NR과 SBR 가황물의 경도와 강성도에 대한 온도의 영향

진현호 ( Hyun Ho Jin ),홍창국 ( Chang Kook Hong ),조동련 ( Dong Lyun Cho ),강신영 ( Shin Young Kaang ) 한국고무학회 2007 엘라스토머 및 콤포지트 Vol.42 No.3

본 연구에서는 고무제품의 수치 안정성과 성능유지에 직접적으로 영향을 미치는 중요한 특성 중 하나인 온도변화에 따른 고무재료의 경도변화를 고찰하였다. 새롭게 제작된 International Rubber Hardness Degree(IRHD, Normal type) 경도측정 시험기를 사용하여 미충전된 NR과 SBR시편의 여러 온도에서 경도변화를 측정하였으며 Young`s modulus 값과 비교하였다. NR과 SBR 모두 유리전이온도 근처에서 경도와 Young`s modulus의 급격한 변화를 보였다. 온도가 증가함에 따라 경도와 Young`s modulus 값이 증가하는 경향을 보였으며 이는 분자의 운동성과 엔트로피 영향으로 해석할 수 있다. 카본블랙과 실리카가 충전된 NR과 SBR의 경우 충전제의 함량이 증가함에 따라 경도에 미치는 온도의 영향이 감소함을 관찰하였다. Hardness of rubbery materials, which is important for dimensional stability and product performance, was investigated upon temperature change in this study. A newly developed IRHD (International Rubber Hardness Degree) tester was used to measure the hardness changes of NR and SBR specimens at various temperatures and the hardness values were compared with the Young`s modulus. The hardness and Young`s modulus of NR and SBR showed an abrupt change near the glass transition temperatures. The hardness and Young`s modulus were increased by increasing temperature due to the increased random chain conformation of molecules. The effect of temperature on hardness and Young`s modulus of NR and SBR specimens filled with carbon black and silica was decreased by increasing filler content.

19세기 광주유수부의 남한산성 재정운영 -세입(稅入)항목을 중심으로

조낙영 ( Nak Young Cho ) 성균관대학교 대동문화연구원 2011 大東文化硏究 Vol.76 No.-

정조 19년(1795) 광주부는 유수부로 승격된 것을 계기로 일원적인 방어체계 아래에서 서울 외곽의 방비를 책임지는 군사 요충지로 확립되었다. 수어청과 광주부의 이원적인 관리체계 아래서는 효율적인 산성관리가 이루어질 수 없었다. 정조 19년 유수부의 성립은 체계적인 군사, 행정체계 뿐만 아니라 재정체계를 성립하는데 있어서도 중요한 전제가 되는 것이었다. 광주 유수부의 재정 세입구조를 살펴보면 경기도 전역과 충청도, 황해도를 걸치는 광범위한 범위에 있는 군병들에게 거두는 군전세, 6도에 걸쳐있는 승려들에게 거두는 고승번전, 경기도, 강원도, 황해도, 충청도, 경상도, 전라도에 있는 유수부 소속 둔전에게 거두는 둔세, 경상도, 충청도, 황해도와 평안도에서 운영되는 환곡모미를 특징적으로 들 수 있다. 이러한 세입은 일반적인 지방관아의 재정구조와는 현격히 다른 것이었다. 광주 유수부는 유수부 범위 내에 있는 전결의 전세나 군병들의 군전세를 수세하는 것에서 그치는 것이 아니었다. 중앙의 호조, 병조, 선혜청으로 유입되어야 할 재원을 유수부가 이용하게 함으로써 서울 외곽의 방어기지를 운영할 수 있는 군사재정을 마련한 것이었다. 이렇게 유수부가 거두어들인 재원들은 영고, 보장고, 보향고로 집중되었다. 이 중영고와 보장고는 유수부의 행정과 재정을 담당하는 다양한 기관들에게 재원을 분배하는 역할을 담당했다. 영고와 보장고의 지원이 없으면 여타 기관들의 운영이 이루어질 수 없었다. 또한 영고, 보장고의 재정지원을 받은 여러 기구들은 마찬가지로 여러 가지 명목으로 영고와 보장고에 그들의 재정을 지원하기도 했다. 유수부에 소속된 여러 행정·재정기구들은 긴밀한 재정적 네트워크를 통해서 운영되었다. 반면 보휼고는 직접 관원들에게 급료를 지급하는 역활만을 담당했으나 유수부를 운영하는 관리와 군관들에게 재원을 지급한다는 기능면에서는 영고와 보장고와 다를 바가 없었다. In the 19-year reign of the King Jeongjo of Joseon, Gwangju-bu emerged a key military outpost on the outskirts of the capital city as it was elevated to ``yusub.`` Until then, an efficient defense mechanism had yet to be guaranteed by previous dual management system for Namhansanseong co-handled by two governmental agencies Sucheong and Gwangju-bu. Under such circumstances, the launch of yusubu implied another systematic military and administrative mechanism for the Gwangju region. And it also constituted a vital requirement for the formation of fiscal system for Gwangju. The structure of Gwangju-yusubu`s fiscal and taxation system can be characterized by military land tax levied on wide-ranging soldiers across Gyeonggi-do, Chungcheong-do, and Hwanghae-do, Goseung-Beonjeon imposed on Buddhist monks across six ``do`` areas (provinces), land tax on dunjeon under the control of yusubu in Gyeonggi-do, Gangwon-do, Hwanghae-do, Chungcheong-do, Gyeongsang-do, and Jeolla-do, and hwangok-momi enforced in Gyeongsang-do, Chungcheong-do, Hwanghae-do, Pyeongan-do. Gwangju-yusubu`s taxation scheme stands in stark contrast to the fiscal framework for a general byeongyeong (barrack). Gwangju-yusubu not only levied a land tax on areas under the jurisdiction of yusubu or a military land tax on soldiers but also appropriated part of tax revenues which should go to central governmental agencies: Hojo, Byeongjo, and Seonhyecheong. Consequently, it could secure its own military financing sources to operate an outlying defense base far away from the capital city, Hanyang. These fiscal revenues mainly converged on three fiscal agencies: Young-go, Bojang-go, and Bohyang-go. Young-go and Bojang-go undertook allocation of financial resources to those entities in charge of administrative and financial affairs of Gwangju-yusubu. The remaining organizations couldn`t be operated without the support of Young-go and Bojang-go. Conversely, these organizations also provided financial support for Young-go and Bojang-go on various grounds. A set of administrative and financial agencies under the jurisdiction of yusubu were closely intertwined with one another via a solid financial network. By contrast, Bohyang-go played a simple role in direct allocation of wages to yusubu officials. Given such financial allocation to officials and officers engaged in the operation of yusubu, however, Bohyang-go`s function shows little difference compared with Young-go and Bojang-go.

Elderly kidney transplant recipients have favorable outcomes but increased infection-related mortality

임정훈,Lee Ga Young,Jeon Yena,Jung Hee-Yeon,Choi Ji Young,CHO, JANG-HEE,Park Sun Hee,김용림,Kim Hyung-Kee,Huh Seung,유은상,Won Dong Il,Kim Chan-Duck 대한신장학회 2022 Kidney Research and Clinical Practice Vol.41 No.3

Background: The number of elderly patients with end-stage kidney disease has been increasing, but the outcomes of kidney transplants (KT) remain poorly understood in elderly patients. Therefore, we evaluated the clinical outcomes of elderly KT recipients and analyzed the impact of elderly donors. Methods: This retrospective cohort study included patients who underwent KT between 2000 and 2019. KT recipients were divided into four groups according to a combination of recipient and donor age (≥60 or <60 years); elderly recipients: old-to-old (n = 46) and young-to-old (n = 83); young recipients: old-to-young (n = 98) and young-to-young (n = 796). We compared the risks of mortality, graft failure, and acute rejection between groups using Cox regression analysis. Results: The incidence of delayed graft function, graft failure, and acute rejection was not different among groups. Annual mean tacrolimus trough level was not lower in elderly recipients than young recipients during 10-year follow-up. Mortality was significantly higher in elderly recipients (p = 0.001), particularly infection-related mortality (p < 0.001). In multivariable Cox regression analysis, old-toold and young-to-old groups had increased risk of mortality (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR], 2.89; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.14– 7.32; p = 0.03; aHR, 3.06; 95% CI, 1.51–6.20; p = 0.002). However, graft failure and acute rejection risks were not increased in elderly recipients. Conclusion: In elderly recipients, graft survival and acute rejection-free survival were not inferior to those of young recipients. However, mortality, especially risk of infection-related death, was increased in elderly recipients. Thus, low immunosuppression intensity might help decrease mortality in elderly recipients.

일 대학병원에 입원한 노년기 양극성 장애 환자의 인구학적 및 임상적 특징

조숙현(Sook Hyun Cho),정한용(Han Yong Jung),권영준(Young Jun Kwon),이소영(So Young Lee),김양래(Yang Rae Kim),김윤정(Yun Jung Kim) 대한노인정신의학회 2006 노인정신의학 Vol.10 No.2

Objectives : As the elderly population is continuing to increase, psychiatric diseases of the elderly are becoming an important social issue. This study looks into the demographical and clinical features of the elderly patients diagnosed with bipolar disorder in a University hospital. Methods : The study subjects include patients admissioned in the closed wards of Soonchunhyang Seoul hospital and Cheonan hospital from March, 2000 to February, 2005 who met the DSM-IV-TR criteria for bipolar disorder at the time of discharge. A total of 146 patients (76 men, 70 women) medical records were studied retrospectively. Subjects older than the age of 50 at time of admission were grouped as the old age group, whereas those who were younger than 50 as the young age group. Also among the old age group, those who had the first onset of episode under the age of 50 were grouped as the early onset group, whereas those who had the first onset after the age 50 were grouped as the late onset group. Results : The number of bipolar disorder patients in the young age group and old age group were 73 and 73 respectively. The number of early onset group and late onset group were 46 and 23 respectively. The old age group had a relatively higher incidence of bipolar II disorder than the young age group. Also in the old age group there was a higher incidence of hypomanic or depressive episode rather than manic episode compared to the young age group. And in the old age group psychotic symptoms were less common and the mean admission length shorter than the young age group. Additionally in the old age group treatment with Lithium monotherapy or with no mood stabilizers at all were relatively common. Among the old age group, late onset group had a higher rate of bipolar II disorder than the early onset group. Conclusion : This study shows differences in the demographical and clinical features among different age groups. But additional research would be required to determine whether the bipolar disorders in the elderly or late onset group are actually a different type of disorder from those of the young.

18–30세 사이에 발생하는 뇌경색의 특징, 다기관 레지스트리 연구

장윤경,송태진,김용재,허지회,이경열,김영은,장민욱,조수진,강석윤 이화여자대학교 의과학연구소 2017 EMJ (Ewha medical journal) Vol.40 No.3

Objectives: Although there have been several reports that described characteristics for young age stroke, information regarding very young age (18–30 years old) has been limited. We aimed to analyze demographic factors, stroke subtype, and 3-month outcome in acute ischemic stroke patient who have relatively very young age in multicenter stroke registry. Methods: We evaluated all 122 (7.1%) consecutive acute ischemic stroke (within 7 days after symptom onset) patients aged 18 to 30 from 17,144 patients who registered in multicenter prospective stroke registry, 1997 to 2012. Etiology was classified by Trial of Org 10172 in Acute Stroke Treatment criteria. Stroke severity was defined as National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) and stroke outcome was defined by modified Rankin scale (mRS) at 3 months after index stroke. Results: The mean age of all included patients was 25.1±3.7 years and 76 patients (62.2%) were male. The median NIHSS at admission was 4. Considering stroke subtype, 37 patients (30.3%) had stroke of other determined etiology (SOD), 37 (30.3%) had undetermined negative evaluation (UN) and 31 (25.4%) had cardioembolism (CE) were frequently noted. After adjusting age, sex and variables which had P<0.1 in univariable analysis (NIHSS and stroke subtype), CE stroke subtype (odds ratio, 4.68; 95% confidence interval, 1.42–15.48; P=0.011) were significantly associated with poor functional outcome (mRS≥3). Conclusion: In very young age ischemic stroke patients, SOD and UN stroke subtype were most common and CE stroke subtype was independently associated with poor discharge outcome.

전,후기 노인의 건강행위, 건강상태와 건강관련 삶의 질

정영해 ( Young Hae Chung ),조유향 ( Yoo Hyang Cho ) 대한보건협회 2014 대한보건연구 Vol.40 No.1

연구목적 : 본 연구는 노년 전기와 후기 노인의 건강행위, 건강상태와 건강관련 삶의 질 수준을 파악하고, 관련요인을 파악 하고자 한 것이다. 연구방법 : 2010년 국민건강영양조사 제5기 1차년도 원자료를 사용하여 65세 이상 노인 1,339명을 대상으로 교육, 경제수준, 운동, 흡연, 음주, 만성질병, 성별, 거주지역, 동거인, 주관적건강상태, BMI 및 EQ-5D를 건강설문-검진조사가중치를 사례 수에 맞추어 활용하였으며 SPSS 20.0을 이용하여 분석하였다. 노년전기군(<75세)과 노년후기군(≥75세)을 카이제곱검정과 t-검정으로 비교하였으며, 후진제거방식 회귀분석으로 두 군의 건강관련 삶의 질 관련요인을 비교하였다. 연구결과 : 여성노인이 58.4%로 많았으며, 교육수준은 초졸 이하가 3/4으로, 노년후기군은 여성노인과 초졸 이하가 더 많았고, 노년전기군에는 중졸, 고졸, 대졸이상 노인과 배우자와 함께하는 비율이 많았다. 흡연율 13.3%, 음주율 46.9%, 운동실천율 47.8%, 만성질환율 80.3%이었는데, 노년전기군의 경우 음주와 운동실천율 및 비만이 높았고, 노년후기군은 저체중, 우울증상, 자살을 생각해본 적과 주관적인 건강상태가 유의하게 높았다. 노년전기군의 삶의 질은 노년후기군에 비해 유의하게 높았으며, 삶의 질을 구성한 각 항목은 모두 노년전기군에서 유의하게 낮아 노년후기군보다 삶의 질이 더 좋았다. 노년전기군의 삶의 질 관련요인은 성별, 주관적 건강상태, BMI로 나타났고, 노년후기군에서는 경제수준, 만성질환 유무와 주관적 건강상태가 삶의 질과 관련되었다. 결론 : 노인의 삶의 질을 높이기 위하여, 노년 전기에는 체중관리에 초점을 맞추고 성별에 따라 차별화된 서비스를 제공하며 노년 후기에는 경제상태와 교육수준에 따른 서비스를 제공하고, 전·후기 노인 모두 만성질관관리, 건강관리, 및 일상생활능력 향상을 위한 서비스를 제공되어야 함을 제안한다. Objectives: The purpose of this study was to investigate the difference in quality of life and related factors among the elderly by the young and the old-old. Methods: Elderly data of 1,339 case from National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (Korea Center for Disease Control, 2010) were analyzed with SPSS 20.0, using complex survey data analysis methods. Most of the instruments were used according to the original survey while some were re-categorized. Gender, education, living area, income status, factors considered to be related to quality of life such as exercise, smoking and drinking habits, existence of chronic diseases, perceived health, and BMI were explored for their relationship with quality of life. Significance level was set to .05. Results: In this study, 58.4% of the subject were female, and approximately 3/4 had education below elementary school. However, there were more female, more elementary school education, and fewer living with significant others among the old-old. Underweight, depression, and suicidal thoughts were more prevalent among the old-old. The old-old perceived their health worse. Quality of life scores were lower for the old-old. In terms of health behaviors, there were more drinking, exercising, and overweight among the young-old. Factors related to quality of life turned out to be gender, perceived health and BMI among the young-old and education, economic status, and perceived health among the old-old. Conclusion: We recommend differentiated health policy and health programs for the young- and the old-old.

연령집단에 따른 노인의 허약(Frailty) 예측요인 분석

조성은 ( Cho Sung Eun ),최은영 ( Choi Eun Young ),오영삼 ( Oh Young Sam ),김영선 ( Kim Young Sun ),김성복 ( Kim Seong Bok ) 한국보건사회연구원 2017 保健社會硏究 Vol.37 No.3

본 연구의 목적은 연령집단에 따른 허약의 예측요인을 분석하는 것이다. 연구의 목적을 위해 2014년 노인실태조사를 사용하여 총 4,123명을 분석의 대상으로 설정하였다. 허약을 예측하는데 있어 연령의 중요성을 고려하여, 본 연구는 대상자를 75세 이상 85세 미만의 중 고령노인집단(n=3,373명)과 85세 이상의 초 고령노인집단(n=750명)으로 분류하여 연구모형을 검증하였다. 중 고령노인집단에서 전 허약노인과 허약노인은 각각 1453명(약 43%), 1,268명(약 37%)으로 나타났으며, 초 고령노인 집단에서 전 허약과 허약노인은 304명(약 40%), 396명(약 52%)으로 나타났다. 회귀분석의 결과 건강단계에서 허약전 단계로 진입하는 예측요인은 중 고령노인집단에서는 여성, 낮은 교육수준, 많은 만성질환, 낙상 유경험자, 높은 우울, 낮은 인지기능이 허약 전 단계를 예측하는 유의한 변인으로 밝혀졌으며 초 고령노인집단은 여성, 높은 우울, 낮은 사회활동이 유의한 예측요인으로 밝혀졌다. 허약 전 단계에서 허약 단계로의 진입을 예측하는 요인으로는 중 고령노인집단은 여성, 높은 연령, 미취업, 많은 만성질환, 낙상 유경험자, 높은 우울, 낮은 인지기능이 유의한 변인이었으며, 초 고령노인 집단은 높은 연령, 많은 만성질환, 높은 우울, 낮은 인지기능이 유의한 예측요인으로 밝혀졌다. 본 연구는 연령의 세분화와 다각적인 요인의 접근으로 허약의 예측요인을 밝히고자 하였다. 연구를 통해 밝혀진 예측요인은 추후 허약에 대한 다각적 연구의 기초자료로서 활용되리라 기대한다. This study aims to investigate the predictors of frailty in different age groups. To address this purpose, this study used the 2014 Survey of the Living Conditions of the Elderly (SLCE). In the research model, 4,123 older adults aged 75 and older were included from the SLCE. All participants were subdivided into two age groups based on their age; the young old group (75-85) and the old-old group (85+). The young old group consisted of 1,453 (43%) pre-frail older adults and 1,268 (37%) frail older adults; the old-old group consisted of 304 (40%) pre-frail older adults and 396 (52%) frail older adults. Our regression analysis showed that in the young-old, being female, lower levels of education, having more chronic diseases, having fall experience, higher depression, lower cognitive functioning significantly predicted transition to pre-frailty from non-frail status. In the old-old, being female, higher depression, lower level of social activity were significant predictors. On the other hand, predictors of transition to frailty from pre-frail status in the young-old were being female, higher age, being unemployed, having more chronic diseases, having fall experience, higher depression, lower cognitive functioning. In the old-old, predictors of transition to frailty from pre-frail status were only higher age, having more chronic disease, higher depression, and lower cognitive functioning. The research findings can be used as a reference point in the making of strategies for preventing frailty.

노년기 주관적 연령과 건강노화와의 관계: 연령집단별 분석

최은영 ( Choi Eun Young ),조성은 ( Cho Sung Eun ),오영삼 ( Oh Young Sam ),장희수 ( Chang Hee Su ),김영선 ( Kim Young Sun ) 한국보건사회연구원 2017 保健社會硏究 Vol.37 No.1

본 연구의 목적은 노년기 주관적 연령(스스로를 노인 혹은 비(非)노인으로 인지하는지 여부)과 건강노화와의 관계를 연령집단에 따라 검증하는 것이다. 이를 위해 2014년 노인실태조사 대상자 중 연소노인(65~74세)과 고령노인(75~84세)을 연구대상으로 선정하였다. 연구의 주목적인 주관적 연령과 건강노화 간의 관련성을 검증하기 위해 연소노인 및 고령노인 집단별로 다중회귀분석(multiple regression analysis)을 실시하였다. 연구결과, 주관적 연령과 건강노화의 관계는 연령집단별로 다른 양상을 보이는 것으로 나타났다. 연소노인에서 주관적 연령이 비(非)노인인 경우, 높은 수준의 인지기능과 적은 만성질환 수, 낮은 수준의 우울, 그리고 높은 수준의 사회활동 참여를 보이는 것으로 밝혀졌다. 반면, 고령노인인 경우 주관적 연령은 인지기능을 제외하고 건강노화의 다른 세 요소와 유의미한 관련이 없었다. 본 연구는 주관적 연령을 건강노화의 새로운 고려요소로 제시하여, 두 요소의 관련성을 통합적인 차원에서 살펴보았다는 의의가 있다. 또한 노인을 연령대에 따라 구별된 집단으로 살펴봄으로써, 주관적 연령과 건강노화의 연관성이 연령집단마다 상이한 양상을 보임을 밝혔다는 의의를 가진다. The purpose of this study is to examine the relationship between subjective age (whether one subjectively perceives himself as `the elderly` or `not the elderly`) and healthy aging. Using data from the 2014 National Elderly Survey (KIHASA), this study selected a total of 9,653 participants consisting of young-olds (aged 65-74) and old-olds (aged 75-84) For both the young-old and the old-old, multiple regression analyses were conducted to examine the research model. In the young-old population, one`s considering oneself as “non-elderly” was significantly associated with higher cognitive functioning, fewer chronic diseases, lower depressive symptoms, and higher level of social engagement. On the other hand, in the old-old population, one`s considering oneself as “non-elderly” was associated only with higher cognitive functioning, and not with the other domains of healthy aging. The findings suggest that subjective age can be considered as an important predictors of older adults` healthy aging. These findings indicate that the association between subjective age and healthy aging has a different pattern depending on the age group.

40세 이하 관상동맥 질환자에서 장기적 임상 관찰

이승욱,정명호,박종철,박형욱,조상희,김원,김계훈,이상현,강경태,조장현,김남호,김건형,안영근,조정관,박종춘,강정채 全南大醫大 2001 전남의대학술지 Vol.37 No.2

Factors associated with the risk of colorectal neoplasia in young adults under age 40

Ilsoo Kim,Han Hee Lee,Young Jae Ko,Ho Eun Chang,Dae Young Cheung,Bo-In Lee,Young-Seok Cho,Jin Il Kim,Myung-Gyu Choi 대한내과학회 2022 The Korean Journal of Internal Medicine Vol.37 No.5

Background/Aims: Recent epidemiologic studies have shown a continued increase in colorectal cancer incidence among younger adults. Little is known about the factors that contribute to the development of young-onset colorectal neoplasia (CRN). Methods: A cross-sectional analysis was performed for individuals younger than 40 years who underwent colonoscopy in Seoul St. Mary’s Hospital and its affiliated health screening center. High-risk CRN was defined as adenoma or sessile serrated lesion ≥ 10 mm, with three or more adenomas, villous histology, high grade dysplasia, or carcinoma. Results: Of these 13,621 included participants, 2,023 (14.9%) had one and more CRN. Young patients with CRN tended to be elderly, male, obese, smoker, having a habit of drinking, and having comorbidities such as hypertension, dyslipidemia, diabetes, and chronic kidney disease. In a multivariate analysis adjusted for age, sex, obesity, smoking status, and alcohol intake, old age (odds ratio [OR], 1.086; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.054 to 1.119), male sex (OR, 1.748; 95% CI, 1.247 to 2.451), obesity (OR, 1.439; 95% CI, 1.133 to 1.828), and smoking (OR, 1.654; 95% CI, 1.287 to 2.127) were independent risk factors for overall CRN. Obesity and smoking as two modifiable factors increased the risk for high-risk CRN even more than for overall CRN (OR, 1.734; 95% CI, 1.168 to 2.575 and OR, 1.797; 95% CI, 1.172 to 2.753, respectively). Conclusions: Obesity and smoking were modifiable risk factors for CRN in young adults. They increased the risk for highrisk CRN even more than for overall CRN. A colonoscopy might be beneficial for young individuals with these factors.