홍범도의 중앙아시아에서의 생활

홍웅호 ( Hong Woong-ho ) 수선사학회 2017 史林 Vol.0 No.61

The purpose of this article is to rectify the misinformation about the late life of General Hong Bum Do. We are overly emotional and nationalistic about the life of General Hong Bum Do in his later years. It is not only one tragic fact in the Korean history that the accurate place where General Hong died is known about 50 years after his death, but also the other tragic fact that his last life was defined as a `fact` in our view. General Hong Bum Do was forced to move to Kazakhstan in Central Asia with the Koreans in Primorsky Krai. However, as with General Hong Bum Do, the Koreans relied on each other in Central Asia to create a new world. Even though he was over 70 years old, General Hong Bum Do wanted to be an doyen of the Korean society with his passion. With respect to the fact that General of Hong Bum Do worked as a janitor at Koryo Theater, it should be understood whether the position of General Tae Jang Chun, who represented the position of the Koreans or the position of General Hong Bum Do. It would be true that 50 rubles per month was an great addition to his subsistent economy. However, the amount and position did not matter to him. Regardless of any position in Koryo Theater, he would have been happy just by being a senior of the Koryo people, where the Koryo people gathered most to enjoy the joy and enjoy the suffering of their compatriots. Even after the Koryo Theater moved to Ushutobe, Hong Bum Do stayed Kyzylorda, the center of the Korean community, and he lived with his colleagues and read newspaper `Lenin Gichi` and talked about the Koreans.

러시아 민족정책과 한인 레닌과 스탈린시기 소비에트러시아의 민족정책 변화

홍웅호 ( Woong Ho Hong ) 수선사학회 2013 史林 Vol.0 No.46

Soviet Russian system is the realization of proletarian internationalism biggest goal. Lenin and Stalin, the realization of proletarian internationalism ethnic issues to be resolved in the process saw. That way, the principle of national self-determination was set up. Stalin through regional minority Socialist government to integrate citizens saw that. Lenin here, in addition to the rights of minorities were allowed independence and separation. To integrate them into the framework of the socialist system. After the system Soviet Russia is established, in the 1920s, the principle of national self-determination of the non-Russians, especially to protect the autonomy of ethnic federalism is implemented through. Soviet Russia, the government of the nation, these language and culture, mother tongue education policy conducted through the on the one hand through a protected minority. On the other hand, they make a mature culture of people as citizens of the socialist policies that transfer was done. So a minority of organizations springing up, there were no schools to educate their own language. This culture of ethnic minorities in the socialist system went quite developed. In the 1930s, however, the dark clouds of war began two international affairs and Soviet Russia to build socialism in one country should least of the Bolsheviks, including Stalin judgment has led to major changes in national policy. The Stalin`s ‘revolution from above’ through the force and full-scale agricultural collectivization and rapid industrialization policies ‘socialist country’ protection of all minorities Russian Anger has resulted in a policy. To resist the collective farm peasantry, and especially non-Russian ethnic groups kulak farmers called enemy of socialism and remove regulations and the Soviet people`s ethnic bleaching color scheme, that was a reorganization of the Russian People`s localized. The way for the Russian national Bolshevism socialist country ideology was used. Furthermore, non-Russians of their tradition and history, culture, language, living where you do not have any base to migrate to other places coercive methods to force the People`s incorporated into one went out. Soviet Russia, particularly in areas outside national sovereignty and territorial integrity of the nations and the peoples the same so-called ‘diaspora nation’ almost without leaving one man was forced to move as a group. A typical example of this policy was the ‘Koresaram’. Eventually the Russian Revolution, Lenin emphasized before national policy, national self-determination was a revolution in the 1920s with a confederation of minority protection policies were implemented. However, since the late 1920s, especially in the mid-1930s by the Russian central liberal Stalinist ‘socialist country’ policy was changed.

강제이주 직후 중앙아시아 고려인 사회의 스타하노프운동

홍웅호(Hong, Woong-ho) 고려사학회 2014 한국사학보 Vol.- No.54

The purpose of this article is to illuminate the Stakhanov`s movements of Koreans in Central Asia after deportation. It went out of their way of life was one of the pioneer. From October 1937 Koreans were deported to Central Asia. They endured cold winter. In the spring they worked hard in kolkhoz, in a cooperative, in school and work. Koreans have organized kolkhoz and cooperative, have opened a new school and had to educate their children. Koreans have opened the newspaper and theater. Koreans are sowing and creating channels, building a house and warehouse, was the harvest. And they have made the party organization. They together studied history Communist Party of the Soviet Union. They were involved in competition with the socialist movement the Stakhanov`s movements. After two years difficult and painful Koreans live in the Soviet Union as one of the most well-known ethnic minorities. Why did they do it. They were Koreans, it was a minority. However, it was the Soviet People. Soviet Russian diaspora living in ethnic minority areas, away from home and the adjacent area where they could be forced to move somewhere anxiety and fear. Nevertheless, as the Soviet socialist construction, but the people give their lives to the belief that happiness is never forced to express the pain and sorrow rather no one was actively lives harder. People and the Soviet Koreans as it is with the dual identity of their own to live the way they were selected.

러일전쟁 이전 러시아의 동아시아정책

홍웅호(Hong Woong-Ho) 호서사학회 2010 역사와 담론 Vol.0 No.56

This study analyzes the transition of Russia's East Asia policy after the outbreak of Uihwadan(Boxer Rebellion). From July of 1900 to Oct. 6, 1900 Russia occupied Manchuria by means of Military force and attempted to deny criticism from world powers by referencing Alekseyev-Tseng Chi Treaty and Ramsdorf-Yangyu Treaty, which all failed. Also, the ‘7 demands', written by Vitte, Ramsdorf, Kuropatkin, and Ressar, was rejected as well. That is to seek the diplomatic solution of Russia's interest in East Asia, especially in Manchuria, was unsuccessful. This meant Vitte's policy in East Asia was a failure. Following November 1902, Nicolaus the Ⅱ established the Special Eas Asia Committee as well as Russian Government General of Far East. Also announced so called “New Line”:in May 1903 to encourage his policy. This caused Russia to depend on military force enforcing East Asia. Ultimately, Russia's East Asia policy with imperialistic ravage increased the possibility of a war against Japan significantly.

안중근의 이토 사살 사건과 러일 관계

홍웅호(Hong, Woong-Ho) 한국사학회 2010 史學硏究 Vol.- No.100

이 연구는 안중근의 이토 사살 사건 전말을 러시아 자료를 통해 밝히고, 이 사건이 러일관계에 어떠한 영향을 미쳤는지 규명하는데 그 목적이 있다. 1909년 10월 26일 러시아 조차지인 중국의 하얼빈에서 일어난 안중근의 이토 사살과 관련된 러시아 자료는 제정러시아 대외정책문서보관소와 러시아역사문서보관소, 러시아국립 군역사문서보관소, 연해주 등에서 발간한 언론들을 통해 확인할 수 있다. 특히 동아시아를 둘러싸고 이해의 대립각을 세우고 있던 일본과 회담을 하기 위해 만주로 출장 갔던 러시아 재무대신 코콥초프의 각종 전문과 보고서는 지금까지 일본자료를 통해 파악하고 있던 안중근의 이토 사살 전모를 러시아자료를 통해 확인할 수 있는 귀중한 자료이다. 코콥초프의 전문에서도 표현되듯이 안중근은 한국병합의 야욕을 지닌 이토를 사살함으로써 한국인들이 일본의 의도를 명확히 반대하고 있음을 천명한 것이다. 안중근의 이토 사살은 동아시아에서 러일관계에도 변화를 야기했다. 러일전쟁 이후 만주를 둘러싼 러시아와 일본의 세력 재편 작업의 준비작업으로 1907년 7월 러일협정이 체결되었다. 더 나아가 만주에서 양국의 세력권 범위를 명확히 규정하기 위해 이토는 만주를 방문하는 러시아재무대신 코콥초프를 만나고자 했다. 러시아는 러일전쟁의 패전 후유증을 어느 정도 갈무리하면서도 일본의 심기를 건드리지 않는 선에서 만주에서의 지배권을 다지고자 했다. 일본은 이 기회를 통해 동청철도를 자신들이 확보하여 만주로의 진출을 보다 확실히 하고자 했다. 그런데 회담 직전 하얼빈 역에서 안중근에 의해 이토가 사살됨으로써 양국의 기대는 일정정도 연기되고, 변화될 수밖에 없었다. 이토 히로부미의 사살이 러시아 관할 지역인 하얼빈에서, 그것도 코콥초프의 눈앞에서 벌어진 것에 대해 일본은 암묵적으로 이에 대한 책임을 러시아에 물었고, 러시아도 이에 대한 화답을 해야 할 필요성이 있었다. 일본과 전쟁을 치룬 경험이 있는 러시아로서는 일본과의 전쟁 위험성을 제거해야만 했다. 따라서 만주를 둘러싼 문제를 조속히 해결하기 위해 일본과 제2차 러일협정 체결을 주장한 외무대신 이즈볼스키의 제안에 따라 1910년 7월 제2차 러일협정이 체결되었다. 결국, 안중근의 이토 사살은 동아시아 국제 질서 변화의 두 축이었던 러시아와 일본의 협정체결을 앞당김으로서 1910년 이후 새로운 동아시아 국제 질서 구축의 매개로 작용했다. This study aims to reveal through Russian documents the full account of the Ito assassination to see what impacts it had on Russia-Japanese relations. Russian data related to the October 26, 1909 assassination of Resident General Ito by Ahn, Jung-geun at Harbin, territory then leased from China by Russia, were found at the Imperial Russia Foreign Policy Archives, Russian History Archives, Russian National Military Documents Archives, and in media sources from Eastern Siberia. Of special interest are the telegraph messages and reports of Russian finance minister Kokovtsov (then on an official trip to Manchuria to meet with Japan which had set up an oppositional structure of East Asian interests), precious data from Russian sources with which to confirm the full story of the Ito assassination which has been understood primarily through Japanese data until now. As expressed in Kokovtsov"s telegrams, the assassination of Itowhose ambition was the annexation of Joseon to Japan- clarified the Korean people"s opposition to Japan"s intentions. The assassination of Ito by An also brought changes to Russia-Japanese relations. Following the Russia-Japanese War, preparations for the remapping of power in Manchuria were concluded in the Russia-Japanese Treaty of July, 1907. Furthermore, Ito was on his way to meet with Kokovtsov in Manchuria to clearly define the scope of power of the two countries in the region. Russia was recovering to some extent from the aftermath of their defeat in the war with Japan, they wished to solidify their domination in Manchuria as far as possible without displeasing Japan. Japan planned to go use this opportunity to use railways to expand and entrench their power in the region. But before the meeting, Ito was shot by Ito at Harbin, thereby delaying and changing the expectations of both sides. Regarding the assassination which took place in Russian-occupied Harbin, and before Kokovtsov"s own eyes, Japan silently questioned the responsibility of Russia, and Russia felt a need to make a response. Russia had to eliminate any possibility of further hostilities with Japan. So in order to rapidly solve the problem of Manchuria, the 2nd Russia-Japanese Treaty of July 1910 was concluded in accordance with the advice of foreign affairs minister Izvolskii. Ultimately, insofar as it preceded the treaty between Russia and Japan, two major players in change to the East Asian international order, the Ito assassination functioned as a medium for building a new East Asian international order after 1910.

극동공화국 건설에 나타난 소련의 동아시아정책의 한 단면

홍웅호 ( Woong Ho Hong ) 성균관대학교 대동문화연구원 2005 大東文化硏究 Vol.52 No.-

근대한러관계연구: 아관파천과 한러관계의 진전 ; 철도부설권과 러시아의 동아시아 정책

홍웅호 ( Woong Ho Hong ) 수선사학회 2010 史林 Vol.0 No.35

『레닌기치』를 통해 본 스탈린시기 카자흐스탄 고려극장

홍웅호 ( Woong Ho Hong ) 수선사학회 2015 史林 Vol.0 No.54

The Korean theater, which has been forced to Central Asia in 1937 was as a history and Koreans. The theater was performing the gojeongeuk and traditional songs, including "Chunhyangjeon ``while touring the kolkhoz of Koreans on a regular basis. The main activities of the Korean theater are as follows: First of all, Koreans were touring together and show them the most important thing. Second, The Korean theater was a stage made any effort to raise the constantly new works each year. They have the right to early stage ``Chunhyangjeon`` a socialist class, was adapted to fit the ideological side. In addition to stage new works posted with the times and circumstances. Kolkhoz construction and its abundance of singing ``Happy People``, ``happy life``, ``The secret of nature`` such as it is. In particular, World War II broke out, ``Enemies`` desire for victory on the battlefield, ‘the sinking of the fleet’, such as the raised stage. The theater is considered classical theater or creative drama addition to translation or adaptation of the major work in Russia and Europe has also provided an opportunity for Koreans by raising stage may encounter different cultures of the world. The mass production of the play in this process was the right culture of Koreans. And preserving the pure Hangul and requires a development had been left. Third, The theater has close relations to communicate with stamp Performing Arts as part of the cultural and artistic activities. Performing Art Troupe was a small amateur art troupes around each kolkhoz or work places, schools that existed from the Far East. The regular tour of the theater was also considering exchanges with stamp Performing Arts. The theater was considered the best to stamp Performing Arts, was delivered taken into account the new scenario, and was excavated actors or writers with talent. Fourth, Actors of the theater did not neglect even political activities. They were intellectuals, they were educated people. In the socialist system was a member led out of the community. Koreans and socialism was not distinct. Thus, Koreans in Central Asia was also voluntary activities to build socialism. This trend was also the theater is no exception, perhaps played a leading role. In this process, the theater is very committed to the promotion of a culture that has a nationalist form a socialist content. The theater will be fairly evaluated aspects of national culture and the role originate a development language, literature and art of the Koreans. As always dedicated to the revival of business Koreans in very difficult conditions, has a history of theater is also a historical significance considering the history of the people.

수교와 교섭의 시기 한러관계 청일전쟁 이전 러시아의 동아시아정책

홍웅호 ( Woong Ho Hong ) 성균관대학교 대동문화연구원 2008 大東文化硏究 Vol.61 No.-

『레닌기치』에 나타난 1938년 카자흐스탄 고려인 사회

홍웅호(Hong, Woong-ho) 가천대학교 아시아문화연구소 2013 아시아문화연구 Vol.32 No.-

이 글은 고려인들이 중앙아시아로 강제이주 당한 직후 1938년 카자흐스탄 고려인 사회를 당시 고려인들이 한글로 발간하던 『레닌기치』를 통해 조명하는데 그 목적이 있다.『레닌기치』 는 당 기관지이기 때문에 고려인들의 역사와 삶을 객관적으로 조명하는 데는 일정한 한계가 있는 것이 사실이다.그러나 강제이주 직후 고려인들 사회를 잘 보여주는 소중한 자료이기도 하다. 기존의 강제이주의 역사는 강제이주 과정을 중심으로 강제이주의 부당성과 폭력성,강압적인 조치와 강제이주 직후 중앙아시아의 고려인들의 삶도 아무런 보장 없이 ‘사막에 버려지다 시피 내던져진’ 것으로 묘사되었고, 또 그러한 측면에 초점을 맞추어 연구되어 왔다. 그러나 고려인들은 강제이주 직후 중앙아시아에서 농업과 교육을 재건해왔고, 그들의 전통적인 문화를 지켜내기 위해 노력해왔다. 고려인들은 강제이주 직후 카자흐스탄 정부에 의해 배치된 정착지에서 그들의 삶을 일구어내기 위해 콜호즈를 적극적으로 건설했다. 그 결과 거의 모든 고려인들은 콜호즈를 중심으로 빠르게 정착했다. 물론 이 과정에서 콜호즈를 둘러싸고 다양한 이해관계를 드러내기도 했으며, 이기적인 모습도 보여주었다. 하지만 콜호즈는 강제이주 직후 고려인 사회 건설의 핵심으로 자리잡은 것은 분명하다. 한민족의 정체성을 유지하기 위한 노력으로 어려운 시기에도 고려인들은 교육에 많은 노력을 기울였다. 그래서 고려인학교들이 그들의 정착지에서 속속 개교했고, 우수한 학생들을 배출했다. 이 후손들이 미래의 고려인 사회를 열어갈 주축이 되었다. 고려인들은 강제이주의 아픔을 달래고, 극동에서 그들이 누렸던 문화를 지키고, 또 서로간의 생사를 확인하기 위해 고려극장을 중심으로 다양한 작품들을 공연했다. 뿐만 아니라 각종 운동경기와 경연대회를 열어 자신들의 한을 보듬어 안았다. 이것이 1938년 카자흐스탄에 살던 고려인들의 모습이었다. This article Koreans were deported to Central Asia in 1938 shortly after considerable time Kazakhstan Koreans are Koreans society was published in Hangul “Lenin Gichi” and aims to be light through. “Lenin Gichi” is immediately after the Koreans are forced valuable resource is also a good example for society. The history of traditional forced to move around the course of the injustice and violence, coercive measures and immediately deported Koreans in Central Asia is no guarantee of life “without the see, I cast wasted in the desert” was depicted, in addition, focusing on those aspects have been studied. However, immediately after the Koreans were forced to rebuild education in Central Asia, agriculture and He’s been out of their traditional culture and have been trying to protect. Koreans were forced by the government of Kazakhstan placed immediately after the settlement kolkhoz to give their lives to actively built. As a result, almost all Koreans have quickly settled around the kolkhoz. Shortly after the Koreans kolkhoz forced established itself as the core of social construction. Koreans were forced to heal the pain, they have enjoyed in the Far East to protect culture, also consider each other to determine the fate of the various works of theater performances were centered. As well as various sporting events and competitions were held. So wrap embraced their pain. This is the figure of 1938 was the Koreans living in Kazakhstan.