The Deverbalization of the Conditional Form of the Verb omou Indicating Thinking Activity in Modern Japanese

하재필 한국일어일문학회 2013 日語日文學硏究 Vol.85 No.1

현대 일본어와 한국어의 동사 조건형의 문법화에 관한 대조연구 - 시각활동을 나타내는 동사 「みる」 「보다」의 경우-

하재필 한국언어과학회 2021 한국언어과학회 학술대회 Vol.2021 No.02

現代日本語と韓国語の動詞 · 接続形の脱動詞化に関する類型論的な対照研究

河在必 한국일본어학회 2018 한국일본어학회 학술발표회 Vol.2018 No.3

現代日本語の動詞条件形の脱動詞化

河在必 중앙대학교 일본연구소 2016 日本 硏究 Vol.0 No.40

This study describes deverbalization, which is synchronically observed in conditional forms of verbs in contemporary Japanese. Here, deverbalization refers to verbs changing to other parts of speech while losing their lexical, morphological, and syntactic characteristics as verbs. Verbs from lexically represent motion or change in a person or an object, are inflected morphologically in tense, aspect, voice, mood, and polarity, and function as a predicate in a sentence syntactically. Perusing the usage of conditional forms of verbs, however, some of them have lost the various characteristics as verbs. This deverbalization also refers to grammaticalization and lexicalization. Grammaticalization refers to the phenomenon in which in certain contexts or constructions, words that have autonomy loses their original lexical meanings and thereby transform into forms with grammatical functions ―such as clitic, adposition, and affix. In this study, I have confirmed the phenomenon in which they develop into postposition, connective particle, and connective. Meantime, lexicalization refers to a word going out of its original lexical category to transition to an element in another lexical category. In this study, I have verified that a speaker uses the form that derives from the conditional form of the verb in order to express his or her attitude with regard to the content of the sentence that he or she mentions. Specifically, there is change from a verb to a sentence adverb that indicates the speaker"s attitude.

現代日本語と韓国語における動詞条件形の脱動詞化に関する対照研究 -言語活動を表す動詞「いう」と「말하다」の場合-

河在必 한국일본어학회 2019 한국일본어학회 학술발표회 Vol.2019 No.9

근대 한국어에서 나타나는 일본어의 번역차용 「-아/어 마지 않다」의 출현을 중심으로

하재필 가천대학교 아시아문화연구소 2017 아시아문화연구 Vol.45 No.-

I believe the auxiliary verb 「(-a/e) maciantha」in Korean emerged out of contact with Japanese. There is 「yamanai」in Japanese that is equivalent to 「maciantha」in Korean, and they resemble each other not only in lexical meaning but also in morphological and syntactical qualities. However, in the late 19th century, along with the main verb usage that indicated the continuance of an action or a phenomenon, 「yamanai」 in Japanese was also used as an auxiliary verb that expressed the intensity of a mental state or an attitude. Meanwhile, in the same period of time, 「maciantha」 in Korean was only used as a main verb. It was after 1910 that it started to appear as an auxiliary verb and the usage surged in the 1940s. This paper perceived that the emergence of 「(-a/e) maciantha」 stems from extralinguistic factors due to the following reasons: (1) diachronic changes of the main verb 「maltha」, do not apply to 「maciantha」; (2) the meaning and syntactical qualities expressed by the usage of 「maciantha」 as an auxiliary verb are same with 「yamanai」in Japanese; and (3) after liberation, 「(-a/e) maciantha」 has been only used in congratulatory speech and literary sentence. It can be said that bilingual contributed greatly in the development of the auxiliary verb usage of 「maciantha」. In the late 19th century, the in flow of new culture increased exposure to Japanese and the number of bilinguals grew due to Japanese education policy under Japanese colonialism. Bilinguals translated Japanese and “loaned” the expression to Korean, leading to the spread of auxiliary verb usage of 「(-a/e) maciantha」. 본고는 현대 한국어에서 보조동사로 쓰이는 「(-아/어) 마지 않다」가 일본어와의 접촉을 통해 발생한 것이라 주장한다. 한국어의 「마지 않다」에 상당하는 일본어 형식으로 「やまない」가 있는데, 이 두 형식은 어휘적인 의미뿐만 아니라 형태적․구문적 특성이 매우 유사하다. 그러나 일본어의 「やまない」는 19세기 말에 동작이나 현상이 중단되지 않는 의미를 나타내는 본동사 용법과 더불어 어떠한 심적 상태나 심적 태도의 정도가 강한 것을 나타내는 보조동사 용법에 쓰이고 있었다. 한편 한국어의 「마지 않다」는 19세기 말에는 본동사 용법만이 있었고, 보조동사 용법은 1910년대에 나타나 1940년대에 급증한다. 본고에서는 다음과 같은 특징을 들어 「마지 않다」의 발생이 언어 외적인 요인에 의한 것이라고 보았다. (1) 본동사 「말다」가 거치는 통시적인 변화가 「마지 않다」에는 적용되지 않는 점, (2) 「마지 않다」의 보조동사 용법이 나타내는 의미와 구문적 특징이 일본어의 「やまない」와 같다는 점, (3) 해방 이후 「-아/어 마지 않다」의 사용이 축사나 문어체 문장에서만 쓰여 매우 제한적이라는 점 등이 있다. 「마지 않다」의 보조동사 용법의 발달에는 이중 언어 사용자의 역할이 크다고 할 수 있다. 19세기 말에 일본으로부터 신문물이 유입되면서 일본어와의 접촉이 늘어나고, 일제 강점기의 일본어 교육 정책으로 인해 한국어와 일본어의 이중 언어 사용자가 증가하였다. 「(-아/어) 마지 않다」의 보조동사 용법이 증가하게 된 것에는 이중 언어 사용자가 일본어를 번역하고 이를 한국어에 차용하게 되었기 때문이라 할 수 있다.

脱動詞化にみられる文法的な意味と機能の存続—動詞条件形の脱動詞化を中心に—

하재필 중앙대학교 일본연구소 2019 日本 硏究 Vol.0 No.51

Sureba, suruto and sitemo, which are conditional verb forms in modern Japanese, are used to express causality in a broad sense, and it is widely known that they become deverbalized in some cases. Verbs such as miru, a visual verb, iu, a locutionary verb, and omou, a thinking verb, get deverbalized when they take a conditional form, and they usually turn into postpositions, connective particles, connectives, or sentence adverbs. However, no connection has been identified so far between usages of such deverbalized verb forms and those of general conditional verb forms. This study examines how the grammatical meaning and syntactic function of general conditional verb forms affect usages of deverbalized verb forms. Due to the grammatical meaning of conditional verb forms, if an event in the subordinate clause of a complex sentence is expressed in a conditional form, another event is also implicated. For example, the sentence “If it rains, let’s take a taxi” implies a case of not raining, in addition to a case of raining that is mentioned explicitly. Such implication can be identified in usages of postpositions and sentence adverbs that indicate a rationale behind the judgement on, or the evaluation of, a person or object. If a postposition or sentence adverb signals a rationale behind the judgement on, or the evaluation of, a person or object, another rationale is also implied in addition to the explicit one. In complex sentences, conditional verb forms connect the events of the subordinate and main clauses. Such a function is found in usages where conditional verb forms turn into connective particles and connectives. If conditional verb forms become deverbalized, the connective function expands from the sentence level to the text level. In other words, conditional verb forms simply serve as a connective element within a complex sentence, whereas they connect sentences if they get deverbalized and turn into connectives.

現代日本語における動詞中止形「して」の脱動詞化 - 視覚活動を表す動詞「みる」の場合 -

河在必 한양대학교 일본학국제비교연구소 2019 비교일본학 Vol.46 No.-

본고에서는 시각활동을 나타내는 동사 「みる」가 중지형인 「みて」형을 취하고 있는 경우를 대상으로, 동사 중지형으로서의 용법을 확인하고 탈동사화한 용법에 관하여 기술하였다. 「みて」가 동사중지형으로 쓰이는 경우, 기본적으로 문장구조는 하나의 주어에 두 개의 서술어로 구성된다. 「みて」는 주로 주요한 서술어가 나타내는 동작・상태에 대하여 그 성립에 관여하는 ≪원인≫, ≪계기≫, ≪사고활동의 근거≫, ≪방법≫과 같이 ≪조건≫을 나타낸다. 그러나 「みて」의 어휘적인 의미가 희박해지고, 서술어로서도 기능을 하지 않으며, 어형도 고정되어 동사성을 잃으면, 문장구조는 하나의 서술어와 술어로 구성되는 ≪단문≫이 된다. 이때 「みて」는 단어로서의 자립성을 잃고 명사(명사구), 부사적 표현에 교착하여, 문법적 형식이 되거나 어휘적 표현이 되거나 한다. 문법적 형식으로서는 어떠한 사람・사물・사건에 대한 평가・판단을 수행할 때의 ≪근거≫, 상대적인 위치를 나타낼 때의 ≪기준≫을 나타내는 후치사가 된다. 어휘적 표현으로서는 어떠한 사람・사물・사건에 대한 평가・판단을 수행할 때, 어떠한 관점에서 서술하는지, 그 ≪접근방법≫을 나타내는 복합적인 진술부사가 된다. This paper focuses on the deverbalization of the gerund te-form in modern Japanese, specifically in the case of the visual verb miru ‘see’. In this paper, when the verb miru ‘see’ (which represents visual activity) takes the form of the gerund or mite, we can confirm that the usage is that of the gerund and as the deverbalized form. The structure of a sentence is composed of one subject and two predicates when mite is used as a gerund. Grammatically mite represents conditions such as a cause, a trigger, a ground of thinking activities and a method that is related to the establishment of the action or state represented by the main predicate. However, when the lexical meaning of mite bleached, it can no longer function as a predicate, and the form becomes fixed. It then loses the properties of the verb and the structure of the sentence becomes a simple sentence, consisting of just one subject and predicate. Simultaneously, mite loses its autonomy as a word and is then attached to an NP or adverbial expression. It functions as a grammatical form or as a lexical expression. As a grammatical form, it becomes a postposition that expresses ground when someone is either evaluating or judging someone or something, and becomes that of a reference point when expressing a relative position of someone or something. As a lexical expression, it then becomes a compounded adverb that expresses how a speaker approaches their point of view when evaluating or judging someone or something.

類義形式「トキ」「コロ」の分析 : 時間性と空間性の?点から

河在必 한국일본문화학회 2008 日本文化學報 Vol.0 No.39

동사 ‘보다’의 조건형 ‘보면’의 문법화

하재필 서강대학교 언어정보연구소 2020 언어와 정보 사회 Vol.40 No.-

This paper deals with a phenomenon that occurs if the verb pota is conjugated into its conditional form of pomyen, during which it goes through grammaticalization and loses its features of being a verb. The conditional form of verbs is used to indicate that the event described in the subordinate clause affects the event specified in the main clause. In general, pomyen, as a lexical unit, represents a visual activity, serves as the predicate of the subordinate clause from a syntactical perspective, and is inflected in a variety of ways depending on the grammatical category from a morphological viewpoint. In local usages, however, pomyen loses its autonomy and becomes grammaticalized by being agglutinated to a noun or another verb, and the present research discovers that pomyen also develops into a postposition, connective particle, connective, or particle.