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여말선초 명(明)의 예제(禮制)와 지방 성황제(城隍祭) 재편
최종석(Choi Jong-suk) 한국역사연구회 2009 역사와 현실 Vol.- No.72
The modifications made to the Seonghwang-je services during the transitional period between Goryeo and Joseon dynasties, were arranged out of a strong denial(negation) of the existing community-wide Seonghwang-je practices that had been led by the local influentials(Hyangri) and conducted as an official function. Such modification opted to establish the Ming dynasty's local Seonghwang protocols(which were developed by the founder of the Ming dynasty and were new ones even in China as well) as the legitimate and main protocols(正祀) for the Seonghwang-je practice in Joseon. This task of modification began in 1392, the first year of king Taejo’s reign, and continued during the early days of the Joseon dynasty, motivated by considerable changes in environment that involved the Seonghwang-je practice and took place during the ending days of the Goryeo dynasty. In July 1370(19th year of king Gongmin-wang's reign), Ming's imperial edict was sent to the Goryeo government. This edict was originally issued earlier in June the same year, and contained Ming government's order (for the Goryeo dynasty) to get rid of the existing practice of bestowing titles(封號), and the renaming of various entities, like natural geographic figures(mountains and streams) and the Seonghwang figures(嶽鎭海?城隍諸神). Regarding the local Seonghwang figures' titles, it was ordered only to name them with administratively discerning titles and with no other bestowed titles whatsoever. Due to this new protocol, special occasions in which certain Seonghwang figures from several regions which were acknowledged with their own miraculous qualities were exceptionally given with official titles and registered in the memorial service roster(祀典), ceased to exist. And the dynastic service roster came to show no local Seonghwang figures registered. This renaming of the Seonghwang figures was an attempt of negating and dismantling the existing mentality toward Seonghwang figures and the religious customs that involved them. Ming dynasty was strongly urging Goryeo to do so, and the reason that Ming tried to bring modifications to even the Goryeo dynasty's memorial services for the mountains and streams, was because it developed a new kind of perception toward the natural figures not only in China but also inside adjacent subordinate states(藩屬國). Ming considered the mountains and streams in countries that pledged loyalty as a vassal(臣附) to China, as entities the very same with China's own mountains and streams. In other words, Ming considered them all objects of memorial services that should be held, carried and overseen by the emperor himself. This perception was indeed a new one, and was essentially extending the ceremonial and ritual protocols of the master country(천자국) to the vassal states, opening a new chapter in the sino-centered traditional order. Ming dynasty's order to Goryeo to change its own internal practices and protocols was to urge the Goryeo people to observe and abide by this universal cause, and relevant course of actions. Yet, on the other hand, apparently Goryeo as a whole was not that acceptive to this kind of urging. The environment was not so welcoming to such demand. The order itself, and the Neo-Confucian nuances and aspiration embedded inside that order should have been warmly considered by the newcomer Goryeo scholar-officials of the time(both philosophically and epistemologically). Those Goryeo scholar-officials must have perceived Ming's order not as a threatening display of force but as a suggestion of a course of action based upon universal order and ritual protocols. Yet, there is no concrete reference to Goryeo people's acceptance and compliance to such order, and it seems that was because of the ever changing political landscape of the Goryeo dynasty at the time, which was witnessing the assassination of king Gongmin-wang and the killing of a Ming emissary that ensued, events that must have made it difficult for the scholar-officials to
최종석(Choi, Jong suk) 한국사연구회 2013 한국사연구 Vol.162 No.-
Since the reign of Emperor Hongmu-je, Chinese Ming dynasty granted (Goryeo, and then) Joseon of the ‘Seong’gyo Ja’yu(聲敎自由)’ authority, and the Joseon government purposely embraced that. This ‘authority granting’ was actually inherited from a past convention, in which the Mongol Yuan empire promised the Goryeo government that Goryeo would be able to retain their past traditions(‘Bulgae Topung, 不改土風’). The Goryeo government as well actively utilized such agreement. Ming, in the footsteps of Yuan, sent to Joseon the Ming emperor’s royal edicts containing instructions in the form of ‘Seong’gyo Ja’yu’ and created the appearance of granting Joseon (and perviously Goryeo) a certain level of autonomy. Ming’s intention was to declare itself as the successor of Yuan empire’s ‘substantial’ control of the world, and to do that Ming needed a device, a procedural step of granting the subordinate state’s autonomy and independence. The Joseon government utilized such authorization not in issues involving Ming, but in domestic issues that involved the Confucian governmental officials as well as the king himself. They accepted and embraced ‘Seong’gyo Ja’yu’ in a hope and attempt to preserve the Joseon autonomy and independence in the context of Sino-centric universal culture.
2007년 개정 교육과정 ‘한국문화사’의 성격 검토와 내용 진술 방향
崔鍾奭(Choi Jong-Suk) 역사교육연구회 2008 역사교육 Vol.105 No.-
2007 National Curriculum Amendment led to newly introducing the ‘Korean Cultural History’ course. Although it resulted from the curriculum amendment, it was partly influenced by changing social and intellectual environments. ‘Korean Cultural History’ curriculum has problems. In particular, the course’s midentity or character is obscure. As a result, it has the possibility of repeating conventional cultural History curriculum. It is also difficult to absorb social and cultural needs for new cultural History. However, in ‘Korean Cultural History’ curriculum, there are partly positive elements that are related to popular need. When textbook for ‘Korean Cultural History’ is written, textbook authors need to specify the course’s identity considering social and cultural need. They also shall try to absorb and strengthen positive elements of the curriculum. This study strove to specify and reconstruct ‘Korean Cultural History’ curriculum within restrictive scope, and exemplified textbook units of ‘Korean Cultural History’.
최종석 ( Jong Suk Choi ) 수선사학회 2011 史林 Vol.0 No.40
This study aims to review the overall characteristics of the local defense system in the early Koryo dynasty. It can be summarized that it was grounded on the regional community defense systems. I also found out that such regional community defense system did not operate itself but perform its role in the context of local defense system in Koryo dynasty. From the perspective of local defense system, the Koryo was dependent on the community self-defense capability of each region. Thus, each Kunhyun(郡縣) meant to be the unit of defense system. Koryo people in each Kunhyun had been able to defend themselves centering on the local castle as the center of their administrative control. It can be maintained that the Mongol invasion marked a turning point in the manner of such a local defense system of Koryo dynasty.
한국사상(韓國思想)사학(史學) : 조선초기 제후국 체제 운영의 특징과 그에대한 맥락적 이해
최종석 ( Choi Jong Suk ) 한국사상문화학회 2013 韓國思想과 文化 Vol.70 No.-
본고는 제후국 체제를 철저하고 온전하게 운영하고자 한 조선초기의 움직임을 부각하고 아울러 그것의 역사적 맥락을 규명하고자 하였다. 이를 위해 우선적으로 조선초기 국가의 위상이 대내외적으로 공히 중국의 外國이면서 동시에 제후국이었고 이는 ‘원간섭기’ 이래로 지속되어 온 현상이었음을 논급하였다. 그러한 후 조선초기에 ‘원간섭기’와 다름없이 제후국의 위상이 국내에까지 관철된 이유를 탐색하였다. 특히 조선에 들어 제후국의 위상 내지 제후국제가, ‘원간섭기’에서와는 달리, 자발적으로 보다 철저히 구현되었음을 주목하였다. 이상의 검토를 토대로 하여, 조선에 들어 제후국의 위상 내지 제후국제가 자발적으로 보다 철저히 구현된 움직임의 역사적 맥락을 추적하고자 했다. 곧 조선에 들어서의 제후국 명분의 견지는 기본적으로 명에 의한, 혹은 명을 의식한 외향적 행위가 아니라 중화(문명)를 보편적인 것으로 여기는 세계관 속에서 이상적 중화 문명을 구현하고자 하는 일환에서 이루어졌을 것으로 보았다. The Joseon thinkers` tendency and decisions were not only out of their former experiences of enduring powerful Chinese dynasties. They themselves believed that the new world order and honor codes were identical with what they pursued as universal and obligatory. And they really wanted to repair Joseon to make it a state equipped with all those things. So they relentlessly pursued their own intentions in domestic reforms, no matter Ming urged the Joseon people to do so or not. In domestic reforms, the Joseon officials rather employed certain `original` methods to fulfill Joseon`s rightful status as a vassal state(分義).
최종석(Jong Suk Choi) 한국광고홍보학회 2011 한국광고홍보학보 Vol.13 No.1
본 연구는 ‘한국광고홍보학보’의 창간호부터 2010년 가을호까지 발행된 316편의 논문을 대상으로 저자, 연구주제 및 매체, 연구방법, 분석방법 등의 내용분석을 통해 그동안 대표적인 광고/홍보학술지에 게재된 논문의 내용분석을 하기 위함이다. 내용분석의 결과를 살펴보면, 첫째, 2004년 이후 발행 호수가 늘어나면서 논문 수와 평균 저자의 수가 증가함과 동시에 최근 공동연구의 비중이 높아지는 것으로 조사되었다. 둘째, 연구주제에서는 광고 및 홍보, 마케팅활동의 효과를 분석한 연구의 비중이 가장 높았으며, 이러한 경향은 후반기로 갈수록 더욱 뚜렷해졌다. 셋째, 매체 부분에서는 매년 꾸준히 연구되는 TV와 2000년대 초반부터 활발히 연구되는 인터넷이 가장 많이 다루어지는 매체인 것으로 조사되었으며, 최근 CATV, IPTV, 디지털 방송 등이 새롭게 연구되어지는 것으로 드러났다. 넷째, 연구방법에서는 설문조사가 가장 많이 사용되었고, 그 다음으로 실험연구, 내용분석, 문헌연구의 비중이 높았으며, 대학생, 일반성인, 업계종사자 순으로 표본을 많이 사용하는 것으로 조사되었다. 다섯째, 통계분석방법에서는 변량분석, 요인분석, t-검정, 회귀분석 등이 많이 사용되는 것으로 나타났으며, 후반기로 갈수록 Amos, Lisrel 등 고급통계의 사용이 증가하였다. 발행 12년의 역사를 가진 ‘한국광고홍보학보’의 논문들을 각 항목에 따라 분석을 실시함으로써 그동안의 흐름과 동향을 파악하고, 향후 연구주제와 나아갈 방향에 대한 지침을 제시하는 데 본 연구의 의의가 있다고 하겠다. A content analysis was conducted of the articles published in ``The Korean Journal of Advertising and Public Relations`` between 1999 and 2010. The study examines 316 articles to investigate publication productivity, topic trends, research and statistic methods. The results indicate that the number of articles and the average number of authors has increased since 2004. On the contribution, co-authored research articles have increased over time. For the analyses of articles` content, this study finds that the most popular topics are ``AD/PR/marketing effects``, followed by management and society. Furthermore, popular media studied were Internet and TV, and Cable TV, IPTV, and digital broadcasting were recently studied. For the research methods, survey(35.4%) was the most frequently used method, followed by experiment(22.5%) and content analysis(16.1%), and ANOVA, factor analysis, regression, and t-test were often used for data analyses. This study is meaningful in the way that the results guide researchers in designing the future courses by shedding light on past progress and limitations, and provide an evidential document of scholars` contributions to the research in ``The Korean Journal of Advertising and Public Relations``.