Memory Reorganization
Kaang, Bong-Kiun,Lee, Sue-Hyun,Kim, Hyoung SAGE Publications 2009 The neuroscientist Vol.15 No.5
<P>An accumulating body of evidence shows that reactivated long-term memory undergoes a dynamic process called reconsolidation, in which de novo protein synthesis is required to maintain the memory. These findings open up a new dimension in the field of memory research. However, few studies have shown how once-consolidated memory becomes labile. The authors’ recent findings have demonstrated that pre-existing long-term memory becomes unstable via the ubiquitin/ proteasome-dependent protein degradation pathway and that this labile state is required for the reorganization of fear memory. Here, the authors review this finding and focus on the labile state that is critical for the reorganization of memory triggered after memory retrieval.</P>
Memory and transcription regulation
Kaang, Bong-Kiun 이화여자대학교 세포신호전달연구센터 2008 고사리 세포신호전달 심포지움 Vol. No.10
It is well known that gene regulation by different combinations of transcriptional factors may be involved in specific forms of long-term memory. Multiple pulses of 5-hydroxytryptamine produce long-term facilitation(LTF) in the sensory-to-motor neuron synapses that underlies long-term memory in marine snail Aplysia. LTF depends on transcription and translation. Recently we found novel transcription factors CAMAP and ApLLP, both of which act upstream of ApC/EBP. CAMAP is an associated protein with the cell adhesion molecule apCAM. CAMAP seems to playa dual role in inducing LTF. First it regulates apCAM down-regulation which is required for synaptic outgrowth. Once activated by PKA, it translocates from the plasma membrane into the nucleus and induces ApC/EBP. ApLLP is a small nucleolar protein and induces ApC/EBP by neuronal activity. During the consolidation of long-term memory, a cascade of gene activation is tightly regulated by various transcription factors including positive and negative regulators. It will be highlighted that the molecular mechanisms of synaptic plasticity are strikingly conserved from the invertebrate to the vertebrate system.
Tracing the Physical Evidence of Memory
Bong-Kiun Kaang,Dong Il Choi,Ji-il Kim 서울대학교 인지과학연구소 2019 Journal of Cognitive Science Vol.20 No.4
Neuroscientists have been studying the location and mechanism of memory encoding in the brain. Co-activated neurons during memory acquisition undergo physical and physiological changes and are regarded as engrams. Until recently, as traditional approaches could not classify physical subjects of memory, the existence of engrams remained elusive. In the recent decades, development of new research tools and techniques allowed labeling and modulation of the specific memory storage cell engram in particular brain regions. In this review, we summarize the concept of engrams, which encode memory ensembles. Further, we introduce the recent research strategies to identify and manipulate the engram cells. Moreover, we explain the new tool dual-eGRASP, which can distinguish the synapses originating from different populations of neurons. Finally, we propose the next steps to examine the synaptic maps among engram cells underlying memory formation.