일본 도쿄 지역 병원의 친환경성 분석 연구 -토지이용 및 교통부분을 중심으로

임영환 ( Yeong Hwan Lim ) 한국의료복지건축학회 2015 의료·복지 건축 Vol.21 No.3

Purpose: As the concerns for the environment are gradually prioritized, increasing interests of environment-friendly buildings are drawn. Numerous researches about healthcare buildings have been performed however, they were mainly focused on convenience or healing condition for medical treatments. The hospitals consume energy and generate CO2 as twice as the residential or commercial buildings do. Various green building certification systems are globally arranged. But, it isn``t easy to find certification criteria for the green hospital besides the US and UK``s ones which are specially designed to evaluate environment-friendly medical buildings(Lim&Yoo, 2010). Methods: In this study, we investigates current conditions of Tokyo Regional hospitals in environment-friendly standpoint and also investigates the foreign certification criteria and systems for the green healthcare building and finds the possibility to apply them to Korean one. Results: Through this study, we found that the Tokyo regional hospitals can be environmentally improved by management plans and programs. Implications: Based on this analysis, Korean Green Building Certification for healthcare facilities will be developed in near future.

釜山 溫泉場의 機能構造와 空間構造에 關한 硏究

林永大,李貞姬 新羅大學校 1984 論文集 Vol.17 No.-

This study focused on the functional and the spatial structure of "Oncheonjang" in Busan. The results were as follows; 1. Commercial landuse in the study area is functionally specialized though its lower landuse intensity than the CBD. 2. There is a tendency of functional changes along the streets. In particular, such runctions as eating houses, taverns and lodging facilities tend increase relat-ively, and occupy an important position among the functions. 3. Customers of commercial facitilies in the study area are mainly local inhabitants and tourist. This suggests the change of regional characteristics from a tourist resort area to a local shopping center. 4. Number of customers makes peak between PM. 7 and 8 in time, and spring and autumn in season. Most customers are men and come with their friends.

釜山의 工業空間에 關한 硏究(Ⅰ) : the distribution of Industrial Spaces in 1962 1962年의 工業空間의 分布를 中心으로

林永大 新羅大學校 1978 論文集 Vol.6 No.-

In this study, an attempt is made to clarify a part of locational patterns in 1062. I started with the assumption that there would be some categories in the distribution of industry in Busan city. The number of plant and employee by category and by dong in Busan city in 1962 was used as the basic data for this study. Distribution of industries was examined through the method of Principal-components Analysis and simplified into models. The results are as follows: There exist six categories in the distributions of industry in Busan city, but it is only a few cases that show same distributional type as the result of locational Characters (Fig. 2-7). Industrial spaces in Busan city form their axes of distribution running to the direction of northeast-southwest, although there are differences of size and pattern among the categories of industry. It is the same features as other cities in that most industrial spaces have their cores in the center and as one crosses those cores outward, intensity of industrial concentration decreases, and that in the developmental process of industrial space non-industrial space change in turn into the quasi-industrial space, industrial space core industrial space and industrial belt through the concentration of industries and expansion of industrial space (Fig.8). And in 1962, there were four important industrial regions in Busan city as the result of distribution of industrial spaces (Fig. 9). They are: 1. Geojae Industrial Region being predominant in the chemical industry. 2. Seomyen Industrial Region being predominant in the textile, rubber and wearing apparel industry. 3. Beomil Industrial Region being predominant in the lumber-wood products and rubber industry. 4. Yeongdo Industrial Region being predominant in the basic metal, stones-glasses(including clay and concrete)and transportation equipment.

工業立地의 硏究動向 ; 地域論的 接近

林永大 新羅大學校 1985 論文集 Vol.19 No.-

This study is to grasp the trend in the regional approach on the manufacturing location through a review of relavant theories: Theory of Industrial Internal Growth Theory, Export Base Theory, Innovation & Diffusion Theory, and Product Life Cycle Theory. The results were as follows; The locational change of regional manufacturing to periphery occurs in wave-like pattern and it exhibits a hierarchy effect pattern. In early stage, manufacturing tends to concentrate in the core in which external or urbanized economies advantageous to product research and development exist. In later stage, manufacturing tends to disperse to the periphery due to agglomeration diseconomies/resource exhaustion in the core, infrastructure improvement in the periphery, technological change, and standardization. These locational changes can be subdivided into four stages: 1) scattered location of small production units orienting to local resources or markets through the main cities in the core, 2) concentration in the larger cities and decentralization to the smaller cities in the core, 3) dispersion and diffusion to the smaller cities and the adjacent non metropolitan areas in the core, and 4) dispersion to the periphery. As the result of these locational changes, administrative activities, integrative activities and fabricating activities concentrate in the core, while processing activities and some standardized fabricating activities concentrate in the periphery. Within the core, there exist variations in the firm size and the sector of manufacturing (administrative activities in metropolis, integrative activities in larger cities, and fabricating activities in smaller cities) according to the city size, but regardless of city size, specific manufacturing occurs in the specific areas to meet the specialized service and the demand characteristics. This locational change of manufacturing is accompanied with the structural variations of regional manufacturing; from the low skill and value added/consumer goods-industries dominating structure to the high skill and value added/producer goods-industries dominating structure.

釜山工業의 空間變化(1962-1976年)

林永大 新羅大學校 1979 論文集 Vol.7 No.-

This study puts the main purpose to clarify the problem whether or not the development of doughunt formations and differences of spatial variation between small and large firms are present in the spatial variation fo Busan i dustry. The data on number of establishment and employee by scale and dong in Busan city for 1962 and 1976 were used for the examination of spatial variation of Busan industry. Also, for the examination of processes of spatial variation, the number of stayer, mover and new firm in 1962 to 1976 was used as the dat. The results are as follows: The spaces of Busan industry in 1962 were localized in the city core area. but industrial spaces made the development into the urban friges, especially into the northern and northeastern parts in contrast to the decrease in city core in 1962-1976, through such main processes as death and birth of firms. Thus, its industrial spaces in 1976 were greatly expanded into the urban fringes, especially into the northern and northeastern parts. And the decrease of industrial intensity around industrial cores, the formation of belts commecting these cores, the locational differences between large and small firms appear on these spaces. Various characters in the spatial variation and it's processes of Busan industry are same as that of other cities. But it is noticeable that(1) its industrial spaces on the locational axis running to the direction of southwest-northeast developed into the northern and northeastern urban fringes, as the result of its geographical conditions, and (2) the main processes of its spatial variation are death and birth of firms. On the other hand, there five rings in Busan originated from the characters of spatial variation of industry and its provesses. They are" (1) city core; a few small firms and prominent decrease processes. (2) inner part of area surrounding city core; very few small firms and prominent decrease processes. (3) outer part of area surrounding city core; very few small firms and prominent decrease processes. (4) urban fringe; a lot of large firms and prominent increase provesses. (5) suburb; no firm and no process. As the result, the distributional shape(profile) of industrial spaces and intenstities in Busan are similar to the 'W' shape. However, as the provesses is continuing, that shape may eventually transform into the shape of doughnat ring

釜山의 工業空間에 關한 硏究 : 工業空間의 分布와 그 要因 分析을 中心으로 the Distribution of Industrial Spaces and the Analysis of Its Factors

林永大 新羅大學校 1977 論文集 Vol.5 No.-

In this study, an attempt is made to clarify the locational pattern of the Korean industry and that of all industries by analysing the spatial variation and its main factors of the industry in Busan. The numbers of plant and employee by category and by dong in Busan shi(sity) were used as the basic data for this study. Spatial variation of industries were examined through mapping the relative intensity of industries and simplifying them into the models. To find the factors influencing spatial variation of industries, correlation analysis between eight expected independent variables and intensity of industries was attempted. The results are as follows; While industry in Busan has the same characteristics of medium and small industries as that of the Korea, it shows much heavier concentration of industrial acitvities than any other region and depends largely on the heavy & chemical industries. Although there are differences of size and pattern among the categories of industry, industrial spaces in Busan form their axes of distribution running to the direction of northeast-southwest. As in the case of other city, distribution of industrial space is the result of such spatial variations that change in turn the unit space into the core industrial space, industrial space, quasi-industrial space and non-industrial space as one crosses from their cores to urban fringe; the core(s) of heavy industry lie(s) on the coast in contrast with the cores of light and chemical industries lying on the interior. That is, these industrial spaces can be categorized into two types of industrial spaces in terms of the number of core. They are; 1. Industrial Space of Single Core ; a. chemicals, petroleum, coal rubber, plastic produces, b. wood, wood products including furniture. 2. Industrial Space of Multiple Cores ; a. Busan, b. food, beverage, tobacco, c. textile, wearing apparel, leather, d. paper, paper products, printing, publishing, e. non-metallic mineral products, f. basic metal, g. fabricated metal products, machinery, equipments. Also we can categorized them into three types in terms of the position of core. They are; 1. Industrial Space of Coastal Core(s) ; a. wood, wood products including furniture, b. basic metal. 2. Industrial Space of Coastal Core(s) ; a. Busan, b. food, beverage, tobacco, c. textile, wearing apparel, leather, d. paper, paper products, printing, publishing, e. chemicals, petroleum coal, rubber, plastic products, f. non-metallic mineral products. 3. Industrial Space of Coastal % Interior Cores ; fabricated metal products, machinery, equipments. And there are seven important industrial regions in Busan as the result of spatial variations They are; 1. Central Eastern (Beomil & Yeonsan)Industrial Region. 2. Central Western (Sasang) Industrial Region. 3. Northern(Dongrae) Industrial Region. 4. Southwestern(Gamcheon) Industrial Region. 5. Southeastern(Yeongdo) Industrial Region. 6. Chungmu Industrial Region. 7. Gupo Industrial Region. Most of these industrial regions depend heavily on the textile, chemical and machinery industries of medium and small size. But it is noteworthy here that most of these industrial regions locate in the heart of city, especially the Central Eastern Industrial Region being the largest of these seven industrial regions abuts on sub-C. B. D. of Busan, which are harmful to the development of the city and industry. On the other hand, eight expected factors selected in this study explain only about one third of spatial variation of industry in Busan though the influences of such factors as distance from habour and station, road and labour on the spatial variation are important. And it is certain that the remainders of spatial variation can be explained by such factors as public policy, historical accident & inertia, personal preference and agglomeration which are neglected in the selection of expected factors in this study. Therefore, for a fuller explanation of the spatial variation of industry in Busan, such approach that not only take into consideration of eight expected factors but also emphasize the factors as public policy, historical accident & inertia, personal preference and agglomeration is necessary. Can't these be adopted in the study of the spatial variation of industry not only in Busan but in all of the Korea? Or in the study of all spatial variation of industries? A more advanced study is required in this field.

都市工業의 成長과 構造變化 : 馬山市의 경우 the Case of Masan City

林永大 新羅大學校 1989 論文集 Vol.28 No.-

The main purpose of this study is to clarify characteristics of manuacturing gorwth and its structural changes in the study area, and to verify whether the existing theoretical and empirical studies on the growth and structural changes of urban manufaturing are applicable to the case of study area. The scondary purpose is to find problems in its manufacturing growth and structural changes, and to search for effective devicefor solving the problems. Masan city was selected as the study area, and manufacturing growth and structural changes between 1876 and 1986 were examined. Hard data were used as the basic data. They were about the number of establishments and employees by type and size of manufacturing recorded in yearbooks and registers of firms. The major findings were as follows: 1. Manufacturing in the study area had been initiated mainly by Japanese in the study area had been initiated mainly by japanese capitals and technology since Russo-Japanese War. and there already was heavy manufacturing agglomeration in the study area in the period of Japanese rule. 2. In spite of rise and falls in the manufacturing growth of the study area. the speed and degree of manufacturing agglomeration tend to be decreased relatively. 3. Manufacturing growth of the study area was acompanied with structural changes of manufacturing: the manufacturing structure tneds to be diversified and, the change of the prominent components in the structure tend to be from such manufacturing as Foods Products. Beverages, Printing & Publishing. Wood & Cork Products, Fabrica?ed Metal Products, to such manufaturing as Textile, Fabricated Metal products, Electrical Machinery. And also the changes of the kinds of specialized manufacturing tend to be from such manfacturing as Foods Products. Foods Product, n.e.c, Beverages, Printing & Publishing to such manufacturing as Textile. Fabricated Metal Products, Electrical Machinery. As the results, such manufacturing as Textile, Fabricated Metal Products and Electrical Machinery tend to growth and to be specialized with contrast to the decrease of such manufacturing as Foods Products, Food Products, n.e.c., Beverages, Printing & Publishing and Wood & Cork Products. 4. Firm size of manutacturing in the study area tends to be enlarged, but small firms are still prominent. 5. Characteristics shown in manufacturing growth and structural change in the study area which are tendency of structural diversification, enlargement of firm size, and prominence of small firms, are the same as those of Korean manufacturing. Differences between manufactruing in the study area and Korean manufacturing are growth speed, firm size and the kinds of the prominent components in the sturcture. 6. Th growth and structual changes of manufacturing in the study area resulted mainly from national policies and geographical conditions of the study area as habour. To extract the facts relavant to the hyphtheses established in this study among the described above, they are as follows: 1. The speed and degree of manufacturing agglomeration in the study area tend to decrease.(hypothesis 1) 2. Manufacturing structure in the study tends to be diversified with the manufacturing growth, and to change the prominent components, which ?s from low value added, pre?stage manufacturing to high value added, post-stage manufacturing. (hypothesis 2) 3. The firm size in the study area tends to be enlarged.(hypothesis 3) 4. The growth and strutural changes of manufacturing resulted mainly from national policies and geographical conditions of the study area as hobour.(hypothesis 4) To verify the hypotheses established in this study on the basis of the above four facts proved that all of four hypotheses were verified positively. In conclusion, it would be possible to explain the manufacturing growth and structural changes in the study area by preceding studies, since manufacturing growth and structral changes in the study area are not so different from the cases in foreign countries. On the basis of the above facts, I found the problems in manufacturing growth and structral changes in the study area. 1. The degree of manufacturing agglomeration in the study area tends to decrease as the speed of its manufacturing growth decrease. 2. In spite of structural changes from low value added pre?stage manufacturing to high value added post-stage manufacturing. one(Textile) of five prominent manufacturing(Textile, Fabricated Metal Products, Electrical Machinery, Transport Equipment, Professional Equipment) in the structure, is the manufaturing of tends to decrease with manufacturing development. And this textile manufacturing, with manufacturing of electrical machinery, has great influences on the economy of the study area. Therefore, industrial policies inducing existing manufacturing agglomerated in the study area to the high-value-added post-stage manufacturing is necessary for solving the above problems: four prominent manufacturing of high-value-added and post-stage described above should be promoted and should be export-orienting, while textile manufactruring should be controled.

釜山工業의 成長과 構造變化, 1876~1980年

林永大 新羅大學校 1985 論文集 Vol.20 No.-

This study focuses on the clarification of characteristics of the growth and structural changes of Pusan industry between 1876 and 1980. The results were as follows; Manufacturing industry in Pusan was initiated mainly by Japanese capitals from 1880's, and concentration of industry was already prominent in the period of Japanese Rule. Pusan industry showed a rapid growth in the early and middle periods of Japanese Rule, but it slowed down in the late period of Japanese Rule. There was again a rapid growth in the period of Korean War, but a slowdown since the truce. Another rapid growth appeared between the First and the Third Korean Economic Development periods, but a slowdown since the Fourth Korean Economic Development. The quantitative change of Pusan industry followed by the structural changes. Light industry was predominant in the early and middle periods of Japanese Rule, but the structural balance between light and heavy industry accomplished in the late period of Japanese Rule. After the Liberation, the light industry was predominant again, but the structural balance between them was made again since the Korean Economic Development. Main industries both changed and diversified between 1876-1980: food & beverages industry in the early period of Japanese Rule; food & beverages, textile & wearing apparel, and fabricated metal products & machinery industry in the middle and late periods of Japanese Rule; food & beverages, textile & wearing apparel, chemical, and fabricated metal products & machinery industry after the Liberation; textile & wearing apparel, chemical, and fabricated metal products & machinery industry since the Korean Economic Development. Specialized industries also changed: wood & furniture, textile & wearing apparel, and fabricated metal products & machinery industry in the period of Japanese Rule; chemical, and primary metal industry since the Liberation. As the result, the preponderance in the structure tends to decrease as it approaches to recent years. The firm size tends to enlarge. Especially, it showed a prominent enlargement in the Korean Economic Development. Medium and small firms, however, are predominant and the firm size remains minute as before. With the exception of the larger preponderance and larger firm size compared with the Korean industry, there is little difference in the structural changes between Pusan and Korean industry. Various factors influenced on the quantitative and structural changes of Pusan industry between 1876-1980. Among these factors, the government policy and the locational advantages of Pusan are most important: the policy of Japanese government to the Korean industry and the locational advantages of Pusan as an outpost for Korean colony before the Liberation; the policy of Korean government to industry and the locational advantages of Pusan as a metropolis and an exporting port since the Liberation.

Chlorhexidine varnish가 법랑질의 탈회예방에 미치는 영향

임은경,최영철 大韓小兒齒科學會 1998 大韓小兒齒科學會誌 Vol.25 No.4

The intention of this study was to investigate the preventive effect of chlorhexidine varnish on enamel demineralization. The sample consisted of 57 first premolars scheduled to be extracted for orthodontic purposes. The control group (N=10) was left untreated and the experimental groups were worn with specially designed stainless steel orthodotic bands on premolar for plaque accumulation. The group(N=9) was worn band only, the group 2 (N=19) was applied with chlorhexidine varnish for one time, and the group 3(N=19)was applied with chlorhexidine varnish for 3 times once a week. After 4 weeks of experimental periods, every specimenwere examined by SEM and Vickers hardness test to evaluate and compare the degree of enamel decalcification. The results were as follows: 1. Although SEM revealed various degree of enamel demineralization in every experimental groups, the group 1 showed more severe demineralizations than the group 2and 3. 2. The mean Vickers Hardness Numbers measured in this study seemed to reveal that there was a statistically significant difference between the control goup and the group 1 (p<0.05), and also a significant defference between the group 1 and the group 2,3(p<0.05). And there was no significant difference between the group 2 and the group 3 (P>0.05). 3. The results of VHN did not deemed to show a statistically significant difference between maxillary premolar and mandibular premolar in both group 2 and group 3 (p>0.05).

馬山 機械工業의 立地變動

林永大 新羅大學校 1993 論文集 Vol.35 No.1

The purpose of this study is to clarify the characteristics of location and vocational changes of machinery manufacturing in Masan city, Korea and to examine whether the results of preceding studies on the location and locational changes of machinery manufacturing in the other urban areas are applicable or not to explain the location and vocational changes of the manufacturing in Masan city. For attaining this purpose, three hypotheses on the location and locational changes of machinery manufacturing were established, and these hypotheses were examined in terms of basic data collected from interviews with owners of the machinery manufacturing firms located in Masan city. The interviews have been planned to be done to the owners of 77 firms selected by Stratified-Optimum Allocation Sampling Method, and were actually done to the owners of 71 firms among them. The results were as follows: The machinery manufacturing in Masan city was initiated by potential entrepreneurs from Masan city and its vicinities who were employed in the machinery manufacturing and related industry and were stimulated by the demand of products and interest on the manufacturing. Due to smallness of firm sizes, locational advantages of owners' hometown, agglomeration, government policy, contacts with suppliers of raw materials and purchasers of products, this manufacturing was located in Masan city. Its site selection was influenced by availability of land and agglomeration. As the result of differences of investment decision and vocational characteristics in types and sizes of firms, however, these locational characteristics of the manufacturing can be subdivided into the two types: One is small sized machinery, fabricated metals, transport equipment and professional-scientific-measuring-controlling equipment manufacturing which are agglomerated in the inner part of the city, the other is large electrical machinery manufacturing which agglomerated in the outter part of the city, especcially in the Free Export Zone. The former, as the result of investment decision by potential entrepreneurs from Masan city and its vicinities and of material linkages, especially subcontracting linkages with firms in Masan and Changwon city, emphasized locational advantages of owners' hometown and contact profits with customers in the regional selection. The latter, as the result of investment decision by foreigners(Japaneses) who had contacts with capitalists or engineers and were supported by government policy and of material linkages, especially subcontraction linkages with firms in foreign(especially Japan), emphasized government policy in the regional selection. For resolving such internally-generated locational stresses as expansion, modernization and diversification of existing production lines and accessibility to customers, the outward relocation of firms was done. The spatial extent of relocation, however, was limited within short distance due to the availability of land and necessity of close contacts with customers. Examining three hypotheses established in this study on the basis of above facts, all hypotheses were examined positively but partially. This means that the locational characteristics of machinery manufacturing in Masan city are not so different from the cases of the other cities. Therefore, the results of preceding studies on the location of machinery manufacturing in other urban areas are applicable to explain the location of the manufacturing in Masan city with the exception of the peculiar locational characteristics of the manufacturing in Masan city.