신평년(1991~2020년)에 기반한 우리나라 최근 기후특성과변화에 관한 연구

최홍준,김정용,최영은,허인혜,이태민,김소정,민숙주,이도영,최다솜,성현민,권재일 한국기상학회 2023 대기 Vol.33 No.5

Based on the new climate normals (1991~2020), annual mean, maximum and minimumtemperature is 12.5oC, 18.2oC, and 7.7oC, respectively while annual precipitation is1,331.7 mm, the annual mean wind speed is 2.0 m s1, and the relative humidity is 67.8% in theRepublic of Korea. Compared to 1981~2010 normal, annual mean temperature increased by0.2oC, maximum and minimum temperatures increased by 0.3oC, while the amount of precipitation(0.7%) and relative humidity (1.1%) decreased. There was no distinct change in annualmean wind speed. The spatial range of the annual mean temperature in the new normals is largefrom 7.1 to 16.9oC. Annual precipitation showed a high regional variability, ranging from 787.3to 2,030.0 mm. The annual mean relative humidity decreased at most weather stations due to therise in temperature, and the annual mean wind speed did not show any distinct differencebetween the new and old normals. With the addition of a warmer decade (2011~2020), temperaturesall increased consistently and in particular, the increase in the maximum temperature,which had not significantly changed in previous decades, was evident. The increasing trend ofannual and summer precipitation by the 2010s has disappeared in the new normals. Amongextreme climate indices, MxT30 (Daily maximum temperature  33oC days), MnT25 (Dailyminimum temperature 25oC days), and PH30 (1 hour maximum precipitation 30 mm days)increased while MnT-10 (Daily minimum temperature < 10oC days) and W13.9 (Daily maximumwind speed 13.9 m/s days) decreased at a statistically significant level. It is thought thata detailed study on the different trends of climate elements and extreme climate indices byregion should be conducted in the future.

L1 최적화를 사용한 물고기의 움직임 추적

최홍준,김광태,이경채,김동언,오장석,이언석,김민기 한국공학안전보건예술학회 2014 한국공학예술학회 논문지 Vol.6 No.-

거골 골연골 병변의 자가 골연골 이식술의 임상 결과

최홍준,문정석,이우천,고한석,Choi, Hong-Joon,Moon, Jeong-Seok,Lee, Woo-Chun,Ko, Han-Seok 대한족부족관절학회 2007 대한족부족관절학회지 Vol.11 No.2

Purpose: To evaluate clinical results of autologous osteochondral graft in osteochondral lesions of the talus. Materials and Methods: Twenty feet in twenty patients underwent osteochondral autologous transfer in the osteochondral lesions of the talus. Sixteen were men and four were women. The mean age was 40.8 years old. The mean follow up was 2 years 9 months. Eighteen cases were medial, one case was lateral and one case was both, respectively. The average duration of symptom was 4 years 3 months. AOFAS ankle/hindfoot score (AOFAS score), visual analogue scale (VAS), Lysholm knee score were evaluated preoperatively and at the final follow up. Results: Postoperative AOFAS score was 87.3 (range, 69-100), which was significantly improved from preoperative AOFAS score of 62.0 (p=0.000). Postoperative VAS was 2.9 (range, 0-7), which was significantly improved from preoperative VAS of 7.5 (p=0.000). Postoperative Lysholm knee score was 92.4 (range, 80-100). All osteotomy of medial malleolus was united by the 4th month after surgery. Postoperative VAS was conversely correlated with the follow up period (p=0.024). There was no complications associated with surgery. Conclusion: Autologous osteochondral grafts in osteochondral lesion of the talus demonstrated excellent results with a short-term follow up.

Revision Surgery for Recurrent Pain after Excision of the Accessory Navicular and Relocation of the Tibialis Posterior Tendon

최홍준,이우천 대한정형외과학회 2017 Clinics in Orthopedic Surgery Vol.9 No.2

Background: The results of operative treatments for symptomatic accessory navicular are debatable. In some cases, recurrent pain may develop after the Kidner procedure. The purpose of this study is to review the reasons for recurrent pain after the Kidner procedure and to suggest possible options for revision surgery. Methods: We reviewed the clinical and radiological outcomes in 9 patients who underwent revision surgery for recurrent pain after the Kidner procedure. During the revision surgery, the tibialis posterior tendon was reattached to the navicular either by advancing the tendon in 4 patients or by lengthening the tendon in another 4 patients. In the other 1 patient, the flexor digitorum longus tendon was transferred. Surgeries for the accompanying deformities were performed simultaneously in all patients. The results were evaluated using the American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society ankle-hindfoot score and a visual analog scale. The mean follow-up was 2.3 years (range, 1 to 5 years). Results: The mean American Orthopedic Foot and Ankle Society ankle-hindfoot score improved from 71.25 to 81.50 in the advancement group, and 71.75 to 90.00 in the lengthening group. The mean visual analog scale improved from 7.75 to 4.25 in the advancement group and from 7.50 to 1.75 in the lengthening group. Conclusions: Recurrent pain after the Kidner procedure was associated with pes planovalgus or hindfoot valgus deformity. In revision surgery, correction of the associated deformities and reattachment of the tibialis posterior tendon after lengthening may need to be considered.

워프 스케쥴링 기법에 따른 GPU 성능 분석

최홍준,김철홍,김종면 한국차세대컴퓨팅학회 2013 한국차세대컴퓨팅학회 논문지 Vol.9 No.2

GPU에서 실제 연산을 담당하는 세이더코어는 다수의 워프를 동시에 할당받아 수행함으로써 연산자원 활용률을 극 대화한다. 세이더코어가 할당받은 다수의 워프들 중에서 어떠한 워프를 선택하여 수행하는지에 따라 GPU의 성능 은 달라질 것으로 예상된다. 효율적인 워프 스케쥴링 기법을 개발하기 위해서는 워프 스케쥴링 기법의 특성 분석이 선행되어야 한다. 본 논문에서는 워프 스케쥴링 기법에 따른 GPU의 성능을 분석하고자 한다. 무작위 스케쥴링, 라 운드로빈 스케쥴링, 그리고 선입선처리 스케쥴링 기법을 분석 대상으로 사용한다. 실험 결과에 따르면, 분기 명령어 를 포함하지 않는 응용프로그램을 수행하는 경우에는 스케쥴링 기법에 따른 성능 차이가 거의 없는 반면에, 분기 명 령어를 다수 포함하는 응용프로그램을 수행하는 경우에는 스케쥴링 기법에 따른 성능 차이가 상당히 발생함을 알 수 있다. 그 이유는 분기 명령어는 워프 스케쥴링 기법에 따라 무작위적인 메모리 접근으로 유발되는 병목현상을 완화 또는 악화시키기기 때문으로 분석된다. 본 논문의 분석 결과는 범용 응용프로그램을 수행하는 GPU를 위한 워프 스 케쥴링 기법을 개발하고자 하는 경우 가이드라인을 제시할 수 있을 것으로 기대된다.

초음파로 진단된 자궁동정맥 기형 2예

최홍준,이해혁,김태희,김정식,남계현,이권해,박성진 순천향의학연구소 2004 Journal of Soonchunhyang Medical Science Vol.10 No.2

Arteriovenous fistula of uterus is a very rare cause of massive uterine bleeding. However, it is important to make a rapid and precise diagnosis when it does occur, because life-threatening massive vaginal bleeding may occasionally be a symptom of this disease. Uterine curettage or surgical trauma can cause vascular abnormalities, including pseudoaneurysms, acquired ateriovenous malformations, ateriovenous fistulas, and rupture of vessels. The diagnosis is made by angiography, and gray scale ultrasonography, color and duplex doppler ultrasonography, computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging is helpful. Ultrasonography is the most commonly performed initial imaging examination for evaluation of abnormal uterine bleeding. Color and duplex Doppler US is an appropriate modality for the detection and diagnosis of uterine ateriovenous malformations and for follow-up after embolization. Transcatheter embolization has replaced hysterectomy as the treatment of choice in women wish to retain thier fertility. A case of arteriovenous malformation of the uterus which was diagnosed by ultrasonography. So reported this case with a brief review of the literature.

The Effectiveness of Plantar Aponeurosis Release for the Limitation in First Metatarsophalangeal Joint Extension after Hallux Valgus Surgery

최홍준,김대욱,강영훈,박종호,손찬모,Choi, Hong-Joon,Kim, Dae-Wook,Kang, Yeong-Hun,Park, Jong-Ho,Son, Chan-Mo The Korean Foot and Ankle Society 2017 대한족부족관절학회지 Vol.21 No.2

Purpose: Stiffness in the first metatarsophalangeal joint after surgery for hallux valgus has been reported. The goal of this study was to test the efficacy of releasing plantar aponeurosis for improving the range of extension in the first metatarsophalangeal joint that was limited after hallux valgus surgery. Materials and Methods: Thirteen patients (1 man, 12 women [17 feet]; median age, 54.4 years; range, 44~69 years) with limited first metatarsophalangeal joint extension after hallux valgus surgery, who underwent an additional procedure of plantar aponeurosis release between March 2015 and August 2015, were included. Subsequently, the passive range of extension in the first metatarsophalangeal joint was evaluated via knee extension and flexion positions. Hallux valgus angle, inter-metatarsal angle, distal metatarsal articular angle, and talo-first metatarsal angle were measured on weightbearing dorsoplantar and lateral radiographs of the foot preoperatively. Results: The mean range of extension for the first metatarsophalangeal joint improved significantly, from $2.5^{\circ}$ to $40.9^{\circ}$ in the knee extension position (p<0.00). The mean extension range for the first metatarsophalangeal joint also improved, from $18.2^{\circ}$ to $43.2^{\circ}$ in the knee flexion position (p<0.00). In all patients, congruence of the first metatarsophalangeal joint was recovered. Conclusion: Plantar aponeurosis release is an effective additional procedure for improving the extension range of the first metatarsophalangeal joint after hallux valgus surgery.

성인의 유연성 편평족에 대한 종골 연장술

최홍준,조재호,왕배건,Choi, Hong Joon,Cho, Jae Ho,Wang, Bae Gun 대한족부족관절학회 2013 대한족부족관절학회지 Vol.17 No.2

Purpose: Calcaneal lengthening osteotomy is one option for the treatment of symptomatic flexible flatfoot in adults. The aim of the study was to evaluate the short term clinical and radiologic results and analyze its complications. Materials and Methods: Twelve feet who had undergone calcaneal lengthening osteotomy without flexor digitorum longus transfer between December 2009 and July 2011 were included. The mean age was 40.6 years (23~75 years). The mean followup was 17.3 months (13~25 months). Clinical outcome were assessed using American Orthopadics Foot ans Ankle Society (AOFAS) score and visual analogue scale (VAS) for pain. Four radiologic parameters were measured from weightbearing radiographs to evaluate the difference between preoperatively and postoperatively measures. To analyze the complications, calcaneocuboid joint subluxation and degenerative change were measured postoperatively. Results: The mean AOFAS score improved from 55.3 points preoperatively to 82.2 points at lastest follow-up (p=0.000). The mean VAS improved from 6.3 points preoperatively to 3.2 points postoperatively (p=0.002).All radiologic parameters, the mean talonavicular coverage angle on AP view, the mean talo-1st metatarsal angle on AP and lateral view and the mean calcaneal pitch angle, significantly improved after calcaneal lengthening osteotomy. Nine feets (75%) were shown the degenerative change in the calcaneocuboid joint at latest follow-up radiographs. Conclusion: Calcaneal lengthening osteotomy for the symptomatic flexible flatfoot in adults produced significant improvement in clinical and radiologic parameters, but calcaneocuboid joint osteoarthritis occurred postoperatively remained a major problem.

플로어플랜 기법에 따른 3차원 멀티코어 프로세서의 성능, 전력효율성, 온도 분석

최홍준,손동오,김종면,김철홍,Choi, Hong-Jun,Son, Dong-Oh,Kim, Jong-Myon,Kim, Cheol-Hong 한국정보처리학회 2010 정보처리학회논문지 A Vol.17 No.6

공정기술 발달로 인해 칩 내부 집적도가 크게 증가하면서 내부 연결망이 멀티코어 프로세서의 성능 향상을 제약하는 주된 원인이 되고 있다. 내부 연결망에서의 지연시간으로 인한 프로세서 성능 저하 문제를 해결하기 위한 방안 중 하나로 3차원 적층 구조 설계 기법이 최신 멀티코어 프로세서를 설계하는데 있어서 큰 주목을 받고 있다. 3차원 적층 구조 멀티코어 프로세서는 코어들이 수직으로 쌓이고 각기 다른 층의 코어들은 TSV(Through-Silicon Via)를 통해 상호 연결되는 구성으로 설계된다. 2차원 구조 멀티코어 프로세서에 비해 3차원 적층 구조 멀티코어 프로세서는 내부 연결망의 길이를 감소시킴으로 인해 성능 향상과 전력소모 감소라는 장점을 가진다. 하지만, 이러한 장점에도 불구하고 3차원 적층 구조 설계 기술은 증가된 전력 밀도로 인해 발생하는 프로세서 내부 온도 상승에 대한 적절한 해결책이 마련되지 않는다면 실제로는 멀티코어 프로세서 설계에 적용되기 어렵다는 한계를 지니고 있다. 본 논문에서는 3차원 멀티코어 프로세서를 설계하는데 있어서 온도 상승 문제를 해결하기 위한 방안 중 하나인 플로어플랜 기법을 다양하게 적용해 보고, 기법 적용에 따른 프로세서의 성능, 전력효율성, 온도에 대한 상세한 분석 결과를 알아보고자 한다. 실험 결과에 따르면, 본 논문에서 제안하는 온도를 고려한 3가지 플로어플랜 기법들은 3차원 멀티코어 프로세서의 온도 상승 문제를 효과적으로 해결함과 동시에, 플로어플랜 변경으로 데이터 패스가 바뀌면서 성능이 저하될 것이라는 당초 예상과는 달리, 온도 하락으로 인해 동적 온도 제어 기법의 적용 시간이 줄어들면서 성능 또한 향상시킬 수 있음을 보여준다. 이와 함께, 온도 하락과 실행 시간 감소로 인해 시스템에서의 전력 소모 또한 줄일 수 있을 것으로 기대된다. As the process technology scales down and integration densities continue to increase, interconnection has become one of the most important factors in performance of recent multi-core processors. Recently, to reduce the delay due to interconnection, 3D architecture has been adopted in designing multi-core processors. In 3D multi-core processors, multiple cores are stacked vertically and each core on different layers are connected by direct vertical TSVs(through-silicon vias). Compared to 2D multi-core architecture, 3D multi-core architecture reduces wire length significantly, leading to decreased interconnection delay and lower power consumption. Despite the benefits mentioned above, 3D design technique cannot be practical without proper solutions for hotspots due to high temperature. In this paper, we propose three floorplan schemes for reducing the peak temperature in 3D multi-core processors. According to our simulation results, the proposed floorplan schemes are expected to mitigate the thermal problems of 3D multi-core processors efficiently, resulting in improved reliability. Moreover, processor performance improves by reducing the performance degradation due to DTM techniques. Power consumption also can be reduced by decreased temperature and reduced execution time.

GPU 코어에 할당된 CTA 수에 따른 GPGPU 구조의 성능 및 전력 효율성 분석

최홍준,손동오,김종면,김철홍 한국차세대컴퓨팅학회 2014 한국차세대컴퓨팅학회 논문지 Vol.10 No.6

최근에는 컴퓨터 시스템의 성능을 향상시키기 위하여 많은 연구자들이 그래픽스 관련 작업을 위해 개발된 프로세서 인 GPU를 활용하는 GPGPU에 관심을 가지고 있다. GPGPU 구조에서 성능을 향상시키기 위해서는 병렬성 증가를 통하여 연산자원을 가능한 많이 활용해야 한다. 이를 위해서, GPGPU는 수천개의 스레드들을 포함한 스레드 블록, 즉 CTA를 GPU 코어인 스트리밍 멀티프로세서에 할당한다. CTA를 스트리밍 멀티프로세서에 할당하는 CTA 스케 쥴링 기법은 GPGPU 컴퓨팅 시스템의 성능에 상당한 영향을 준다. 이상적인 CTA 스케쥴링 기법은 수행되는 벤치 마크 프로그램의 특성을 반영하여 CTA들을 적절하게 각 스트리밍 멀티프로세에 할당시킴으로써 GPGPU 성능을 향 상시킬 것이다. 하지만, 현재의 CTA 스케쥴링 기법은 GPGPU의 병렬성과 자원활용률을 증가시키기 위하여 가능한 많은 CTA를 스트리밍 멀티프로세서에 할당하고 있다. 그러므로 본 논문에서는 스트리밍 멀티프로세서에 할당되는 CTA의 숫자에 따른 GPGPU 컴퓨팅 시스템의 성능을 평가해보고자 한다. GPGPU 컴퓨팅 시스템에서 소모되는 전 력의 상당 부분을 GPGPU가 차지하고 있기 때문에 우수한 CTA 스케쥴링 기법 개발을 위해서는 GPGPU의 성능과 더불어 전력 소모량 또한 고려해야 한다. 이와 같은 이유로 본 논문에서는 GPUWattch 시뮬레이터를 사용하여 소모 전력 또한 정량적으로 분석한다. 실험결과는 스트리밍 멀티프로세에 가능한 많은 CTA를 할당하는 현재의 CTA 스케 쥴링 기법이 항상 우수한 GPGPU의 성능을 보장하지 않는다는 것을 보여준다. 우리는 실험 결과를 활용하여 향후에 응용프로그램의 특성을 고려한 고성능, 저전력의 CTA 스케쥴링 기법을 개발하고자 한다. 본 연구의 분석결과는 GPGPU 구조에 효과적인 CTA 스케쥴링 기법을 개발하는 방향 설정에 필요한 정보로 활용될 것으로 기대된다. Recently, many research groups have focus on GPGPU by exploiting GPU, which is developed to execute graphics-related operations, has been focused in order to improve performance of computing systems. GPGPU architecture fully utilizes computational resources by increasing parallelism to improve performance. To achieve this, in GPGPU, the thousands of threads are grouped into thread blocks, called CTA (Cooperative Thread Arrarys) and the CTA is assigned to one GPU core, called SM (Streaming Multiprocessors). The CTA scheduling scheme to assign CTAs to SMs has influence on overall GPGPU performance, significantly. Ideal CTA scheduling scheme, which consider the characteristics of benchmarks, can assign CTAs to each SM properly, leading to performance improvement. However, current CTA scheduling scheme assigns the maximum number of CTAs to each SM, so as to improve parallelism and resource utilization. Therefore, this paper analyzes the GPGPU performance according to various number of CTAs assigned to SMs. Since GPGPU accounts for a considerable portion of total power consumption on computing system, power efficiency as well as performance should be considered to enhance the competitiveness of computing systems when designing CTA scheduling scheme. For this reason, this paper also analyzes the power consumption on GPGPU by using GPUWattch simulator. Simulation results show that current CTA scheduling scheme, which assigns the maximum number of CTAs to each SM, does not guarantee better performance. At future work, we will investigate high performance and low power CTA scheduling scheme considering the characteristics of workload. This results can provide the guideline to research the efficient CTA scheduling scheme for GPGPU.