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최성화,조우석,정유희,김보경,서수정,고완수 한국식물생명공학회 2007 JOURNAL OF PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY Vol.34 No.2
Global warming crisis due primarily to continued green house gas emission requires impending change to renewable alternative energy than continuously depending on exhausting fossil fuels. Bioenergy including biodiesel and bioethanol are considered good alternatives because of their renewable and sustainable nature. Bioethanol is currently being produced by using sucrose from sugar beet, grain starches or lignocellulosic biomass as sources of ethanol fermentation. However, grain production requires significant amount of fossil fuel inputs during agricultural practices, which means less competitive in reducing the level of green house gas emission. By contrast, cellulosic bioethanol can use naturally-growing, not-for-food biomass as a source of ethanol fermentation. In this respect, cellulosic ethanol than grain starch ethanol is considered a more appropriate as a alternative renewable energy. However, commercialization of cellulosic ethanol depends heavily on technology development. Processes such as securing enough biomass optimized for economic processing, pretreatment technology for better access of polymer-hydrolyzing enzymes, saccharification of recalcitrant lignocellulosic materials, and simultaneous fermentation of different sugars including 6-carbon glucose as well as 5-carbon xylose or arabinose waits for greater improvement in technologies. Although it seems to be a long way to go until commercialization, it should broadly benefit farmers with novel source of income, environment with greener and reduced level of global warming, and national economy with increased energy security. Mission-oriented strategies for cellulosic ethanol development participated by government funding agency and different disciplines of sciences and technologies should certainly open up a new era of renewable energy.
한국어 선어말 어미 ‘-시-‘의 사물 높임 현상과 공손 전략적 사용
최성화 대한언어학회 2019 언어학 Vol.27 No.4
The main purpose of this study is to investigate the acceptability of the emerging phenomenon of the Korean pre-final ending '-si-', in which '-si-' seemingly respects inanimate subjects, with the experimental method widely used in the areas of experimental syntax. In experiment 1, participants rated the acceptability of various sentences, including inanimate subject sentences with or without the honorific marker '-si-'. Results in experiment 1 showed violation effect on the use of '-si-' in sentences with inanimate subjects comparing to human, respectable subjects. This result suggests the possibility that Korean speakers have not accepted this new usage of '-si-' as grammatical. We also tested the hypothesis that the inanimate subject honorific '-si-' is used for pragmatic reasons, specifically, face-saving motives in Brown and Levinson's politeness theory. In experiment 2, the acceptability of the use of '-si-' in inanimate subject sentences in face-threatening contexts is tested. The findings of this experiment show that the ungrammatical usage of the ending '-si-' is likely to be a strategic usage to preserve the face between conversation participants.