백제 사찰 조영계획 고찰

탁경백,Tahk, Kyung-Baek 한국건축역사학회 2011 건축역사연구 Vol.20 No.4

This study intends to investigate the measuring scales, locations and scales through arrangement plans for a research on construction plans. Through an analysis of the artifacts-measuring scales, the relation of two scales found, which further helped suppose the measuring scales applied during the foundation period. Southern dynasties-scale was still used even after the capital was transferred to Sabi till Tang-scale was introduced. Tang-scale was used for Buddhist temples mostly founded in the 7th century. On the other hand, Goguryo-scale seemed to be used almost at the same period as Southern dynasties-scale used, but it seemed that Goguryo-scale disappeared earlier than Southern dynasties-scale. The locations of Buddhist temples could be classified into mountains, flatlands and mountain valley. Buddhist temples founded in mountains were mostly small-sized, but ones located on flatlands could secure flat fields through mounding operations. In addition, through location conditions of Neungsa and Wangheungsa, it was possible to find out the district setting of Sabi Capital Castle. Finally, the expansion range of Buddhist temples were found to be towards the east and the west. As for the scales of temples according to such conditions of location, it was found a similarity in Temple sites. In general, it was possible to assume that the scales of Buddhist temples tended to be expanded along with spatial expansion and there were regular systems in Buddhist temples related to the Royal family. Through the analysis of arrangement plans between individual buildings, it was found that the basic arrangement of Gate-Pagoda-Main Hall-Lecture Hall was preserved, but the proportion of distances between individual buildings varied depending on cases. As a result, there were differences between scales of entire building sites, construction subjective influences and master plan for each location of a Buddhist temple.

일본 국분사 목탑의 하부구조 고찰

탁경백,Tahk, Kyung-Baek 한국건축역사학회 2010 건축역사연구 Vol.19 No.5

In the middle of the 8th century, we met the new high-rise building, the 7th storied wooden pagodas in 'Kokubunji' in Japan. I tried to analyze and study this building to show how the wooden pagoda had changed itself because of appearance of new style. The conculusions are as follows; 1. The construction of the foundation was mainly composed namely 'Panchuk'. It was proceeded by two ways. One is the earthen-digging, laying foundations named 'Gulkwangpachuk' and the other is simply laying foundation named 'Jisangpanchuk'. In that period, due to the progress of the technique, we assumed that the main stream is 'Jisangpanchuk'. 2. The elevation of base was mostly the single foundation from archaeological study. The material was stone. The middle case of pagoda had the base of tile-roofed. We knew the just one pagoda had the base of brick, but that was not main stream. 3. The new device had appeared in the central base stone. It was the stone point. But in that period the existing method, a hole style and the new style was used in the central base stone. This fact is showed that the central government was not hold the reigon(it names 'Kook') in the respect of the technique. 4. The plan scale is classified of 3 group. As a result, the first body is larger, the main-unit and the sub-unit is a equal unit. But smaller, the length of main-unit is longer than the one of sub-unit. And the very small pagoda was build in that period.

정림사지 창건시기 재고

탁경백,Tahk, Kyung-Baek 한국건축역사학회 2016 건축역사연구 Vol.25 No.4

It was believed that Jeongnimsa temple was built after the capital was moved from Gongju to Buyeo. It was confirmed that it was built A.D. $625{\pm}20$ by conducting a paleomagnetic analysis on the fireplace, which was recently found at the bottom of Jungmunji(middle gate). Consequently, it is assumed that the temple was built in the early 7th century unlike the previous point of view. Therefore, this study evaluated if the fireplace at the bottom of Jungmunji was found at the geological stratum representing the Jeongnimsa temple. Moreover, the study examined when the fireplace at the bottom of Jungmunji was constructed on the soil stratum. It is possible that the fireplace was built in the early 7th century as shown in the paleomagnetic analysis. However, when we compared the soil strata of the Jungmunji and the existing five-story stone pagoda, it showed that the ground was prepared differently and they were built over a fairly long period of time. Furthermore, I discovered that there was a wooden pagoda under the five-story stone pagoda by examining the soil strata map. Therefore, previous studies evaluated the arrangement of auxiliary buildings of Jeongnimsa temple and concluded that it was built in the early 7th century. It is hard to determine when the temple was built based on the arrangement of auxiliary buildings, because it takes a long time to build a temple and auxiliary buildings can be relocated during this long construction period. Rather, we have to admit that there are various arrangement patterns through minor changes in buildings from the one pagoda and one main building(Geumdang) arrangement.

하남 동사지 삼층석탑의 구조와 특성 연구

탁경백(Tahk Kyung Baek) 한국중세고고학회 2020 한국중세고고학 Vol.- No.8

일제강점기부터 주목을 받았던 하남 동사지 삼층석탑은 10세기 중후반에 건립된 것으로 알려졌지만, 탑 자체의 구조와 특성에 관한 연구는 충분치 않았다. 이에 본고에서 현재까지 작성된 각종 기록 검토와 삼층석탑 단위부재 검토 및 고려 시대 삼층석탑과의 비교를 통해 동사지 삼층석탑의 구조와 특성을 밝히고자 하였다. 현재까지 기록 중 1965년과 2000년 수리 내용이 삼층석탑의 세부 내용을 알 수 있는 중요한 근거가 되었고, 2017년에 작성된 정밀실측보고서는 단위부재 검토에 기본이 되었다. 또한 고려 시대에 건립된 이중기단을 가진 다른 삼층석탑 62기를 선정하여 기단부와 탑신부 비교를 통해 동사지 삼층석탑의 위상을 검토할 수 있었다. 단위부재 검토 후 고려 시대 석탑과 비교하여 다음과 같은 결과를 확인하였다. 먼저 동사지 삼층석탑과 같이 하층기단부 중 기단석과 면석이 하나의 부재로 구성되는 경우는 28건을 확인할 수 있었다. 또한 안상문이 마련된 탑은 17기로 문양이 유사한 탑은 운산리삼층석탑 등 4기가 확인되었다. 상층기단면석에 우주와 탱주가 마련된 탑도 39건이 확인되어 고려 시대 이중기단을 가진 삼층석탑의 장엄 방법임을 알 수 있었다. 1층 탑신석에 사리공이 마련된 경우는 모두 4건이고 옥개받침의 단수 변화가 같은 것은 나소동삼층석탑 뿐이지만 변화하는 경우는 14건으로 확인되어 일반적인 방식으로 보기는 어렵다. 처마선은 호형으로 된 탑이 43 건으로 확인되어 일반적인 방식으로 판단된다. 이처럼 동사지 삼층석탑은 고려 시대 동형의 석탑과 비교를 통해 일반적인 특징을 가지고 있는 점도 있으나 안상문이나 사리공 마련 등은 다른 탑에서는 찾기 어려운 특성이다. 특히 단위부재에서 재료 수급의 어려움이 보이고 비 규격화된 점은 왕규와 관련성이 있는 것으로 추정된다. The three-story stone pagoda of Dongsaji temple site in Hanam, which has been in the spotlight since the Japanese colonial period, is known to have been built in the mid to late 10th century, but research on the structure and characteristics of the pagoda itself was not sufficient. Accordingly, this study attempted to clarify the structure and characteristics of the three-story stone pagoda by reviewing the various records written in past, reviewing the unit members of the three-story stone pagoda, and comparing it with the three-story stone pagodas of the Goryeo Dynasty. Among the records to date, the repair details in 1965 and 2000 became an important basis for knowing the details of the three-story stone pagoda, and the precision measurement report prepared in 2017 became the basis for the review of unit members. In addition, 62 other three-story stone pagodas with double foundation built in the Goryeo Dynasty were selected, and the status of the three-story stone pagoda of Dongsaji temple site could be reviewed by comparing the foundation and the body. After reviewing the unit member, compared with the stone pagoda of the Goryeo Dynasty, the following results were confirmed. First, there were 28 cases in which the base stone and the face stone were composed of one member of the lower foundation, like the three-story stone pagoda of Dongsaji temple site. In addition, 17 pagodas with Ansang(Elephant-eye) pattern and 4 towers with similar designs were identified, including three-story stone pagoda in Unsan-ri. 39 cases of pagodas with centre pillar and end pillar on the face of upper foundation were also confirmed, indicating that it was a magnificent method of a three-story stone pagoda with a double foundation in the Goryeo Dynasty. There were 4 cases of sacred holes on the first floor body stone, and only three-story stone pagoda in Naso-dong had the same change in the number of ridges, but 14 cases were found to tendency in changing them. So it is difficult to view it in a general way. As for the eaves, 43 pagodas have arc-line, so it was judged in a general way. As described above, the three-story stone pagoda of Dongsaji temple has a general characteristic through comparison with the same type of stone pagodas in the Goryeo Dynasty, but the Ansang(Elephant-eye) pattern and sacred hole arrangements are difficult to find in other pagodas. Particularly, the fact that the material supply and demand was difficult and de-standardized in the unit member was presumed to be related to Wang-gyu.

백제 불탑지 연구 현황

탁경백(Kyung-baek Tahk) 중앙승가대학교 불교학연구원 2015 불교와 사회 Vol.7 No.-

枕流王대 불교를 받아들인 백제는 사비기에 들어와 사찰이 증가하면서 불탑의 조영도 증가하게 되었다. 현존하는 유구는 없지만, 현재까지 발굴조사와 연구 활동 등을 통해 그 자료가 축적되었다. 본고에서는 사비천도 이후 증가하는 백제 불탑에 대해 그 확산배경과 이제까지의 연구 현황을 발굴조사 중심으로 검토하였다. 聖王대 사비천도를 단행한 백제는 중국 남북조, 고구려의 문화와 기술이 유입되었다. 또한 건축과 토목을 담당하는 새로운 전문 기술집단인 사공부(司空部), 공덕부(功德部), 목부(木部)와 박사(博士) 등이 등장하여 불탑의 건립에 일익을 담당하게 된다. 이러한 문화와 기술을 배경으로 사비천도 이후 불교유적은 현재까지 31개소가 확인되었고 불탑도 12개소 유적에서 확인되었다. 먼저 척도와 관련해서 불탑이 소재한 사찰에서 출토된 유물의 제작척을 검토한 결과, 6세기에는 南朝尺이 사용되었고 7세기에는 唐尺이 사용되었으며 高句麗尺은 부분적으로 6세기와 7세기에 모두 사용되었다. 두 번째 기단부 구성은 대지를 마련하기 위한 방법으로 경사성토방법과 수평성토방법이 확인되었다. 기단토를 만드는 방법은 굴광판축형과 지상구축형, 그리고 특수한 방법으로 지상삭토형이 확인되었다. 기단외장은 대체로 석조로 구축되었으며, 이층기단으로 보고된 경우가 대부분이었다. 그러나 기존 연구성과의 재검토를 통해 낙수받이의 가능성을 확인하였다. 심주를 받치는 심초석은 8개소에서 확인되었고 설치 위치는 지하에서 지상으로 바뀌는 것을 알 수 있었다. 세 번째 평면 구성은 6세기 불탑지 기단부 길이가 대체로 11-12m 범위이지만, 익산에서 확인되는 제석사・미륵사 불탑의 규모는 20m에 근접되어 규모가 커졌음을 알 수 있다. 또한 발굴조사에서 확인된 주혈로 柱網을 검토하여 군수리사지 불탑지에서는 실심체 구축 가능성을 확인할 수 있었다. Buddhism was entered in reign of King Chimryu(枕流王) in Baekje. But the number of construction of pagoda increased in time of transferring its capital from Woongjin to Sabi about the 6th century. There is no existing remains. But until now, the data is accumulated through field research and excavation activities. In this report, increasing Buddhist pagoda of Baekje after the relocation of its capital focus on the status of the excavation research. Baekje has confronted a new era of cultural out burst that was different from pre-period through an importation of Goguryeo cultures as well as an exchange with North and South Dynasties of China. Also new group in charge of architecture and civil engineering appeared. They are employees of governmental department of Sagongbu(司空部), Gongdeokppu(功德部), Mokbu(木部) and specialist for the establishment of a pagoda such as Baksa(博士). According to described earlier culture and technology, Buddhist temple sites in the time of Sabi-Baekje were founded until now, 31 ruins including 12 places where pagoda was established. First, I have reviewed artifacts excavated from pagoda sites, I had this conculsions. About ruler for pagoda’s construction, it was used Namjochuck(南朝尺, 25cm) in the six century, Dangchuck(唐尺, 29-29.8cm) in the seventh century. And Goguryeochuck(高句麗尺, 35.6cm) was partly be used in sixth and seventh centuries. Second, the base construction of tilting and horizontal have been selected as contrasting construction methods for temple. The foundation of stereobate soil for the Buddhist temple itself was carried out by Gulgwangpanchuk-style, Jisangguchuk-style and a special method of Sakto-style. External base stone generally was reported as a two-story stereobate from stone material, but the evidence of considering the existing lower foundation has been found the possiblity to be a gutter through an analysis of pagoda site of Gunsurisaji, Neunsanrisaji, Wangheungsaji. Simchoseok supported simju(main central column) was founded 8 sites. The installation method of simju has changed from underground to ground to prevent decaying from water in earth. Third, about plan composition of the sixth century, the length of pagoda base stone was typically 11 to 12m. But the scale of pagodas of Miruksaji and Jeseoksaji temple site in Iksan escalated large closing 20m. Also, by column ruins excavated, we try to restore 1st floor plan. So the plan was showed the possiblity of the construction Silsimche(like support box made by earth) for supporting pagoda structure in Gunsurisaji temple site.

한국 고대 목탑의 기단 및 심초부 축조기법에 관한 고찰 - 백제 사지를 중심으로 -

정자연,탁경백,Jung, Ja-young,Tahk, Kyung-baek 국립문화재연구원 2007 헤리티지:역사와 과학 Vol.40 No.-

지금까지 한국 고대 목탑에 대한 연구는 발굴조사와 사료를 통한 평면 배치계획, 사리장엄구, 복원 등에 중심을 두고 진행되어 왔다. 이에 비해 목탑의 기단 및 심초부 축조기법에 대한 연구는 상대적으로 미진하였던 것이 사실이다. 이에 본고에서는 지금까지 조사된 삼국시대 사찰 중 목탑지로 확인된 유구의 검토를 통해 각각 기단토 구축방법과 심초석의 형태, 안치 방법, 심주의 입주 등에 대하여 연구를 진행하였다. 그 결과 목탑지 기단 구축방법은 지상성토형 굴광판축형 지상삭토형으로 구분되며, 심초석은 지하(반지하)와 지상에 안치되는 형식으로 확인되었다. 또한 심초석의 위치가 지하에서 지상으로 상승함에 따라 심주의 위치도 변화를 보여주고 있다. 이러한 변화는 목조건물의 구조 변화에 따른 것으로 특히 7세기 백제 무왕(武王)대에 목탑이 대형화되는 사실을 알 수 있었다. 이렇게 대형화된 목탑의 조탑술은 신라 황룡사지 목탑, 일본 백제대사(百濟大寺) 목탑의 건립과 관련이 있는 것으로 추정할 수 있다. Since now, the study of wooden pagodas in ancient Korea have been proceeded to the site plan, the devices and the goods of sarari containers and the reconstruction. They are based on the result of archaeological excavations and the historical material documents. But the study of the foundations of wooden pagodas have been unsatisfactory. In this paper, the investigations of the wooden pagodas in the Three Kingdoms are proceeded. Through this action, we have checked the method of the foundations, the type and installation of Simchoseok(central base stone) and the erection of Simju(central base pillar). In the result of this study, three types were in the method of the foundations-the construction of the upper on the surface of the earth, the construction of the upper and lower on the surface of the earth. And we know the types of the installation of Simchoseok were the underground-type central base stone and the ground-type central base stoned. The factors of the central base pillars were changed with the rising of central base stones from the lower on the surface of the earth to the surface of the foundation. This change was needed to construct the larger wooden pagodas than the ones of the past. In especially, the large wooden pagodas with the ground-type central base stoned were appeared in the king of Baekje, Muwang(A.D. 600~640). We assume that the method of the construction of larger wooden pagodas like that was forwarded to Silla and Japan.