성경과 그리스 고전에 보이는 폭력의 사회적 기능과 정당성 - 로마제국의 군사조직이 갖는 폭력과의 비교를 중심으로 -

최자영 한국서양고대역사문화학회 2017 서양고대사연구 Vol.49 No.-

J. Punt argued that religions are notoriously implicated in violence. He says, Christianity is often seen as a particularly good example of the close links between (organized) religion and violence. Furthermore, Punt explained the problem of violence in the New Testament under the influence of the Roman Empire. That is, the scope and nature of the Messianic peace may have been different from the Roman Pax (Peace) in certain ways, but linking peace and violence, making them twin sides of the same coin, put the Roman and New Testament authors' versions of peace on par. Rather than the antithesis of violence, peace is the basis of violence, using violence to create peace. The two are inseparable. However, the peace of the Roman Empire differs from Christian ‘God’ Peace'. The Roman Empire sought after a war of conquest on the basis of military power on the pretence of so called ‘Pax Romana (Peace for Rome)’, whereas the peace in the Bible was not so much grounded on a social organization of power, as the ‘God’s Word’ and the civic group of ‘church’. Thus, violence in the New Testament is differentiated from the limitless conquest in a aiming ideology as well as the foundation of social organization. Then, even in the New Testament for love and forgiveness, violence is embraced and God exerts extreme violence. Thus, it is recommended to discuss the the social function of violence. Often, alternatives to violence are understood as nonviolence, peace, or love and forgiveness. However, the dichotomy between violence and nonviolence is not a sufficient condition to solve the problem of reality. In my opinion, the concept of violence has to be classified into physical, biological violence and social violence, and the discourse has to be concerned with the latter rather than the former. On the other hand, it is essential to understand that the legitimacy of violence is not in accordance with the degree of intensity, but according to its purpose, that is, to protect one's own rights. At the same time, by establishing the right standards for the use of force and having a sense of reflection, we will be able to respect the rights of others and seek ways of coexistence without falling into languidness. In this respect, we see that the violence of the Roman Empire is in a different context from the advocacy of violence in the New Testament or the Greek classics. The peace of the Roman Empire was based on violence, and its violence headed for boundless imperialism, but the peace of the New Testament, even if exploiting extreme violence for self-defence or self-identity, basically does not alienate. exclude, or shows hostility against others. Or, I do not think that it is tyranny, exclusion, or hostility. In the Greek classics, there was also a warning against the social proliferation of violence. However, it is not easy to distinguish between the exercise of legitimate violence for self-defence and the aggressive behavior beyond reasonable scope. Here we need to refer to individual reflection suggested by J. Harold Ellens. Ellens emphasizes that two Bibles include both tendencies, constructive and destructive. He emphasizes that psychology can explain how violence occurs, but can not eliminate it, so that through the efforts of readers alone, the metaphor of violence can be eliminated and replaced with a constructive metaphor. In my opinion, however, her concept of constructive tendency does not exclude the role of violence and it should be replaced with ‘positive’ violence. It is noteworthy that the Roman Empire itself took advantage of the concept of defence-war for its allies. In my opinion, however, Roman Peace (Pax Romana) or slaughter resulting from defense war has to be discriminated from the God’s peace or terrible punishment inflicted by the God, which refers to the extent of organized military power. Fundamental organization of the Christianity is the assembly of Christians, which is not necessarily m... 푼트는 로마의 평화(Pax Romana)가 세계에 평화를 가져왔다고 하는 주장이 제국의 폭력을 이념적으로 정당화하는 것처럼, 신약성경의 저자들이 주장하는 평화도 이와 다르지 않다고 본다. 성경에 보이는 평화는 폭력과 상반되는 것이 아니고, 또 신약에서는 ‘신의 평화’를 통해 적의 파멸을 촉구하기 때문이라고 한다. 그러나 로마 ‘제국의 평화’는 기독교의 ‘신의 평화’와 다르다. 신약에 구현된 폭력은 이른바 ‘로마의 평화(Pax Romana)’를 명분으로 한 한계 없는 정복전과 비교해볼 때 그 지향하는 이념은 물론 사회조직의 기반 자체가 상이하기 때문이다. 로마제국은 군사력을 바탕으로 정복전을 추구했으나, 성경의 평화는 힘의 사회적 조직이 아니라 오직 ‘말씀’과 민간인의 모임 ‘교회’에 의지했던 점이 그러하다. 그런데 사랑과 용서를 지향하는 신약성경에서조차도 폭력은 수용되고, 신은 극단적인 폭력을 행사하기도 한다. 필자는 성경에 나오는 폭력의 의미를 적절하게 이해하기 위해서는 폭력의 사회적 기능에 대한 이해가 선행되어야 한다고 본다. 흔히 폭력의 대안은 비폭력, 평화, 혹은 사랑과 용서로 이해되고 있으나 폭력과 비폭력을 이분법적으로 구분하는 사고는 현실의 문제를 해결하는 충분조건이 되지 못한다. 이 때 필자가 담론의 대상으로 하는 폭력은 생물적, 개인적 폭력이 아니라 사회적 조직에 의해 이루어지는 폭력이다. 폭력의 정당성은 그 정도의 강약에 따른 것이 아니라 목적에 따른 것이라는 점을 바르게 인식하는 것은 자신의 권리를 침해받지 않고 지켜나가는 데 필수적이다. 그런 점에서 신약성경의 평화는 자위 혹은 자아의 정체성 보호를 위해 극단적인 폭력을 구사할 수도 있는 것으로 연결되며, 이것은 침략적 제국주의에 입각한 로마의 폭력과 다른 점이다. 문제는 자위를 위한 정당한 폭력의 행사와 적정한 범위를 넘어선 침략적 행위의 구분은 실제상황에서 구분하기가 어렵다는 점이다. 엘렌스에 따르면, 심리학은 폭력이 어떻게 발생하는가를 설명할 수는 있어도 제거할 수는 없으므로, 오직 (성경) 독자들의 노력을 통해 폭력의 은유를 제거하고 건설적인 은유로 대치할 수 있다. 다만, 필자는 폭력이 긍정적이고 건설적인 것이 되도록 하기 위해서는 적정한 폭력의 정도에 대해 경우에 따라 시가각각 각자의 끊임없는 반성이 필요하다고 본다.

후판 공정 Virtual Reality 조업 교육 시스템 개발

최자영,이진휘,김용수 제어로봇시스템학회 2013 제어로봇시스템학회 국내학술대회 논문집 Vol.2013 No.5

Solubilization of Carbon Nanotubes and Nanofibers with Covalent Attachment of Hyperbranched Polymers

최자영,David H. Wang,Loon-Seng Tan,백종범 한국고분자학회 2008 한국고분자학회 학술대회 연구논문 초록집 Vol.33 No.1

혈중 CRP농도와 심박수 회복률 및 비만지표의 관련성

최자영,고진호,김기진 한국스포츠리서치 2007 한국 스포츠 리서치 Vol.18 No.2

ATINER(아테네교육 및 학술협회) 소개

최자영 한국서양고대역사문화학회 ( 구 한국서양고대사학회 ) 2018 서양고대사연구 Vol.51 No.-

16-17세기 초 콘스탄티노플을 둘러싼정치, 종교 집단들의 갈등 -예수회를 중심으로

최자영 명지대학교(서울캠퍼스) 인문과학연구소 2015 인문과학연구논총 Vol.36 No.1

The missionary work of the Company of Jesuits towards the Eastern Mediterraneancould not be defined as a pure love of mankind and a self-sacrificing spirit exclusivelyfrom the point of religion. They accommodated themselves more or less to worldly powers, being subsidized economically by Roman Popes and French kings. Thesituations are proved from the fact that the feuds between the Jesuits and the Venetians,and between the Catholics of the Vatican, French and the Company of Jesuits on the onehand, and the Protestants of England and Holland on the other, were due for the mostpart to the conflict for usurping worldly initiatives, exploiting military power. The foundation of the Company of Jesuits and its succeeding transition reflect theenvironments of contemporary European society after the 16th century. Created as a sonof the age, the Jesuits as the ‘Societas (Company),’ which referred to the designation ofmilitary union, stood in the vanguard of militaristic missionary work for in interest ofthe Catholics of Western Europe, instead of striving for the peace of genuine spirit ofChristianity. And, practising absolutely ‘obedience like a corpse’, the private liberty offaith which had been principally endorsed by the creed resulted in missing. Furthermore,they tended to ignore diversity and enforce unilaterally their own religious belief notonly to themselves but to others. The missionary work of the Jesuits, while it persisted tenaciously in the hardships ofthe 16th and 17th centuries, declined in the 18th century. The Vatican and the Frenchkings themselves who supported the Jesuits were not much interested in them. In 1762after the death of Louis XIV (1638-1715), the French congress prohibited the Companyof Jesuits. In succession, in July 21, 1773, Roman Pope Clemence XIV interdicted theJesuits by issuing the circular, 'Dominus ac Redemptor'. On the other hand, theOrthodox Church also restricted generally the activities of Latin priests. The decline of the Jesuits was, it can be said, mostly due to the transition of thepolitical and military structure of European countries. Pushing ahead propaganda, thecatholic church as well as each sect of monks, even if seeking after hegemony, stillfollowed the traditional decentralization in the structure of power. Especially the Jesuitsamong them had a more strong tendency of cohesion, and were more closely related tothe political and military power of worldly interest. On the other hand, not only the merchants of Venice but the Protestants of Hollandand England advanced to the Eastern Mediterranean in the phase of dispersed,decentralized system of power, and did not have yet any unified political power ororganized military which could embody intensive aggression. However, with the advance of modern state based on the more or less centralized political and organizedmilitary power, the independent operations of various medieval religious group, cities,and the merchants gradually came to an end. Accordingly the Company of Jesuits alsodeclined to lose its independent initiatives.

A Court for Homicide presentedin Drako's Law: 'Akousios' and 'Bouleusis'

최자영 부산외국어대학교 지중해지역원 2008 The Mediterranean Review Vol.1 No.1

The 12th line of Drako’s law can be restored as follows: d]i /kazen de tos basileas aitio[n] phon[o] ē [akōn(or akonta) kai autocheira](16 or 18 letters) ē [b]oul / eusanta It is not so easy to decide whether a case is ‘akousios phonos’ or ‘akōn’, and whether an actor causing another‘s death is ‘autocheir’ or ‘bouleusas.’ In the same context, we can confer to the text of the Athenian Constitution (LVII,3) that the case of ‘akousioi’ and ‘bouleusis’ came before the court at the Palladion. The 12th line of Drako’s law can be restored as follows: d]i /kazen de tos basileas aitio[n] phon[o] ē [akōn(or akonta) kai autocheira](16 or 18 letters) ē [b]oul / eusanta It is not so easy to decide whether a case is ‘akousios phonos’ or ‘akōn’, and whether an actor causing another‘s death is ‘autocheir’ or ‘bouleusas.’ In the same context, we can confer to the text of the Athenian Constitution (LVII,3) that the case of ‘akousioi’ and ‘bouleusis’ came before the court at the Palladion.

조절초점성향에 따른 온라인 정보탐색 행동의 차이 분석: 상품후기 참조, 탐색대안의 수 및 탐색의 깊이

최자영,이수원,장은영,한정석 한국마케팅관리학회 2012 마케팅관리연구 Vol.17 No.3

More consumers than ever before are turning to the online shop first to search for product information. Due to the growing importance of online as a searching media, a large number of companies are recently observing and analyzing consumers’ information searching behavior in online using new technology and methodology such as eye tracking and web log analysis. However, in order to investigate the online consumers’ shopping pattern in depth, they should not only adopt a new technology but also consider psychological and motivational factors which derive consumers' behavior. In this point of view, This research investigates the effects of regulatory focus on information search behavior in consumer decision making in the context of online shopping. And in oder to analyze them more objectively and practically, we developed web log collecting program and used the web log data to analyze consumer behavior. Results from the research based on web log data show three primary findings. First, prevention focused consumers are more likely to search for product reviews than promotion focused consumers. Second, compared to consumers with prevention focused, promotion focused consumers have a tendency to search for more alternatives by searching for various product web pages. Finally, prevention-focused consumers tend to seek information in depth, devoting relatively greater time and efforts at detailed information web pages. 본 연구에서는 소비자의 개인차 변수인 조절초점성향을 중심으로 온라인 정보탐색 행동의 차이를 고찰하였다. 조절초점은 소비자의 여러 행동영역을 설명할 수 있는 중요한 심리적 요인이지만 조절초점의 두 동기에 따른 온라인 정보탐색 패턴의 차이는 충분히 입증되지 못하였으며, 더욱이 이를 실제 온라인 쇼핑상황에 적용하여 직접적으로 검증한 연구는 여전히 거의 전무하다. 따라서 본 연구는 기존 연구의 한계점을 보완하여, 온라인 정보탐색행동의 주요 변수로서 조절초점성향에서 기인한 정보탐색행동의 차이를 검증하였다. 특히 실제 쇼핑상황에서의 정보탐색 행동을 실질적으로 분석하고자 로그분석을 적용하여 실험을 진행하였다 . 연구 결과, 조절초점성향에 따른 상품후기 참조 행동, 대안 탐색의 수, 탐색정보깊이에서 통계적으로 유의한 차이가 있는 것으로 나타났다. 첫째, 향상초점성향에 비해 예방초점성향의 소비자는 다른 사람의 의견인 상품후기 정보에 대해 더 활발한 참조활동을 보였으며(가설 1), 둘째, 향상초점성향의 소비자는 예방초점성향 소비자에 비해 더 많은 대안의 수를 탐색하는 경향이 있었다(가설 2). 셋째, 예방초점성향의 소비자는 상품을 보다 신중하게 탐색하기 위하여 상품페이지에서 많은 시간과 노력을 투입시켜 정보를 깊이 탐색하였다(가설 3).마지막으로 본 연구는 조절초점에 따른 온라인 정보탐색 행동 차이를 규명하여 이론적 시사점을 제시하고 온라인 마케터의 마케팅 전략 수립을 위한 실무적 시사점을 제시하였다.

자기조절초점에 따른 공익연계 마케팅(CRM) 광고가 제품태도에 미치는 영향에 관한 연구

최자영,최윤식 한국소비자·광고심리학회 2011 한국심리학회지 소비자·광고 Vol.12 No.1

오늘날 많은 기업들은 공익연계 마케팅을 이윤추구와 사회적 책임활동 측면에서 매우 중요한 것으로 인식하고 있기 때문에 기업들은 좀 더 효과적으로 공익연계 마케팅을 활용하기 위해 많은 비용과 노력을 기울이고 있다. 하지만 이러한 중요성에 불구하고 공익연계 마케팅에 대한 연구들을 지극히 제한적이다. 기업입장에서 단지 공익연계 마케팅을 하고 있다는 것만으로 제품의 태도가 더 좋아지기도 한다는 선행 연구가 있지만, 공익연계 마케팅의 효과에 대한 영향력은 여러 상황에 의해 달라진다는 사실을 전제로 한 연구는 거의 실시되고 있지 않다. 즉 어떻게 공익연계 마케팅 메시지를 제시하느냐에 따라서 그 효과가 다르게 나타나는가에 대해서는 연구가 부족하다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 광고 소구 유형에 따라 조절초점유형을 고려하여 공익연계마케팅의 메시지가 어떠한 상황에서 효과적인가를 밝혀보고자 한다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 조절초점유형(방어적/향상적), 광고소구유형(이성적/감성적), 공익연계 마케팅 메시지 여부가 제품 태도 평가에 미치는 영향력을 살펴보았다. 본 연구에서는 2×2×2 혼합요인 실험설계(mixed factorial experiment)를 하였다. 연구결과, 소비자는 이성적 광고소구보다는 감성적 광고소구에서 공익연계 마케팅 메시지가 제시될 경우, 제품에 대해 호의적인 태도를 형성하였다. 또한 향상적 초점성향을 가진 소비자는 방어적 초점성향의 소비자보다 공익연계 마케팅 메시지를 포함한 광고의 제품에 대해 더 긍정적인 태도를 보였다. 공익연계 마케팅 메시지의 영향력은 방어적 초점성향의 소비자가 이성적 광고소구를 접했을 때보다 향상적 초점성향의 소비자가 감성적 광고소구에 노출되었을 때 더 큰 영향력을 보였다. 따라서 공익연계 마케팅 메시지, 초절초점성향, 그리고 광고소구유형의 세 변수 간에 삼원상호작용효과가 존재함을 알 수 있었다. 본 연구에서는 이러한 결과를 바탕으로 실무적인 시사점과 향후의 연구 방향에 대하여 언급하였다. In today's competitive market environment, many companies adopt cause-related marketing(CRM) as a strategic marketing activity in order to increase sales profits and fulfill social responsibility activities. In addition, a lot of efforts has been put into developing the effective CRM planning. Although this stream of research has contributed a great deal of insight for companies to plan a CRM activity, there is still a limited understanding of how to develop CRM campaigns or assess their impacts on both consumers and their organizations. Many previous studies have showed positive aspects of which a CRM could influence consumers' beliefs and attitudes toward both products and companies, however, the effects of CRM on sales of product or brand images are not consistent and seem to be complicated. Much extant study showed that the effectiveness of a CRM could be affected by the nature of consumers' psychological and context in which a CRM is presented. In this study, following hypotheses are tested through a 2(types of advertising appeals: rational vs. emotional) × 2(types of regularly focus: prevention-focused vs. promotion-focused) × 2(CRM message present: ◯ vs. ×) mixed factorial experiment. Hypothesis 1 is about the interaction effects between CRM message and types of advertising appeals. It tests the effect of a CRM on consumers' attitude formation will be more positive in emotional advertising appeal situation than in rational advertising appeals due to the affect confirmation effects. Hypothesis 2 explores the interaction effects between CRM message and types of regularly focus on a product evaluation. We assumed that there might be differences in the effect of a CRM message on an attitude toward a product between prevention-focused and promotion-focused consumers. Finally, Hypothesis 3 explores the three-ways interaction effects of a CRM message, types of regularly focus, and types of advertising appeal. The results show that a CRM message has a positive effect on consumers' attitude only for promotion-focused consumers not prevention-focused. When promotion-focused consumers see a CRM message on a product ad, a CRM itself increases an attitude toward product. However, a CRM itself does not affect an attitude and purchase intention when prevention-focused consumers are exposed to a CRM message. Additionally, a consumers' attitude and purchase toward a hedonic product are more favorable in an emotional advertising appeal with a CRM than a rational appeal with a CRM. This finding demonstrates three-ways interaction effects between CRM message, types of regularly focus, and advertising appeals. This study shows that prevention-focused consumers are not affected by a CRM message regarding their attitude formation, however, the effect of a CRM on consumers' attitude toward products is positive only when promotion-focused consumers see a CRM message with emotional advertising appeal. Based on the findings, the theoretical and managerial implication are then discussed.

서평 : 레이 로렌스, 최기철 옮김, 『로마 제국 쾌락의 역사; 역사상 가장 강렬했던 쾌락의 기록』

최자영 한국서양사학회 2012 西洋史論 Vol.0 No.114