리기다松의 種子結實量과 成長과의 關係

李麗夏 건국대학교 1969 學術誌 Vol.10 No.1

1.This study was made to determine the relationship between the growth and the quantities of cone detached of pinus rigida Mill. 2.The correlation between the difference of main shoot's grawth and the quantities of cone detached for a year in comparison with the cone detached and trees with cone is : y=0.44x+2.14 3.The correlation between the difference of the main shoot's growth and the quantities of cone detached for a year in comparison with the cone detached and trees with cone on the modification type is : y=0.64x+3.2 4.The correlation of each factors estimated by 95% of confidence interval is shoots in the table of corrlation below. ◁표삽입▷(원문을 참조하세요)

落葉松의 林分密度와 樹冠生長에 대하여 : 演習林施業을 中心으로

李麗夏 建國大學校附設農業資源開發硏究所 1984 農資源開發論集 Vol.9 No.-

The stand density and the crown growth were analyzed for the larch forest which had been reared and thinned in the experimental school forest. The results were summairzed as follows : 1. Obvious differences were shown in stem weight, branch weight, needle weight and main branch length of a single tree between the unthinning plot and thinning plot. 2. In general, the natural crown shape of larch was of a cone type. 3. Regardless of the stand density, the average number of live braches of the sample trees was about 100 per a single tree. 50% of the live branches were located above about three fifth of the crown bole. 4. 50% of the weight of live branches were concentrated at about lower one third to a half of the crown bole. 5. The needle population along the crown bole was shown in the normal distribution with the peak at the middle part of the crown in height. 6. The more diameter growth at the same height was shown as the less the stand density and the higher the height growth. 7. The more taper bole was produced in the stand of the higher the height growth and the denser the stand density.

林木生長과 個體間 競爭效果 推定에 대한 考察

李麗夏 建國大學校附設 農業資源開發硏究所 1980 論文集 Vol.6 No.-

This study was carried out to know the difference in growth and degree of competition between trees of thinned and unthinned stands. Annual increment and total growth were obtained from the cores sampled at the DBH. The correlation between adjacent individual trees was investigated. 1. The correlation between radius growth and basal area was used to estimate the degree of competition among individual trees. 2. To estimate the degree of competition, the correlation between two individual trees was better method them that among every tree. 3. Up to 7 years after planting, no competition between individual tree occurred and the high position correlation was shown. 4. High degree of competition was observed 9 years after the planting, as the correlation coefficient was getting smaller. 5. As the growth of the total stand increased, the degree of competition among individual tree also increased.

피나무류의 揷木繁殖에 관한 硏究

李麗夏,洪性珏 건국대학교 1987 學術誌 Vol.31 No.2

To know effects of the collection date of cuttings, the age of stock tree and the treatments of NAA (Naphthalene acetic acid) on the rooting ability of Tilia species the hardwood and the softwood cuttings from the normal twigs of 5 year·old seedling of Tilia amurensis and from the stump sprouts of 50 year old trees of Tilia amurensis and T. mandshurica were treated with different concentrations of NAA from 0 to 10,000 ppm. The cuttings were rooted on the rooting medium of 50% vermiculite and 50% coarse sand in a polyvinyl mist house. The rooting medium was treated with 5% captan in talc, 300 g per 1 m3 medium, and the 2 cm base of the cuttings, with 5% benomyl in talc prior to the planting. The following results were obtained: 1. The percent rooting of T. amurensis varied from 1 to 56%, depending on the NAA treatment, the collection dates and the age of stock tree. T. mandshurica were not rooted in all the treatments except that the softwood cutting collected in July and treated with 500 ppm NAA showed 2% rooting of the cuttings. 2. In Tilia amurensis, the cuttings from 5 year old seedling showed Detter rooting ability than the cuttings from the sprouts of the 50 year old stump. 3. The softwood cuttings showed better rooting ability than the hardwood cuttings, and the softwood cuttings collected on July, better than those on June. 4. 500ppm NAA promoted the rooting ability of the softwood cuttings collected on July, but inhibited that of the cutting on June. 1,000 ppm and 2,000 ppm NAA inhibited or had no effects on rooting of the softwood cuttings. 5. The highest percent rooting(56%) was obtained when the softwood cuttings collected on July was treated with 500 ppm of NAA.

林木의 年次成長量推定에 관한 硏究

李麗夏 建國大學校附設 農業資源開發硏究所 1976 論文集 Vol.2 No.-

比較的 좋은 林木度를 維持하고 있는 잣나무林分에서 任意抽出한 60本의 標準木을 伐採하고 地上 0.2m 의 根元部 圓板을 採取하여 個體別로 齡階別 成長量을 調査하여 伐期成長量을 早期 推定한 것이다. 이들 早期成長量 推定은 다음과 같은 統計的인 分析方法에 의하여 이루어졌다. 1. 標準木選定은 n=( ?? )²(1-ρ)²의 近似式에 의하여 本수를 決定하고 林意抽출했다. 2. 伐採時까지의 總成長量과 各樹齡에서의 總成長量과 年次別 相關分析을 했다. (Table 1과 Fig.1) In a stand of Pinus Koraiensis with fairly good stand density, 60 random sample trees were cut and the root colar disks were collected. The final growth was estimated by measuring the growth of the disk of each age. The results obtained are as follow: 1. The annual correlation between final increment and total increment at each age is shown in table 1. 2. The correlation coefficients among the successive age classes are relatively high, for example over 0.7 after the 19 years age class. 3. The analysis of the regression of final increment to total incfement at each age shows that the regression variation of the total increment at each age arter 19 year to the final increment is over 50%. 4. In the juvenile-mature relation of the tree, the final increment is able to be estimated from the early total increment after about 20 years.

農業敎育發展을 위한 大學實習農場 模型開發에 관한 硏究

李麗夏,鄭大敎,金始源,金明運,李庚熙,金鍾天,金裕鉉,金光鎬 建國大學校附設農業資源開發硏究所 1985 農資源開發論集 Vol.10 No.-

A model development for experimental farm and forest of university was cinducted to enhance the agricultural education of Kon-Kuk University. The results obtained are summarized as follows: 1. It is suggested that the experimental farm of Kon-Kuk University should be located in south-east agricultural area, that is reached around one hour by car from the Seoul campus. However, two or three locations differing environmental conditions for the experimental forest are desirable for the education and research purposes. 2. The experimental farm size should be more than 17 hectares, and low land paddy field should be sized 60 to 70 percentage of the total farm area and the rest be upland field. The area of experimental forest should be larger than 500 hectares to fulfil the current educational situation of Kon Kuk University. 3. Mechanization for crop cultivation should be considerd for planning all kinds of facilities for the experimental farm. 4. Farm management committee has to be organized to review, evaluate and decide everything for the experimental farm management. 5. Experimental farm should be self-supported financially except the budget for regular technicians and assistants salaries. Financial self-support seems to be achieved in 5 to 6 years after new farm opening. 6. It is suggested that cultivation of rice in low land paddy field and growing of ornamental trees and/or forest trees should be major items for cash income of the experimental farm, because these two items are expected to reduce labor and cash input for cultivation. 7. Yearly plan for farm management should consider that around ten percent of total farm land area can be shared for practices and experiments for students and professors. 8. Curriculum and weekly time schedule for the student practices and observations should be rearranged to enhance the efficiency of agricultural education of Kon-Kuk University.

밤나무 耐寒性品種 選拔에 관한 연구

李麗夏,趙台煥,洪性珏 건국대학교 1976 學術誌 Vol.20 No.2

32 cultivars of chestnut were collected at the Kyunggido Forest Experimental Station, Oh-San, Kyunggido, Korea on November and December, 1976. The freezing resistance of winter bud, cambium and xylem parenchyma of the cultivars was measured to select out freezing resistant cultivars under the condition of early winter in Korea. The winter bud showed lowest freezing resistance among tissue parts. The xylen parenchyma attained relatively higher freezing resistance than the cambium did. On the basis of the freezing resistance of winter bud eleven cultivars which showed relatively high freezing resistance were selected among 32 cultivars of chestnuts. Again on the basis of the freezing resistance of cambium which is often one of the critical factors in winter damage, another eleven freezing resistant cultivars were selected. The eight cultivars which showed both freezing resistance of winter bud and cambium were chosen. These were in order from highest to lowest selected freezing resistant cultivars, wild chinese chest nut, Dan-Taeck, OK-Kwang, Bong-Eeh, Chuk-Pa, Da-Ap, Mahn-Juk, Ahn-Goon.

林分解析에 關한 硏究

李麗夏,鄭大敎,白大鉉 건국대학교 1980 學術誌 Vol.24 No.2

This study was made to estimate the previous stand structure on the stand of Japanese Larch (Larix leptolepis Gordon) by the stem analysis, selecting two structually different standard stand plots and by stump survey. The study procedures followed and findings are as follows; 1.Two stands which were distinctively different in growth were selected as standard plots in the same suhcompartment. The size of plot was 1000 m2. 2.Trees in the plot were graded by diameter through the timber cruising method and made a tree population table to draw out the standard tree according to the diameter grading. The stem analysis was made according to the following formula; ?? 3.Stem analysis was made by Huber's formula and accounted the timber volume. The year of tree was dicided by analysing the timber volume of top 0.0 m part. The year of tree was 27. 4.The site index of the yield table compared to the plot were 16 and 12 respectively. 5.The timber volume of the year graded was estimated by the Xj = a + byi formula. The drawing percentage was the lower as it goes back the farther from the present time. The coefficient between the timber volume was the less as it aparts the farther from the present time. The least coefficient was 0.6. 6.The estimation of stand of tree volume from the stump size to the stump was calculated according to the V =aDbo : which is the correlation to the stump diameter. Those which showed no dispersion deviation between the year grades were treated by regression equation. 7.In the estimation of the number of trees those stump not able to trace back to count were treated as estimated number of trees. 8.In the estimation of stand volume, 25 year grade was adopted as a standard. Compared to the yield table, in the plot A the stem density was 78% and the estimated volume was 70%. In the plot B, the volume was only 67% against the 83% of the higher stem density. 9.The growth curve of the volume was irregular and larger low comparing to the volume table. Although the highest point of the periodic annual growth was the same as the yield table at the 15 year grade the growth was irregular in plot A. In the plot 3, the highest point of the periodic annual growth was leached to the same yield table 5 years later and showed that the point was higher. The mean growth was not leached yet to the highest point. Its mean growth was generally lower. 10.In the surveyed area in this study, the forestry management was irregular in the past years. Therefore, it is recommended that the sylviculture should be improved in maintenance in its stand density. In the plot B, the tree regeneration must come directly after the cutting period. Plots of A and B should not be sylvicultured as the same subcompartment.

林木의 年輪成長에 대한 分析

李麗夏 建國大學校附設 農業資源開發硏究所 1977 論文集 Vol.3 No.-

비교적 좋은 林木度를 維持하고 있는 58年生의 赤松과 젓나무의 混淆林에서 각각 6本의 標本木을 伐採하여 地上 0.2m의 根元部 圓板과 地上 4m마다의 圓板을 採取하여 個體別로 令階別 年輪成長을 調査하여 이들의 相關關係와 生長周期를 調査한것이다. 1. 各樹令間의 相關은 비교적 높은 相關係數로 나타나서 赤松은 20年階에서 0.7이고 잣나무에선 10年階에서 0.7이상이었다. 2. 根株年輪과 全體圓板의 年輪平均値와는 높은 相關을 나타내고 있다. 3. 赤松 個體間의 成長差異는 그 成長振幅이 큰데 反하여 젓나무의 成長은 비교적 고르게 正常的인 成長을 하고있다. 4. 年輪成長의 周期는 젓나무와 赤松間에 큰 差異없이 거의 같은 時期에 나타나고 있다. Each six sample trees of Korean red pine(Pinus densiflora S.et.2) and Korean fir(Abies holophylla Max.) were cut at mixed forest stand of which stand density was fairly high. Root colar disk at 0.2m above ground and the disks at every 4m above ground were collected. The annual ring growth of the sample trees was measured by each age class.The correlation among the annual ring growth was calculated and the interval of growth period was obtained. Following results were obtained: 1.Relatively high correlation coefficient were obtained among the growth at each age. The coefficient were above 0.7 among age class of 20 in Korean red pine and among age class of 10 in Korea fir. 2. High correlation was shown between the growth in root colar disk and in other disks. 3. Variation in annual ring growth among individual Korean red pine was high, on the other hand that of Korea fir was low. 4. Periodic growth of Korean red pine and fir appeared at some time interval.

燃料林造成事業의 費用收益分析

李麗夏,鄭燦吉 建國大學校附設 農業資源開發硏究所 1980 論文集 Vol.5 No.-

1. The Korean Government has put massive effort to protect and reforest the mountains since her independence in 1945. Without adequate alternative means of fuel supplies, however, farmers and firewood dealers could not help stop illegal cutting of the forest woods. Recognizing the necessity of alternative ways of fuel supplies the Government started to establish 850 thousands hectars of fuelwood plantations in 1959 with an aim to arrange farm fuels through the establishment of fuel forests, contributing to the prevention of forest demages. The program was accomplished in 1977, totalling 643 thousand hectars planted in terms of area which is less than as planned by 207 thousand hectare,after many years of trial and errors. Of 643 thousand hectare of the fuelwood establishment, 50 thousand hectares were carried out in 1976,and 127 thousand hectare in 1977 respectively. Part of the necessary funds for the project was provided by IBRD loaning during 1976 and 1977 years. Shape of forest is visibly improving in re cent years. 2. The present status of the Village Forestry association system as of the end of October, 1977 is that a total mambers of the VFA are amounted to 2,250,000. There are more 21,109 VFA and there associations organize 141 City and County Forestry Association Unions, these organizations resemble the administrative organization system and become to have cooperation and connection with administrative system. 3. The total number of households of the 36 sample Villages was 4,085. Average number of households per village was 113. Average family number per household was 5.7 person which was very high. Of the total households 3,624 households were farm households and the rest nonfarm households. This comprises the ratio of 89 percent for the farm households and 11 percent for the non-farm households. Relatively high ratio of the farm households indicates that rural households in Korea are heavily dependent upon farming. Members of Village Forestry Association were 3,839 which amount to 93 percent of the total household surveyed. Of the total VFA member households, 916 households were forest land owners and 2,741 households did not possess their own forest land. 4. A total land area of the sample Villages was 19,789,871 hectare consisting of 4,323 hectare of cultivation land 2,936 hectare of upland, and 10,807 hectare of forest land. An average land area per Village was about 300 hectare. 5. Of 10,807 hectare of the forest land the share of fuelwood plantation was 2,962 hactare which amounts to 27.4 percent of the total forest land of the sample villages. Of the tota plantation area 1,877 hectare which amounts to 631.4 percent was established before 1976 and 1,084 hectare which is 36.6 persent was planted since 1973. 611.6 hectare which amounts to 20.6 percent of the total fuelwood plantation was established during 1976 and 1977 with IBRD loans. Amount 20 percent of the fuelwood plantation area which was established before 1973 was disused and considered to result in a great waste of resources. 6. Varieties of the fuelwood species are regidar pine, acasia, alter, acasia-alter mixed forest and bush clover. The most preferable species among VFA members was rigidar pine due to its strong adaptability to environment and fast growth. Looking at the fuelwood plantation area established before 1973 by fuelwood species acasia amounted to 38.4 percent rigidar pine 50.7 percent, alder 6 percent,and other 41.8 percent. Of 190 hectares planted in 1974 acasia amounted to 33 percent, rigidar pine 36 percent, alder 17 percent, and bush clover 5 percent. Of 204 hectare established in 1975 acasia was 36 percent, rigidar pine 21 percent, alder 34.7 percent, and bush clover 7.8 percent. Of 290 hectare planted in 1976 acasia amounted to 23.3 percent, rigidar pine 40.4 percent, alder 26.9 perpent, bush clover 2.8 percent, and other 6.5 perpent. Of 374 hectare planted 1977 acasia amounted to 22.4 percent, rigidar pine 41.8 percent, alder 15.7 percent, bush clover 15.2 percent, and other 4.9 percent. According to the figures the rigidar pine has the largest planted area except 1975. On the basis of the percentage of the plantation area the rankings among fuelwood species are rigidar pine, alder, acasia, and bush clover. 7. Ninetynine percent of fuelwood plantation in terms of hectare nearby mountains from villages and other along roads and the edge of streams. The ownership of the site planted by fuelwood species is mostly private owned which amounts to 90 percent. The owners of the plantation site have to render their tenure rights to VFA to establish fuelwood plantation by law if the County office designate the site for fuelwood planation. The fuelwood plantation is established and managed by VFA with voluntary labor of VFA members. The harvested products will be shared by VFA and the site owners with 9:1 ratio. 8. The servival rates of planted tree ranged from 75 percent to 95 percent and the reforestration of nearby forest is closely visible fuelwood raising status varied widely depending upon soil,light,location,and management of the plantation site. Application of fertilizer,particularly, seems to be very important to raise fuelwood in good condition. Among the 36 sample Villages 30 Villages have applied fertilizers after the establishment of the fuelwood plantations. After the plantation of fuelwood aftercares such as weedings, tendings,fertilizations are carried out for 2∼3years by the members of VFA, voluntarily, with no wages paid except fertilizers subsidied the Government. For autonomus fuelwood plantation protection a patrol team is organized by the VFA members. The inturn patrol team consisting of two VFA members makes intensive patrols during the season of fall through the spring of the following year which forest damages are heavily expected. These patrols have served for the prevention of collecting illegally forest products, control of destructive actions against forest facilities, prevention of forest fire, prevention of illegal hunting, etc. There were no villages hired full time patrolmen among the 36 sample villages. All chiefs of the VFA surveyed were serving without pay. It takes generally 4∼5years to harvest fuelwood after planting the seedlings. Weeding is taking place every year until the havest time comes, and the remains are not remains are not collected for fuel. They are spreaded and left around the tree for fertilizer. 9. Fuel production from the fuelwood plantation has been considerably low compared to what has been expected. The survey reveals that the average amount of fuel harvest out of the fuelwood plantation was 1,71 M/T per hectare. Expected or planned fuel production was fire M/T per hectare. The highest production turned out to be 10 M/T per hectare while the lowest 0.1 M/T. 10. The principal benefits of the fuelwood project would be: (a) production of forest fuel which would replace illegal cutting and gathering of timber and other forest products. (b) labor saving in collecting fuel. (c) creation of permanent timber producing forests as a secondary purpose of the fuelwood plantation projects, and consequent reduction of soil errosion and flood protection. (d) increase inseedling farmer's income and creation of employment opportunities for the labor intensive seedling farms. (e) beautification of mountains and villages, and institutional building at village level leading to self reliance. 11. Quantitative measurement of direct benefits a and b is attempted. There are no explicit markets for fuetwood rural area any more. However fuelwood, more specifically trimmed tree branches sometimes are bought and sold among the residents in a village. Price of the fuelwood is around 1,000 won per 60㎏,a loadful of “gike”(A-frame). It is assumed that full yield would be reached in eighth year and would equal 5 tons/ha. Yields would build up 0.5 ton in forth year, 1 tons in fifth year, 2 tons in sixth year, 4 tons in seventh year and there-after 5 tons/ha until 20th year. There will be no production until fourth year. During years 1 to 3, there would be a certain amount of grass and weeds produced but usually it is left on the site for fertilizer and value of this would be merely equal to the opporunity cost of labor maintaining the fuelwood plantation. 12. When there were no fuelwood plantations, a household had to spent average 41 days per annum to stock up 1 year fuel requirement during mostly winter time. With fuelwood plantation, a rural household spends about 7 days for a year to serve fuelwood plantation including forest product harvest. Value of time saving may be evaluated as an opportunity costs of labor. 75% of annual average wage rate for man and woman in 1977 was 1,500 Won/day. Labor saving value per ha of fuelwood plantation was estimated to be about 16 days when substracting the effect of 45% composition rate of briquette and agricultural residuals in fuel consumption. Savings of coal resources and agricultural residues did not occur in the survey as country to expected. 13. The cost per ha of plantation establishment is estimated to be around 112,216 Won. Materials, transport and overhead are evaluated at their financial costs. Supervision costs are valued at 4,233 Won/day which is skilled laborer’s wage rate in 1977. Village volunteer labor which comprises 57% of total cash valued establishment cost has been valued at 1,500 Won/day which is 75% of annual average farm wage rate in 1976. The volunteer labor cost is 63,214 Won/ha. 14. The maintenance costs of fuelwood plantation is composed of weeding brushing for the first 4 years and plantation patrol costs. This is valued at 3,047 Won. Production costs may be divided into labor cost for harvest and fertilizer costs. Labor cost is estimated at 2,417 Won per ha and fertilizer cost is 1,303 Won/ha. Therefore, the total production costs for fuel is 3,786 Won/ha. 15. For cost and benefit streams, the rate of return is estimated to be 18.8%. The benefit cost ratio was 2.29 and 1.81 when 12% and 15% discount rates were used respectively. When the fuel production was valued at opportunity cost of labor. 1,500 Won/day, IRR is estimated to be 19.78%. It was assumed that one man can harvest and carry (by A-frame)180㎏/day. The transport distance was assumed to be 1 km.