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한승현 서울대학교 규장각한국학연구원 2021 한국문화 Vol.- No.96
This article examines Chosŏn court’s diplomatic policy toward the Qing during the first few years of King Chŏngjo's reign up until Qianlong Emperor’s seventieth birthday in 1780. Existing studies have stressed the significance of this imperial birthday as a pivotal moment in the relationship between Chosŏn and the Qing. Seldom, however, did they venture to explore the role and importance of Chŏngjo’s early policy toward the Qing prior to 1780. This article argues that, during these early years of his reign, Chŏngjo actively pushed forward various measures to show the sincerity of the Chosŏn in “serving the great.” The king sent a special diplomatic mission to the Qing to apologize for inappropriate words in a previous memorial. The king also dispatched envoys to Shengjing in Manchuria to greet Qianlong despite the emperor’s prior order to exempt Chosŏn from this obligation. These were all received very favorably by Qianlong. Furthermore, Chŏngjo even insisted the court send a special envoy to celebrate the imperial visit to Shengjing, even if his suggestion did not materialize mainly due to the absence of a proper precedent. All of these active royal efforts aimed at exemplifying to the Qing the “sincerity” of Chosŏn and at bolstering amicable relations between the two states. The court’s decision to celebrate in advance the seventieth birthday of the emperor should be understood in this context. It did not mark the beginning of Chŏngjo’s active policy toward the Qing but was a continuation of a series of such efforts taken earlier in his reign. Chosŏn, however, had no precedent that could justify sending a mission to celebrate the seventieth birthday of a Qing emperor. Shortly before the demise of Kangxi Emperor in 1722, the Qing court delivered an order to Chosŏn that an envoy should be sent carrying a special memorial congratulating the seventieth imperial birthday that would fall in the third month of 1723. The memorial, however, was never submitted because of the emperor’s death. While assigning to the regular mission arriving in Beijing at the end of 1779 the task of carrying a memorial celebrating Qianlong’s seventieth birthday, Chief State Councilor Kim Sangch’ŏl surprisingly claimed that Chosŏn had sent an envoy to celebrate Kangxi’s seventieth birthday, fabricating a precedent by distorting diplomatic documents exchanged earlier. Kim’s fabrication of a precedent undoubtedly grew out of his concern to justify the king’s unprecedented action to send such a mission. Kim soon fabricated another precedent regarding the timing of Chosŏn's celebration of Kangxi's birthdays, this time to support his suggestion that the court sends another mission in 1780 to celebrate the imperial seventieth birthday on the birthday itself. Why was Kim’s fabrication necessary? This article argues that solid Sino-barbarian dichotomy pervasive among envoys and other court officials at that time lay behind Kim's fabrication. With the flourishing of the Qing and the stabilization of Chosŏn-Qing relations during the eighteenth century, there were officials in Chosŏn who acknowledged the prosperity of the Qing. The view that the Qing was treating Chosŏn very favorably was also widely shared among the monarchs and court officials. However, underneath this level of perception toward the Qing lay a firmly-rooted view that considered the Manchus as barbarians. Celebrating the seventieth birthday of a Qing emperor was, in fact, unprecedented, and the Qianlong’s court, at least officially, had never mandated Chosŏn to dispatch a mission for that purpose. The dispatch was primarily a voluntary move by Chŏngjo. In light of the still-solid Sino-barbarian dichotomy, the lack of a precedent, and the absence of a Qing order to mandate the dispatch of a mission, it was difficult for Chŏngjo to put his scheme into action. Kim Sangch’ŏl, therefore, found a way to relieve the burden for the king b... .
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The parallelization of binarization using a GP-GPU
한승현,류석원 국제문화기술진흥원 2016 International Journal of Advanced Culture Technolo Vol.4 No.4
In this paper, we propose the optimized binarization in the GP-GPU. Because the binarinztion is esily paralledlized, we propose two ways of binary operations that utilize GP-GPU. The first method was to divide data load, subtraction and conversion, data store. The second method was processed collectibely. The second method was 2.52 times faster than the first method. After synthesizing the GP-GPU to the FPGA, the GP-GPU on the binarization were compared with the binarization on the ODROID XU. The binarization on the GP-GPU was 1.89 times faster than the binarization on the ODROID XU.
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인위적 온난화 및 강수 조절에 따른 소나무 묘목 세근 생산량과 고사율의 계절적 변화
한승현,장한나,손요환 한국산림과학회 2018 한국산림과학회지 Vol.107 No.1
This study was conducted to investigate the effects of warming and precipitation manipulation on seasonal changes in fine root production (FRP) and fine root mortality (FRM) of 33-month-old Pinus densiflora seedlings for two years. The seedlings in warmed plots were warmed with 3.0°C higher using infrared heaters. The air temperature of warmed (TW) plots was set to increase by 3°C compared to temperature control (TC) plots, and the three precipitation manipulation consisted of precipitation decrease (-30%; PD), precipitation increase (+30%; PI) and precipitation control (0%; PC). FRP (mm mm-2 day-1) was significantly altered by only precipitation manipulation (PC: 3.57, PD: 4.59, PI: 3.02), while warming had no significant effect on the FRP and FRM. Meanwhile, interactions between warming and precipitation manipulation and seasonal changes had no significant effects on FRP and FRM. However, the influences of seasonal changes in soil temperature and soil moisture on FRP and FRM were different according to warming. In TW plots, FRP showed a positive relationship with soil temperature, and FRM showed a negative relationship with soil moisture. On the other hand, in the TC plots, FRP showed a positive relationship with soil moisture, and there were no relationships between FRM and soil temperature and moisture. These results indicate that the climate factors that affect FRP and FRM might vary as the warming progresses. 본 연구에서 33개월생 소나무 묘목을 대상으로 인위적 온난화 처리와 강수 조절에 의한 계절별 세근 생산량과 세근 고사율의 변화를 2년에 걸쳐 분석하였다. 온난화 처리는 적외선등을 이용하여 대조구 대비 대기온도가 3.0°C 높게 유지되도록 설정하였고, 강수 조절은 투명 판넬과 펌프를 이용하여 대조구(PC) 대비 30% 감소(PD) 또는 30% 증가(PI) 되도록 설정하였다. 온난화 처리는 세근 생산량 및 고사율에 통계적으로 유의한 영향을 주지 못하였고, 강수 조절은 세근 생산량(mm mm-2 day-1)에만 유의한 영향을 주었다(PC: 3.57, PD: 4.59, PI: 3.02). 한편 온난화 처리 및 강수 조절과 계절 간의 상호작용은 세근 생산량 및 고사율에 영향을 주지 못하였다. 그러나 온난화 처리 여부에 따라 토양 온도와 토양 수 분이 각각 세근 생산량과 세근 고사율에 미치는 영향이 다르게 나타났다. 온난화 처리구는 세근 생산량의 계절적 변화가 주로 토양 온도에 영향(양의 상관관계)을 받았고, 세근 고사율은 주로 토양 수분의 영향(음의 상관관계)을 받았다. 반면에 온도 대조구에서는 세근 생산량은 주로 토양 수분의 영향(양의 상관관계)을 받았고, 세근 고사율은 토양 온도 및 수분과 유의한 관계가 나타나지 않았다. 이는 온난화가 진행됨에 따라 세근 생산량과 세근 고사율에 영향을 주는 기후인자가 달 라질 수 있음을 시사한다.
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백두대간 마루금 복원사업지에서의 5년 경과 후 토양특성 및 소나무 생장 모니터링
한승현,김정환,강원석,황재홍,박기형,김찬범 한국환경생태학회 2019 한국환경생태학회지 Vol.33 No.4
This study was conducted to monitor the soil characteristics and growth of Pinus densiflora and to determine the effect of soil characteristics on growth rate five years after an ecological restoration project in Baekdudaegan ridge including Ihwaryeong, Yuksimnyeong, and Beoljae sites. The ecological restoration project was executed with the forest of P. densiflora in 2012-2013. In April 2018, we collected soil samples from each site and measured the height and the diameter at breach height (DBH) of P. densiflora. Although there was no significant change of soil pH compared to the early stage of restoration (one year after the project), it was high in Ihwaryeong, and Beoljae with values of 7.7 and 6.4, respectively. Also, the organic matter decreased by 70-80%, and the available phosphorus (P) was unchanged in three restoration sites. The decreased organic matter can be attributed to restriction of inflow and thus decomposition of litter in the early stage after the restoration. The tree height growth rate (m yr-1) of P. densiflora in Yuksimnyeong was the highest at 1.02, followed by Beolja at 0.75 and Ihwaryeong at 0.17. The height growth rate showed negative relationships with soil pH and cations, including Na and Ca concentrations and a positive relationship with available phosphate. The low growth rate in the Ihwaryeong site, in particular, might result from the poor nutrient availability due to high soil pH and the decrease in water absorption into the root due to high Na and Ca concentrations. The substantial reduction of organic matter after five years indicates that the need for soil improvement using chemical fertilizer and biochar. 본 연구는 이화령, 육십령, 벌재 등 백두대간 마루금 생태복원사업지에서 복원사업 5년 경과 후 토양특성과 소나무 생장을모니터링하고 토양특성이 소나무 생장에 미치는 영향을 분석하였다. 복원사업은 소나무 조림목을 이용하여 2012년-2013년에완료되었으며, 2018년 4월에 각 복원사업지에서의 토양을 채취하고, 소나무의 수고와 흉고직경을 측정하였다. 토양 pH는복원초기에 비해 크게 변화가 없었으나, 이화령과 벌재에서 7.7과 6.4의 높은 값을 보였다. 복원초기에 비해 유기물함량은전반적으로 70-80%가 감소하였고, 유효인산은 크게 변화가 없었다. 유기물함량의 감소는 복원 후 초기 고사유기물의 유입및 분해가 제한됨에 따라 나타난 것으로 판단된다. 소나무 수고생장률(m yr-1)은 지역에 따라 유의한 차이를 보였는데, 육십령에서 1.02로 가장 높았으며, 그 뒤로 벌재(0.75), 이화령(0.17)순이다. 수고생장률은 토양 pH, 양이온함량(Na, Ca 등)과부의 상관관계를 보인 반면, 유효인산과는 양의 상관관계를 보였다. 특히 이화령 지역의 저조한 소나무 생장률은 높은 토양pH로 인한 낮은 양분가용성과, 높은 Na와 Ca 농도로 인한 뿌리로의 수분흡수 저해로 인한 것으로 판단된다. 한편 복원5년 경과 후 나타난 유기물함량의 급격한 감소는 향후 화학비료, 바이오차 등을 이용한 토양개량이 필요할 것으로 보인다
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