한국어 자음생성의 생리음성학적 특성

홍기환,양윤수,Hong, Ki-Hwan,Yang, Yoon-Soo 대한후두음성언어의학회 2006 대한후두음성언어의학회지 Vol.17 No.2

The stop consonants in Korean are classified into three types according to the manner of articulation as unaspirated (UA), slightly aspirated (SA) and heavily aspirated (HA) stops. Both the UA and the HA types are always voiceless in any environment. Generally, the voice onset time (VOT) could be measured spectrographically from release of consonant burst to onset of following vowel. The VOT of the UA type is within 20 msec of the burst, and about 40-50 msec in the SA and 50-70 msec in the HA. There have been many efforts to clarify properties that differentiate these manner categories. Umeda, et $al^{1)}$ studied that the fundamental frequency at voice onset after both the UA and HA consonants was higher than that for the SA consonants, and the voice onset times were longest in the HA followed by the SA and UA. Han, et $al^{2)}$ reported in their speech synthesis and perception studies that the SA and UA stops differed primarily in terms of a gradual versus a relatively rapid intensity build-up of the following vowel after the stop release. Lee, et $al^{3)}$ measured both the intraoral and subglottal air pressure that the subglottal pressure was higher for the HA stop than for the other two stops. They also compared the dynamic pattern of the subglottal pressure slope for the three categories and found that the HA stop showed the most rapid increase in subglottal pressure in the time period immediately before the stop release. $Kagaya^{4)}$ reported fiberscopic and acoustic studies of the Korean stops. He mentioned that the UA type may be characterized by a completely adducted state of the vocal folds, stiffened vocal folds and the abrupt decreasing of the stiffness near the voice onset, while the HA type may be characterized by an extensively abducted state of the vocal folds and a heightened subglottal pressure. On the other hand, none of these positive gestures are observed for the SA type. Hong, et $al^{5)}$ studied electromyographic activity of the thyroarytenoid and posterior cricoarytenoid (PCA) muscles during stop production. He reported a marked and early activation of the PCA muscle associated with a steep reactivation of the thyroarytenoid muscle before voice onset in the production of the HA consonants. For the production of the UA consonants, little or no activation of the PCA muscle and earliest and most marked reactivation of the thyroarytenoid muscle were characteristic. For the SA consonants, he reported a more moderate activation of the PCA muscle than for the UA consonant, and the least and the latest reactivation of the thyroarytenoid muscle. Hong, et $al^{6)}$ studied the observation of the vibratory movements of vocal fold edges in terms of laryngeal gestures according to the different types of stop consonants. The movements of vocal fold edges were evaluated using high speed digital images. EGG signals and acoustic waveforms were also evaluated and related to the vibratory movements of vocal fold edges during stop production.

성대낭종의 임상적 특성

홍기환,박정훈,김원,김창현,Hong, Ki-Hwan,Park, Jung-Hoon,Kim, Won,Kim, Chang-Hyun 대한후두음성언어의학회 1999 대한후두음성언어의학회지 Vol.10 No.2

본 교실에서 시행했던 후두미세수술 1900례중에서 술후 성대낭종으로 확진된 83례를 대상으로 다음과 같은 결과를 얻었다. 1) 전체 후두미세수술 1900례 중 성대낭종이 차지하는 비율은 83례로 4.4%였다. 2) 성대낭종 83례중 유표피낭종은 27례로 32.5%. 저류낭종은 56례로 67.5%를 차지하였다. 3) 성별분포는 83례의 성대낭종중 여성이 55례(66.3%). 남성이 28례 (33.7%)로 여성에서 호발하였고 저류 낭종에서는 남녀비가 17 : 39. 유표피낭종에서는 11 : 16으로 나타났다. 4) 이학적검사 소견으로서 유표피낭종은 보다 진단이 용이하여 술전 이학적 검사상 63%에서 낭종을 의심할 수 있었으나 저류낭종은 성대 폴립이나 결절 등으로 오인되는 경우가 많았고 술전 진단과 술후 진단이 일치하는 경우는 34%에 지나지 않았다. 5) 병리 조직학적 검사상 유표피낭종은 중층 평편상피로 구성된 막을 가지고 있고 내부는 대개 PAS 음성인 케라틴과 콜레스테롤양(cholesterol-like)물질을 포함하고 있고 저류낭종은 원주 또는 입방세포로 구성되어있는 막을 가지고 있으며 주로 PAS양성인 점액 분비물을 내부에 포함하고 있다. 6) 애성 발생과 관련된 유발 요인으로는 성대과용후 33례, 상기도감염후 16례로 성대과용과 상기도감염이 주요한 유발 요인으로 나타났고 성대낭종의 발생에 수다스러움(talkativeness)이 관련성 있게 나타났고 저류낭종에서 관련성이 더욱 높게 나타났다. 7) 발병부위는 대부분에서 막성대유리연의 중간부 및 전방부 1/3에 발생하였고 수술결과는 저류낭종 50례 중 12례에서만 낭종의 파열없이 완전제거가 가능하였으며 유표피낭종은 24례 중 16례에서 낭종의 파열없이 완전제거가 이루어져 저류낭종이 유표피낭종에 비해 파열없이 완전제거가 매우 어려움을 알 수 있었다. 8) 수술전후의 음성만족도는 전체적으로 59%를 나타내어 성대폴립에서의 만족도와의 유사한 결과를 보였다.m)은 각각 0.60, 0.44, 0.40%로 시험초기와 비슷한 수준이었다.의성있게 최대발성지속시간은 감소하고, 평균호기류율은 증가하였으며, 발성기류량과 성문하압은 여자환자에서만 의미 있게 각각 감소하거나 증가하였다. 이상의 결과는 정상인과 성대용종 환자에 있어서 객관적인 공기역학적 검사결과를 보여주며 이는 성대용종 환자의 음성이상에 대한 상태판정이나 치료 후 효과 판정에 기본자료로 이용할 수 있을 것으로 생각된다.야 할 것으로 생각된다. 발생과 피해정도를 예측하여 벼멸구 방제에 중요한 자료로 활용될 수 있을 것으로 생각한다.5) 실험 3에서는 zygote의 VS1 에 노출시간에 따른 생존율을 조사한 결과 융해후 2-cell (91.6, 88.5 및 88.9%) 및 배반포기 (83.3, 74.3 및 69.4%) 까지 배발달율은 1,2 및 3분간의 노출시간에 따른 유의적인 차이를 보이지 않았다. 또한 융해후 노출시간에 따른 할구수에서도 유의적인 차이를 보이지 않았다 (36.4$\pm$4.76, 32.4$\pm$4.67 및 27.6$\pm$4.52). 이상의 결과에서 OPP vitrification 방법은 EFS 또는 EDS 동결보존액에 따른 유의적인 차이 없이 이용될 수 있는 것으로 판단된다. 배발달단계에 따른 생존율은 zygote 의 초기배는 2, 4, 8, 상실배 및 배반포기보다 유의적으로 저조한 생존율을 보였다. Zygote의 VS1에 노출시간에 따른 생존율도 1 분간의 노풀시간에서 높은 배발달율을 보였다. OPP vitrification 동결보존방법으로 생쥐수정란의 동결보존에 유용하게 이용가능한 것으로 판단된다.l the training process, the subject, and are Background and Objectives : The intracordal cysts are more increasingly diagnosed and treated due to advanced laryngeal stroboscopy and laryngeal microsurgical technique. The intracordal cysts are frequently misdiagnosed as vocal polyp or nodule The purpose of this study is to evaluate clinical features of intracordal cysts. Materials and Methods : In the present series, 83 cases of the intracordal cysts treated with laryngeal microsurgery are reported. The intracordal cysts are diagnosed preoperatively with indirect laryngoscopy, laryngeal endoscopy, laryngeal stroboscopy and confirmed with laryngeal microsurgical findings and biopsies. Results : Intracordal cysts are 83 of 1900 patients treated with laryngeal microsurgery(4.4%)-ductal cysts are 56 cases and epidermoid cysts are 27 cases. Intracordal cysts are more frequent in women, forties and the frequent site is an anterior third of the true vocal cord. With the indirect laryngoscopic examination, the ductal cysts are frequently misdiagnosed as vocal polyps or nodules but the epidermoid cysts are relatively easily diagnosed. The etiologic factors of the intracordal cysts are suspected as voice abuse and upper respiratory infection. The degree of postoperative voice satisfaction is similar to that of the vocal polyps. Conclusion : Intracordal cysts are frequently misdiagnosed as polyps or nodules, therefore preoperative stroboscopic findings and laryngeal microsurgical findings is important. An ideal treatment is to enucleate the cysts avoiding rupture of cyst and injury of lamina propria of the vocal cord.

성대용종의 중증도와 음향지수의 상관관계

홍기환,양윤수,김진성,이재근,이은정,Hong, Ki-Hwan,Yang, Yoon-Soo,Kim, Jin-Sung,Lee, Jae-Keun,Lee, Eun-Jung 대한후두음성언어의학회 2006 대한후두음성언어의학회지 Vol.17 No.1

Background and Objectives: Vocal polyp is the most common disease that causes hoarseness and its incidence is increased currently. The purposes of this study are to investigate the correlation between severity of vocal polyp and acoustic parameters and compare these data with those of the normal Korean. Materials and Methods: We analyzed the acoustic parameters of sustained vowel for 70 vocal polyp patients and 20 normal controls. A CSL(computerized speech lab) was used to carry out the analysis of the voice sample and statistical analysis was used Spearman correlation coefficient & t-test. Results: According to the conclusion of correlation analysis, 21 parameters of all the 34 parameters are significant. Conclusion: These data will be served as basic data for the evaluation of postoperative assessment of the patients with vocal polyp.

후두질환에 따른 자음의 음성발현시간의 특성

홍기환,이화욱,김진성,이은정,소상수,최동일,양윤수,Hong, Ki-Hwan,Lee, Hwa-Uk,Kim, Jin-Sung,Lee, Eun-Jung,So, Sang-Soo,Choi, Dong-Il,Ynng, Yoon-Soo 대한후두음성언어의학회 2006 대한후두음성언어의학회지 Vol.17 No.2

Background and Objectives : Voice onset time(VOT) is defined as the time interval from oral release of a stop consonant to the onset of glottal pulsing in the following vowel. VOT is a temporal characteristics of stop consonants that reflects the complex timing of glottal articulation relative to supraglottal articulation. Stop consonants are characterized by creation of a pressure difference across a complete occlusion in the vocal tract, followed by a sudden release 'burst' due to opening that occlusion. The objects of this study is to evaluate a usefulness of voice onset time in the assessment of voice disorderd patients. Subjects : Subjects were 20 adults with normal voice and with benign laryngeal disorders. Subjects with voice disorders represented the following vocal pathologies : vocal polyp, vocal nodule, Reinke's edema and unilateral vocal fold paralysis(UVFP). Control subjects were matched for age (21-40 yews old) and sex(male) with the voice disorders subjects and had normal vocal qualities with no history of voice disorders. Methods : Each voice-disordered and matched control subject read the test passages containing three types of Korean bilabial consonants. VOT measures were made for the initial $/p/p^h/\;and\;/p'/$. VOT was measured using acoustic waveform or wide band spectrogram. Results : For each voiceless stop consonants, there was a significant difference in VOT between the voice disordered and normal subjects. The mean VOTs of the lax stops in UVFP was significantly shorter than those of control subjects in the UVFP. The mean VOTs of the aspirated stops in the vocal polyp and nodule were longer than those of control subjects, but not significant. The mean VOTs of the glottalized in voice disordered groups were longer than those of control subjects, and significant statistically in the UVFP. Conclusions : VOT may be a clinically useful acoustic parameter in the assessment of voice disordered patients, especially in the unilateral vocal fold paralysis.

적갑상선 전절제술 환자의 방사성 동위원소치료 전.후 음성의 변화에 대한 연구

홍기환,서은지,이현두,윤연섭,임석태,Hong, Ki Hwan,Seo, Eun Ji,Lee, Hyun Doo,Yoon, Yun Sub,Lim, Seok Tae 대한후두음성언어의학회 2013 대한후두음성언어의학회지 Vol.24 No.1

Background and Objectives:This study is to objectively compare and analyze the acoustic changes in the patients with total thyroidectomy before and after RI therapy. Subjects and Methods:For this study, a total of 50 patients with total thyroidectomy were participated as subjects. Voice samples were obtained at the time of post-operation (Post-OP), before high-dose radioactive iodine therapy (Pre-RIT), and after high-dose radioactive iodine therapy (Post-RIT). Acoustic analysis, the maximum phonation time and K-VHI (Korea-Voice handicap index) were used for subjective evaluation. Results:According to the comparison analysis of the three periods, mFo (Hz) was significantly reduced in all of the vowels /a/ and /i/ as the hormone was discontinued. This can be related to the reduction in vocal range. As thyroid hormone was discontinued, Shim (%) and APQ (%) values, which are the parameters related to the degree of aggressiveness, showed a significant increase in the middle vowel /a/. As thyroid hormone was discontinued, emotional index was significantly decreased in VHI (voice handicap index). Conclusion:These results can be assumed that thyroid hormone suspension is related to the increased changes in the vocal intensity, the increase in noise and the reduction in vocal range. Emotionally, these data can be assumed that the responsive factors of one's own voice disorders were significantly decreased in the patients with vocal handicap.

윤상피열연골의 역동적 운동

홍기환,Hong, Ki-Hwan 대한후두음성언어의학회 2009 대한후두음성언어의학회지 Vol.20 No.2

Arytenoid motion has long been recognized as complex. Misunderstandings about the specifics of arytenoid motion remain prevalent. The resultant misunderstandings have led to erroneous or suboptimal clinical approaches to the treatment of vocal fold immobility. A thorough understanding of the anatomy of the arytenoid and cricoid cartilages, the cricoarytenoid joint, and related ligaments, muscles, and other structures is essential in order to fully understand laryngeal motion disorders. Arytenoid motion occurs in three directions. Movements involving a change anteriorly and posteriorly, as well as vertically, are due to the revolving or pitchlike motion of the arytenoid along the minor axis of the cricoid's elliptically shaped facet. The medial and lateral movements are due to the orientation of the arytenoid which in turn is determined by the forward, lateral, and inferior inclination of the cricoid-arytenoid facet. During adduction it is the outward angulation of the vocal process from the body of the arytenoid that allows the entire length of the vocal proceses to approximate one another and to have this meeting occur at the proper vertical height.

국악(판소리) 발성법

홍기환,Hong, Ki-Hwan 대한후두음성언어의학회 2011 대한후두음성언어의학회지 Vol.22 No.2

All singers can often develop voice trouble secondary to vocal abuse and overuse, but it is well known that traditional Korean singer (pansori) develop voice disorders more frequently than western style sunger. While laryngological concern for voice disorders arising in professional singers has received some attention, empirically motivated investigations of the underlying acoustic features of the singing voice have been relatively limited. Since all singers have a good knowledge of the voice and voice training, they would hardly give consent for treatment to a doctor unless he understood their desire to maximize their voice quality. The components of this report are composed of breathing, basic ekement, and vocalization, essencial fact, for getting a perfect voice for pansori. The breathing is based on hypogastric breathing. The main functions of breathing are energy and power of utterence, tempo of rhythm and seperating paragraph and controlling feelings according to dramatic situation. Vocalization is based on general vocalization. Main uses of it are maintaining singer's tone and harmony of cosmetic dual force.

비기능성 부갑상선 낭종 1예

홍기환(Ki-Hwan Hong),문승영(Seung Young Moon),임상호(Sang Ho Yim),최동일(Dong-Il Choi) 대한두경부종양학회 2009 대한두경부 종양학회지 Vol.25 No.2

Parathyroid cyst are rare lesion of the neck and superior mediastinum. They are classified as either function-al or nonfunctional based on the presence or absence of hyperparathyroidism. They typically present as a palpa-ble neck mass, or as an incidental finding during neck surgery. So, it must be included within the differential diagno-sis of a neck lump. A 48-year old woman was admitted to our hospital for evaluation of left anterior neck mass. Phys-ical finding showed soft, movable, non-tender mass on the lower left third of the neck. Laboratory findings reveal-ed normal thyroid function and normal serum calcium level. On previous history, patient underwent two times sono-guided fine needle aspiration at local clinic, and about 10cc clear watery aspirate was noted. Computerized to-mography findings showed non-enhancing hypodense cystic lesion on left thyroid area with tracheal deviation to right side. Preoperative diagnosis was thyroid cyst, and thyroidectomy was planed. Intra-operative finding sho-wed huge cystic mass occupying the left thyroid area and smooth, shiny, semitransparent thin cyst wall was noted, which was loosely attached to the thyroid. The cyst was easily dissected free from the thyroid and surrounding tissues. After cyst removal, pathological study confirmed as a parathyroid cyst.

판소리 가수와 전문 성악가의 발성 평가를 위한 성문의 특성 및 음향학적 분석

홍기환(Ki-Hwan Hong),김현기(Hyun-Gi Kim),김선숙(Sun-Sook Kim) 한국언어청각임상학회 2006 Communication Sciences and Disorders Vol.11 No.3

전문 성악가의 음성관리는 음성언어학적인 연구 방법으로 가창시 성대의 형태와 음향발현을 정량적으로 측정하여 음성 평가의 표준화와 후두 관리법 개발을 위한 기초 자료 수집을 목적으로 하였다. 연구 대상으로 성악가 29명과 소리꾼 16명을 선정하여 후두 내시경과 CSL을 사용하여 성대 길이와 너비 그리고 음악 포먼트와 비브라토를 중심으로 측정하였다. 생리학적인 측면에서 성악가와 소리꾼의 성대 구조의 차이는 소리꾼의 성대는 비대칭적이면서 막성 성대를 기점으로 중간 2/3지점을 또는 막성 성대 중간 2/3지점 후에 형성된 성대 비후증으로 기식성 음의 음원적인 차이가 발견되었다. 또한, 소리꾼은 고음부 및 저음부 발성시 성악가보다 성대 길이 및 성대 너비 차이가 더 크게 나타나 성악 발성시 후두 조정이 더 긴장적이라 해석되었다. 소리꾼의 비브라토는 내시경 투시에서 피열연골의 진동이 특징적으로 관찰되었으며 이때 성문 상부 폭도 줄어들었다. 음향학적인 측면에서 성악가의 발성 훈련을 가늠하는 음악 포먼트의 발현에 대해 성악가는 2,600Hz~3,500Hz 대에서 음악 포먼트를 형성하였으나 소리꾼은 유사한 음악 포먼트가 대부분 나타나지 않았다. 비브라토 진동 회수는 성악가의 경우 1초 당 5.5~6회이었으나 소리꾼은 4~5.5회이었으며 남창은 저주파수대에, 여창은 고주파수대에 비브라토 진동이 선명하게 나타났다. 비브라토 주파수 변동 폭 및 음성 강도 크기의 변화는 소리꾼이 성악가보다 크게 나타나 후두 조정시 긴장도가 큰 것으로 해석되었다. 성악가와 소리꾼의 가창시 성대 구조 및 음향 발현의 차이는 전문 성악가의 음성장애를 평가하는 기준으로 활용할 수 있다. The essential characteristics of a well trained singing voice and laryngeal mechanism has interested scientist since the early 19th century. The purpose of this study was to find the acoustic and physiological characteristics of the voice of Korean traditional song ‘Pansori’ singers determine. Sixteen Pansori singers and twenty-five western singers participated in this study. Speech samples were composed in glissando standard high pitch tone and standard low pitch tone for stroboscopic study of the simple vowels /a, i, u, e, o/. The vocal folds of Pansori singers were asymmetrical in comparison to the symmetrical vocal folds of western singers. Pansori singers’ music formant has higher peaks of intensity for low and high frequency. A Spectrographic characteristic of vibrato showed contrasts between Western singers and Pansori singers: dull and small for Pansori singers and clear and big for western singers. The vibrato rates between Western singers and Pansori singers were 5.5~6/sec and 4~5.5/sec, respectively. The vibrato rate of pitch range was 3.8Hz~11.0Hz for western singers compared to 7.2Hz~46.0Hz for Pansori singers. The vibrato rate of intensity range was 0.3dB~3.3dB for western singers and 0.2dB~11.0dB for Pansori singers.

티타늄 가공의 공구 및 절삭 조건에 따른 가공 특성 고찰

홍기환(Ki-Hwan Hong),이승호(Seung-Ho Lee),김승우(Sueng-Woo Kim),조성훈(Sung-Hoon Cho),현용탁(Yong Tak Hyun),김형중(Hyung-Jung Kim) 대한기계학회 2013 대한기계학회 춘추학술대회 Vol.2013 No.12