구글 기계 발음번역에서의 구조적 중의성의 문제: 영어 사역명령문과 완료의문문의 사례

홍성심 ( Hong¸ Sungshim ) 한국현대영어영문학회 2021 현대영어영문학 Vol.65 No.1

According to Schmelzer (Feb., 2020), there are at least 45 Machine Translation (MT) companies operating around the world, letting alone the super cloud vendors such as Amazon, Google, Microsoft, and Facebook, etc. Although the accuracy of machine translation has always been a challenge, the recent technological advances seem quite striking. Among those, an AI-enhanced Google Neural Machine Translation (GNMT) is perhaps the most versatile MT in the world, as many have accepted. In 1999, Jackendoff has argued that no matter how simple grammatical matters might seem at first sight, even the most advanced computers are no match for the abilities of the human brain. Jackendoff (1999), not having done any actual implementation of his data-set, Hong (2020) has tested what is referred to as, “Jackendoff’s problem”, using AI-based Google Neural Translate (or GNMT). In this paper, on the basis of Hong’s pivot study, it is confirmed that GNMT makes a series of errors in its phonetic outputs of particular words in some specific constructions. As a sequel of Hong’s study, the current paper thoroughly compares English Causative Imperatives and Perfective Aspectual Interrogatives, arriving at the conclusion that in spite of the phonetic errors that GNMT has produced, the corresponding semantic interpretations are normal and non-erroneous. It is argued that GNMT’ erroneous phonetic outputs are closely related to the structural ambiguity between the causative imperative construction and the perfective aspectual interrogatives, whereas its matching semantics is with no such errors. The implications of this research apparently show that GNMT, as the way it is at least, has separate parsing algorithms for semantics from its phonetic/phonological components.

On the Syntax of "Have To"

Sungshim Hong(홍성심) 한국생성문법학회 2007 생성문법연구 Vol.17 No.3

  This paper, based on the current theory of phrase structure, aims to analyze the internal structure of "have to" constructions, especially in American English. Radford (1997, 2004a, 2004b), following Chomskyan framework of Transformational grammar (Chomsky 1981, 1995, 2001), argued that two potential positions exist for the infinitival particle "to"-either T or Aux. If Radford"s analysis is to be accepted, then the sequence of "have" followed by "to" with a modal-like meaning casts a problem in its phrase structure. This paper will argue that if "have" is a lexical verb as maintained in Huddlestone and Pullum (2002) and Quirk, et al (1972, 1985) and if "to" is either a T constituent or Aux constituent depending on the existence of a negative element, then the "have to" construction is bi-clausal rather than monoclausal. In other words, "have" is in the matrix TP, whereas "to" is in the embedded TP. Therefore, the surface subject of the "have to" construction is a raised subject from the embedded TP to the matrix TP, making "have" a raising predicate, just like "seem" and "appear." To support this argument, this paper will offer empirical support from the distribution of certain adverbials such as "yet," "only," and "still" as well as expletive subjects like "there" in the "have to" construction One consequence of this analysis is the ability to account for the contraction phenomenon, where "have to" is pronounced as [hæfta] because the A-trace of the subject-to-subject raising does not block the contraction between "have" and "to."

영어의 동등접속과 유사동등접속

홍성심(Sungshim Hong) 한국중원언어학회 2022 언어학연구 Vol.- No.62

The purpose of this research is to account for some syntax-semantics mismatches found in English coordination. Following Culicover (1972), Culicover & Jackendoff (1997), Yuasada & Sadock (2002), Blühdorn (2008), and Keshet & Medeiros (2019), the current paper supports a novel type of coordinating conjunction, Pseudo-Coordination, in which the expressions with the coordinators like AND/OR get interpreted as subordinating clauses such as conditional-if, concessive-nevertheless, and negative-conditional-unless. The advantages of the current research are that first, it accounts nicely for the observations that Imperatives followed by AND and OR have the interpretations of subordinators, although they are prima facie coordinators. Secondly, the fact that indefinite DP/QPs in English without any coordinators carry the conditional meaning can easily be accounted for if there is a null conditional subordinator sitting above the simplex sentence. The ramification of this account sheds light on the nature and properties of English coordination.

결함범주로서의 영어 가정법 종속절

홍성심 ( Hong Sungshim ) 한국현대영어영문학회 2020 현대영어영문학 Vol.64 No.1

The current paper examines the English subjunctive construction from a generative syntactic perspective. English Subjunctives have long been the peripheral topic by reference grammarians such as Fowler & Fowler(1906), Greenbaum (1996), Quirk, et al.(1972, 1985), and Huddleston & Pullum (2002), as well as by many prescriptive grammarians. On the other hand, the scholars within the generative syntax frameworks have not paid much attention to the grammatical phenomena, although there are some discussions in Haegeman & Gueron (1999), Aarts (2012), Radford (2004, 2009, 2018), and Gelderen (2017). According to Portner (2018), Mood has never been very syntactic. In this paper, however, on the basis of peculiar properties of the English mandative subjunctives such as the lack of DO-support, the lack of BE/HAVE-raising, the lack of verbal agreement, but the presence of nominative subject, etc it is argued that first, the relationship between the licensor and licensee can be structurally described in terms of anti-Clausemate Condition (ACC) which states that “the licensor” needs to be situated outside of the clausal boundary of the subjunctive subordinate CP. Secondly, the English subjunctive that-CP is a defective category, just like believe-type ECM verbs take a defective category, TP, as its complement clause. Unlike ECM-TP, however, subjunctive projection is defective due to the defectiveness of [irrealis] which is inherited by TP and T’s feature matrix. Some of the theoretical ramifications are of great interest under Chomsky’s (2008) Feature Inheritance (FI) approach, since some of the features (such as EPP) of a phase head, C⁰, are inherited by another core functional head, T⁰, and not surprisingly some of the features are born in it. (Chungnam National University)

On the Nature of Wh-word in English Non-Restrictive Relative Clauses

Sungshim Hong(홍성심),Jaekeun Lee(이재근) 한국영어학회 2016 영어학 Vol.16 No.3

영어의 젠더중립 단수대명사 ‘They’의 Phi-자질과 분포

홍성심(Sungshim Hong) 현대문법학회 2021 현대문법연구 Vol.112 No.-

This paper aims to discuss the demise and shift of phi-features in English pronouns, in particular, THEY used as a 3rd person, singular, non-binary, and gender-neutral pronoun. It has been argued that pronouns have been considered as a hybrid category between functional and lexical (Zimman 2016, Gelderen 2017). As recent as Dec., 2019, a singular-they has attracted much attention from linguists, journalists, and grammarians in the world, for the obvious reasons that the English language officially selected the epicene-they (Balhorn 2004) as Word of the Year (Merriam-Webster Dictionary). The surge of the word THEY as a non-binary (ungendered) singular pronoun is extremely engaging in one hand, while the morphosyntactic consequences of its novel form seem quite murky and nebulous, especially from a heuristic perspective such as an EFL/ESL context. It is argued in this paper that pronouns, belonging to “a weaker category”, are more susceptible to their morphosyntactic changes whose recent appearance as a singular-THEY is the consequence of such weakness and instability in their feature matrix. The changes of the phi-features, particularly gender and number features in singular-THEY, are due to the language usage of the speakers’ level of participation in this grammatical change, as well as to the diversity of sociolinguistic environment.

결속 조건 B를 이용한 대명사류의 해석 실행에 관한 연구

홍성심(Sungshim Hong),이용훈(Yong-hun Lee) 한국정보과학회 언어공학연구회 1994 한국정보과학회 언어공학연구회 학술발표 논문집 Vol.1994 No.10

대학의 영어교과 학습지원 프로그램 운영사례 연구

전주현 ( Chun Joo Hyun ),홍성심 ( Hong Sungshim ) 한국현대영어영문학회 2017 현대영어영문학 Vol.61 No.4

This study presents and investigates the roles and contributions of a college-level English Clinic Center (hereafter, ECC) to college English education. In particular, in an EFL context, adult English education often lacks sufficient inputs toward the learners. Thus, it is argued that an establishment such as an ECC would be an excellent choice for adult language learners. This paper consists of two parts: first it introduces some basics on the operation of English clinic which was established at a university as an effort to assist students in improving their English academic writing skills. The motivation for such an establishment was to promote close contact between learners and native speakers of English at a person-to-person interaction level. Secondly, the ECC’s roles in college-level English education as a means of remedial resources is to be considered, arriving at conclusions and suggestions for their operational methodologies. Through reviewing and analyzing the operating results and demographic data and satisfaction survey derived from the center, it is suggested in this paper that numerous challenges for learning English in Korean academic environments can be fought off with the help of an ECC. (Hanbat National University, Chungnam National University)

영어 전용강의 수업지침서 개발에 관한 연구

정양수 ( Yang Soo Jung ),홍성심 ( Sungshim Hong ) 한국현대언어학회 2014 언어연구 Vol.30 No.3

The purpose of this study is to discuss the developmental procedures of an instructor-friendly EMI guidebook to facilitate EMI by reflecting the demands of instructors. For this study, the theoretical premises underlying this study were drawn from recent development of EMI guidebooks, especially at a university, "C". And a survey with 18 items was then conducted with 33 instructors who have been engaged in EMIs in "C" university. Guidebooks for EMI used in other universities were reviewed as well. On the basis of reviewing them, situations for categories and sub-categories were proposed, and expression pools for each sub-categories were generated. These expression pools were carefully reviewed, discarded, added, or edited to fit for the characteristics of "C" university by 5 English experts including researchers. Basic format for presenting expressions was developed and around 900 expressions were included in a newly developed EMI guidebook. It is hoped that this guidebook is more meaningfully used to assist instructors who are conducting and will conduct EMIs in universities. Furthermore, the research can render some initiatives for other higher educational institutions with respect to spreading the effects of English-Mediated Instructions on the role of English as a Lingua Franca (ELF).(Chungnam Nationa University)

영어 대명사류의 해석에 관한 연구

홍성심 충남대학교 어학연구소 1994 언어 Vol.15 No.-