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주의력결핍-과잉운동장애의 비중추신경흥분제 치료의 최신지견
반건호,손소정,이서경,강원섭,조아랑,박진경 경희대학교 2006 慶熙醫學 Vol.22 No.1
Methylphenidate (MPH), amphetamine, and pemoline are cerebrostimulants that have been commonly prescribed for more than half century in the treatment of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). The use of such drugs, however, is often followed by untoward effects such as loss of appetite, insomnia, nausea, abdominal pain, vomiting, irritability, and etc. There are also debates about decrements in height and weight percentiles and drug dependency. Thus, in this study, we discussed new therapeutic drugs, non cerebro-stimulants, with possibly less adverse effects and more efficacies. Atomoxetine, highly selective inhibitor of the presynaptic noradrenaline transporter with little or no affinity for other neurotransmitter transporters and receptors, is a non-excitatory drug with a strong possibility to replace CNS excitatory drugs. It is also safer in relation to drug dependency since it does not affect nucleus accumbens or the striatum. Atomoxetine, therefore, can be used in patients who do not respond to the CNS excitatory drugs. Tricyclic antidepressants, imipramine and desipramine are also most extensively studied drugs as ADHD treatment modalities. They also exert inhibitory effect on the reuptake of norepinephrine. The use of these drugs in children, however, is limited because of cardiovascular effects. Bupropion is one of promising drugs in treating prepubertal children with ADHD. It is also useful for comorbid depression and conduct problems. Increasing attention is being given to a narcolepsy drug, modafinil. Modafinil acts on histamine pathway resulting in wakefulness. This effect is similar to that of neuropeptide orexin. Since the effect of modafinil is independent of catecholamine, drug dependency adverse effect is not expected. Recently, some new drugs, such as reboxetine, are reported as safe and efficacious for children with ADHD, but they need long-term safety and controlled studies.
Ah Rang Kang,Jee Yeon Baek,Sang Hyun Lee,Young Sik Cho,Wol Soo Kim,Yeon Soo Han,Iksoo Kim 한국응용곤충학회 2011 한국응용곤충학회 학술대회논문집 Vol.2011 No.05
The pear psylla, Cacopsylla pyricola Foerster (Homoptera: Psyllidae), is a serious insect pest of commercial pear crops. The species, which resides on pear trees throughout its life cycle, is rapidly spreading in some regions of the world. Given the life cycle, it is unclear how such a rapid spread has been facilitated. Presently, the population genetic structure of the species including genetic diversity and gene flow was studied to understand the nature of dispersal and field ecology of the species. Pear psylla was collected from several pear orchards in Korea. The 658-bp region of mitochondrial COI gene and the 716-bp long complete internal transcribed spacer 2 (ITS2) of the nuclear ribosomal DNA were sequenced. Unlikely other previously studied insect pests, the COI-based genetic diversity of the pear psylla was extremely low (maximum sequence divergence of 0.15%). This finding allowed us to conclude that the species may have been introduced in Korea relatively recently, possibly with the phenomenon of genetic bottlenecks. ITS2 sequence-based analyses of phylogeny, population differentiation, gene flow, and hierarchical population structure all concordantly suggested that the pear psylla populations in Korea are neither genetically isolated nor hampered for gene flow. These genetic data are concordant with the dispersal of an overwintering winterform morph outside the non-pear habitat in the fall and the possibility of subsequently longer distant dispersal.
Ah Rang Kang,Min Jee Kim,In Ah Park,Iksoo Kim 한국응용곤충학회 2014 한국응용곤충학회 학술대회논문집 Vol.2014 No.10
A partial sequence of the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COI) gene is widely used as a molecular marker for species identification in animals, also termed a DNA barcode. However, the presence of more than one sequence type in a single individual, also known as heteroplasmy, is one of the shortcomings of barcode identification. In this study, we examined the extent and divergence of COI heteroplasmy, including nuclear-encoded mitochondrial pseudogenes (NUMTs), at the genomic-DNA level from 13 insect species, including four individuals of orthopteran Anapodisma miramae. Furthermore, a long fragment of mitochondrial DNA (~13.5 kb) and cDNA from A. miramae were used as a template for COI PCR to compare the patterns of heteroplasmy between DNA sources and to investigate a possible way to avoid ambiguity in DNA barcoding. When multiple numbers of clones originated from genomic DNA were sequenced, heteroplasmy was prevalent in all species (3~16 heteroplasmic copies), with a varying degree of maximum sequence divergence (<1% in 7 species, <4% in 3 species, <6% in 2 species and 2.15-8.03% in four A. miramae individuals). In five species, NUMTs also were observed when genomic DNA was used as a template. Long fragment DNA also is a source of heteroplasmic amplification, but the divergent haplotypes and NUMTs obtained in the genomic DNA-based PCR were not detected in A. miramae. On the other hand, cDNA was heteroplasmy-free, without NUMTs when multiple numbers of clones were sequenced. Consistently, one dominant haplotype was always obtained from the genomic DNA-origin clones in all species and also from the long fragment- and cDNA-origin clones of A. miramae. Furthermore, the dominant haplotype was identical in sequence, regardless of the DNA source. Thus, one possible solution to avoid the barcoding problem in relationship to heteroplasmy could be the acquisition of multiple numbers of barcoding sequences to determine a dominant haplotype that can be assigned as barcoding sequence for a given species.
Ah Rang Kang,Min Jee Kim,Heon Cheon Jeong,Ki-Gyoung Kim,Iksoo Kim 한국응용곤충학회 2010 한국응용곤충학회 학술대회논문집 Vol.2010 No.05
Two complete mitochondrial genomes (mitogenomes) of the endangered, lycaenid butterflies, Spindasis takanonis and Protantigius superans (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae), were sequenced. Each 15,349 bp and 15,248 bp-long genome contained both the lepidopteran specific gene arrangement that differ from the most common arrangement of insects by the movement of tRNAMet to a position 5’-upstream of tRNAIle. Neither of the species have typical COI start codon. Instead, the CGA (arginine) sequence that is commonly present in all other lepidopterans was also found in both lycaenids. The possible binding site for the transcription termination peptide, TACTA sequence, also was well retained in both species. The high A+T-content, which is a characteristic of insect mitogenomes was well reflected in the genomes in the form of higher frequency of codons with A/T nucleotides, severe A/T bias in 3rd codon position, and extremely high A/T content in the A+T-rich region. The 19 bp-long poly-T stretch and the downstream conserved motif ATAG, which were suggested previously to function as a structural signal for minor-strand mtDNA replication, was also well conserved in the A+T-rich region of both lycaenids. Phylogenetic analysis among lepidopteran superfamilies supported the relationships of either (((((Bombycoidea + Geometroidea) + Noctuoidea) + Papilionoidea) + Pyraloidea) + Tortricoidea) by concatenated amino acid sequence or (((((Bombycoidea + Geometroidea) + Noctuoidea) + Pyraloidea) + Papilionoidea) + Tortricoidea) by concatenated nucleotide sequences of 1st and 2nd codon positions of 13 protein-coding genes, two rRNA genes, and 22 tRNA genes, revealing fluctuating positions of Papilionoidea and Pyraloidea between the two data sets.