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혐기성-자가발열호기성 소화 공정을 이용한 가축분뇨의 에너지화
As the industry of livestock is getting more and more collectivized on the large scale, the proper treatment for the wastewater from livestock, of which about 43 million tons are generated a year and about 85% of the total quantity are recycled to the energy and the rest of 15% are discharged into sea on treated for the disposal, comes to be a serious issue. By the end of year 2011 all the livestock wastewater should be properly treated in the facilities on land because the disposal into the sea will be prohibited as from the year 2012. Livestock wastewater is a kind of high-concentrated organic wastewater, so it is treated by anaerobic digestion process because treating by aerobic has a lot of restrictions from technical aspect. Anaerobic process is possible to decompose the organic matters and this process generate end product a little. Futhermore, it can remove intestinal parasites and produces the bio-gas which contains methane. But Anaerobic process is difficult to operate because of low temperature in the field. Therefore, to operate anaerobic process in the field, autothermal aerobic digestion has to be applied to transfer a heat. The object of study is to research treatment efficiencies, the operation property and energy conversion to bio-gas by the new-type reactor which is connected the anaerobic process and the autothermal aerobic process. Experiments were conducted by operating conditions according to HRT. It was set to HRT 7days, HRT 10days and HRT 15days because of amount of influent. Results are summarized as follows: pH according to HRT is maintained the sustainable standard because of enough Alkalinity. BOD concentration was sharply decreased, so the organic matters which was able to be decomposed by biological methods was removed. Temperature in the aerobic reactor was increased about 9~10℃ comparing to the influent temperature of 15℃ following the decrease of BOD concentration, and the anaerobic reactor was operated by heat transfer from the autothermal process. The most effective TCOD removal efficiency was measured in the HRT 15days and SCOD was not depended on HRT. It was because of maintenance of Metanogen. As the result of measures for the amount of difference between TCOD and SCOD concentration, it is judged that they have correlation with each other because variation of each removed amount according to HRT is similar with those of SS concentration. TVFAs concentration was measured about 870~2,400mg/ℓ, but pH decline was not checked because of enough alkalinity and TVFAs/Alkalinity ratio was included in the range of 0.1~0.2. The gas production was very stable and the methane content was 65~70%. Gas production in HRT 10days was the most high and methane yield as CODrem was the most efficient in HRT 15days.
1930년대 한국교회 상황과 김교신의 성서 중심 교회론
최성수 장로회신학대학교 대학원 2019 국내석사
본 논문은 1930년대 교회 상황과 그 속에서 김교신의 교회론 형성과 변화 그리고 핵심 사상을 연구하였다. 1930년대 한국교회는 내부적으로는 이단과 교파주의로 인하여 분열을 맞이하고 있었고 외부적으로는 일제의 압제가 있었다. 이때 김교신이라는 인물과 그가 출판한 신앙잡지를 연구하여 잘못되어 가는 교회의 모습을 비판하면서 내린 올바른 교회의 모습과 정의를 살펴본다. 먼저는 김교신이 살았던 시기인 1930년대 조선 기독교 역사 연구로 본 논문을 시작한다. 이를 통해 당시 교회가 겪고 있었던 문제와 갈등을 통해 시대 속 김교신을 연구하고, 그 시대를 살았던 김교신의 신앙잡지인 『성서조선』을 연구하여 김교신의 눈으로 본 시대를 통해 역사와 김교신의 상관관계를 살펴본다. 이 과정에서 김교신의 교회론의 형성과 변화를 알 수 있고 『성서조선』을 15년 역사 속에서 꾸준하게 밝히고 있는 그의 사상의 핵심을 파악한다. 이를 통해 김교신의 교회론은 교회 안에만 계시는 하나님, 어느 특정 교파의 하나님을 주장하는 현실교회를 비판하고 교파와 건물을 뛰어넘어 삶으로 확장하는 교회론과 어디서나 예배를 드릴 수 있는 확장된 교회론이라는 것을 알 수 있고, 그 방법에 있어서 서양의 신학을 그대로 모방하는 것이 아니라 조선인이 조선만의 방법으로 교회를 만들고자 노력하는 모습을 엿볼 수 있다. 성서를 직접 연구하는 교회, 성서를 직접 연구하는 조선인을 꿈꾸는 다양한 시도를 통해 김교신의 그 모든 사상과 교회론의 중심에는 성서가 가장 핵심이라는 것을 밝힌다. 마지막으로는 45세의 짧은 생으로 삶을 마감했지만, 여전히 유효한 그의 교회론을 되새기며 오늘날 한국교회에 필요한 그의 목소리를 통해 앞으로의 미래를 제언한다.
페로브스카이트 양자점 기반 색변환 섬유를 이용한 고효율 유기발광소자
플렉서블 OLED 디스플레이 기술 발전으로 인해 인체친화적 발광 소자에 대한 응용 기술의 필요성이 대두되었고, 웨어러블 디스플레이의 심화된 기술 연구가 활발히 진행되고 있다. 관련 연구 분야로 해외 연구소 및 산업체를 중심으로 하여 섬유를 기반으로 하는 OLED 소자의 기술 개발이 이뤄지고 있다. 안정적인 효율의 섬유 기반의 디스플레이 소자를 제작하기 위해서는 평평한 표면 상태를 유지하여 일정한 엑시톤의 형성을 유도하여 발광 강도를 높여야 할 필요성이 있다. 그러나, 일반 섬유 직물 조직의 표면 거칠기는 상당히 좋지 않아 열등한 발광 능력을 갖게 된다. 따라서, 평평한 표면 상태를 유지하면서 투명한 특성을 갖고 우수한 물리 광학적 특성을 갖는 Urethane 기반의 광 경화성 고분자 수지를 응용한 연구를 진행하였다. 본 논문에서는 광 경화성 고분자 수지와 함께 페로브스카이트 양자점을 번갈아 삼중층으로 구성하여 광학적으로 우수한 복합 색변환층을 제작하였다. 광 경화성 고분자 수지를 기반으로 한 복합 색변환층은 세 가지의 이점이 있다. 우선, 광 경화성 고분자 수지는 투명한 고상의 물질로써 섬유 직물에 Dip-coating 방식을 통해 증착 하여 균일한 표면 상태를 갖게 하는 효과를 지닌다. 두 번째 이점은, 광 경화성 고분자 수지에 일정 수준의 열처리를 가하여 그물망 구조(Micro-structure)를 형성하여 구조 내에 페로브스카이트 양자점을 흡수시켜 OLED 소자의 발광원이 입사하였을 때, 빛을 더 오랜 기간 머물게 하여 발광 강도를 높이는 효과를 지닌다. 세 번째 이점은, 유기물 증착 전 광 경화성 고분자 수지를 한 번 더 코팅하여 페로브스카이트 양자점을 외부의 먼지 및 열로부터 보호하여 내구성을 증진시키는 효과를 갖는다. 이와 같이 구성된 복합 색변환층은 빛의 산란 효과를 높여 외부양자효율(EQE)의 향상을 유도하였다. 별도의 복잡한 공정과정 없이 복합 색변환층을 구성함으로써 유기물 시료의 안정적인 표면 흡착 상태를 보장하였고, 광 경화성 고분자 수지의 경화 과정에서 다른 경화공정에 비해 부대비용이 현저히 낮고 기판에 손상을 가하지 않아 신뢰성과 경제성이 보장된 섬유 기반의 플렉서블한 OLED 소자를 제작하였다. 본 연구를 통해, 두꺼운 Plastic 재질의 복합 평탄화층보다 안정적인 빛의 산란 및 플렉서블한 특성, 스트레처블한 특성에서 우월한 광학적, 기계적 성질을 갖는 섬유 기반의 발광 소자를 제작하는 소기의 성과를 달성하였다. 이와 같은 연구 결과는 향후 섬유 기반의 Flexible OLED 소자 응용 기술 연구에 긍정적인 영향을 미칠 것으로 예상한다.
컨벡션 마이크로웨이브 오븐의 열전달 및 균일 가열 성능 향상
In this thesis, the performance improvement of a convection microwave oven has been studied by experiments. Important performances of a convection microwave oven are heat transfer and even heating characteristics. The improvement of heat transfer will shorten the convection cooking time and the improvement of even heating performance will give good cooking results. Important factors in heat transfer and even heating performances are the shape of inlet holes, the shape of outlet holes, the rpm of circulation fan and the position of air guides in heater chamber. The shape of inlet holes is one of important factors in heat transfer performance. When inlet holes exist in center part of the circulation fan except winged part of the circulation fan, heat transfer performance is good. The rpm of circulation fan is also one of important factors in heat transfer performance, and 2100 rpm shows good results. The position of air guides and the shape of outlet holes are important factors in heat transfer and even heating performances. When air guides are positioned at the center of left side part and the center of right side part in chamber, heat transfer and even heating performances are good. When outlet holes exist in side part of chamber except corner parts and right part of lower side in chamber, heat transfer and even heating performances are good. The resulting convection system will reduce the cost of product, shorten the convection cooking time and improve the even cooking performance.
웨이트 트레이닝이 갱년기 여성의 유산소성 파워와 골밀도에 미치는 영향
최성수 조선대학교 환경보건대학원 2004 국내석사
The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of weight traing exercise on the prevention of the osteoporosis. With the subject of middle-aged women(exercise group=10, control group=10), the aerobic and weight load exercise of weight training was administered for 24 weeks(4 times a week, each for 60 min.) at the work intensity of 50∼60%. Then their aerobic power, bone mineral density and mass, hormone, serum calcium and serum phosphate were calculated to bring about the following results. The results of this study were as follows; 1. The subject's age averaged 54.63 ±2.67(training group) and 54.25±2.33(control group). 2. Training group showed no change of weight through the exercise but decrease in %fat and increase in LBM. But, the control group had no change of weight after the exercise but increase in %fat and decrease in LBM. 3. The heart rate of weight traing group at rest decreased, while Vo₂ max, Vo₂max/weight, and Met max increased significantly(p<0.005, p<0.005, p<0.004). But, control group's heart rate at rest increased, while Vo_(2) max, Vo_(2) max/weight, and Met max decreased. 4. Training group increased in BMD at the part of lumbar 2-4, femoral neck, and ward's triangle but there is no change at femoral troch. But control group's BDM decreased at that four part. 5. The serum Ca level and serum P level of training group increase significantly(p<0.01, p<0.01), but PTH-intct and deoxypyridinoline decreased. But serum Ca level and deoxypyridinoline of control group decreased, while alkaline phosphatase, serum P level, and PTH-intact increased. As a result, weight trainig exercise was effective in increasing Vo₂max, decreasing HR at rest, helping long-endurance exercise, and maintaning high BMD. Further research is required for the correct exercise prescription and exercise threshold to work off middle-aged women's osteoporosis.
The Effect of Quercetin on the Bioavailability of Tamoxifen in Rats
The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of quercetin on the bioavailability of tamoxifen after oral coadministration of tamoxifen (10 mg/kg) with quercetin (1.5, 7.5, 15 mg/kg) or pretreatment of quercetin (1.5, 7.5, 15 mg/kg) 30 min prior to tamoxifen. Coadministration of 1.5 and 7.5 mg/kg of quercetin significantly altered the pharmacokinetic parameters of tamoxifen, but not by 15 mg/kg of quercetin. Compared with the control group, coadministration of 7.5 mg/kg of quercetin significantly (p<0.05) increased the absorption rate constant (Ka) and the peak concentration (Cmax) of tamoxifen, and the areas under the plasma concentrations of tamoxifen were significantly higher by coadministration of 1.5 and 7.5 mg/kg of quercetin. The absolute bioavailability (AB%) of tamoxifen in control group was 25.6%, which were 29.5-39.3% by coadministration, increased significantly (p<0.05) for 1.5 and 7.5 mg/kg of quercetin. Relative bioavailability (RB%) of tamoxifen by coadministration was from 1.18-to 1.54-fold increased. There were not apparent changes in the time to reach peak concentration (Tmax) and terminal half-life (t½) of tamoxifen. On the other hand, pretreatment of quercetin altered the parameters more compared to the coadministration by increasing the dose of quercetin. Ka, Cmax and AUC were increased significantly (p<0.05 for 1.5 mg/kg, p<0.01 for 7.5 and 15 mg/kg) compared to the control group. Followed with the significantly increased AB% of tamoxifen (p<0.05 for 1.5 mg/kg, p<0.01 for 7.5 and 15 mg/kg, 42.1-51.4%). Same as coadministration, both Tmax and t½ of tamoxifen were not altered significantly. The increased oral bioavailability of tamoxifen in the presence of quercetin might be due to the quercetin as a dual inhibitor of P-glycoprotein and CYP 3A4 to promote the systemic exposure of tamoxifen. If it is further confirmed in the clinical setting, the tamoxfen dosage should be taken into consideration while tamoxfen is used concomitantly with quercetin or the dietary supplement full of quercetin. 본 연구의 목적은 quercetin(1.5, 7.5, 15 mg/kg)으로 병용 혹은 0.5시간 전 투여한 흰쥐에게 타목시펜(10 mg/kg)을 경구투여 하였을 때 타목시펜의 생체이용률에 미치는 영향을 연구하였다. quercetin 동시투여군에서 타목시펜의 약물동태학적 파라메터는 대조군에 비해 유의성 있게 변화 하였다(15 mg/kg제외). quercetin 7.5 mg/kg을 동시투여한가토에서 타목시펜의 흡수속도정수(Ka) 및 최고혈장중농도(Cmax)는 대조군에 비해 유의성(p<0.05) 있게 증가하였으며, 혈장농도곡선하면적(AUC)은 1.5 및 7.5 mg/kg에서 유의성(p<0.05) 있게 증가하였다. 대조군에서 타목시펜의 절대적생체이용률(AB%)은 25.6%이었으며, 병용투여군에서는 29.5-39.3%로 증가하였고 1.5 및 7.5 mg/kg에서 유의성(p<0.05)이 있었다. 상대적생체이용률(RB%)은 대조군에 비해서 1.18-1.54배로 증가하였다. 최고혈중농도도달시간(Tmax)과 소실반감기(t½)는 유의성있는 변화를 보이지 않았다. quercetin 0.5시간 전 투여군에서 타목시펜의 약물동태학적 파라메터는 동시투여군에 비해 더욱 큰 변화를 보여주었으며 그 변화는 quercetin의 투여량을 증가함에 따라 커졌다. quercetin 전 투여군에서 타목시펜의 Ka, Cmax 및 AUC은 대조군에 비해 모두 유의성(p<0.05 at 1.5 mg/kg, p<0.01 at 7.5 and 15 mg/kg) 있게 증가하였다. 그 결과 전 투여군에서 AB%는 42.1-51.4%로 유의성(p<0.05 at 1.5 mg/kg, p<0.01 at 7.5 and 15 mg/kg) 있게 증가하였다. Tmax 및 t½는 동시투여군에서와 같이 유의성 있는 변화를 보이지 않았다. 본 연구에서 타목시펜을 항암작용이 있는 quercetin과 흰쥐에게 병용투여하였을 때 타목세펜의 생체이용률은 현저히 증가하였다. 퀠시틴은 장관 및 간에서 다제내성물질(Multi-drug resistant substance)인 P-당단백질과 대사 효소인 CYP 3A의 억제로인하여 경구투여한 타목시펜의 first-pass effect를 감소시켜 그의 생체이용률이 증가한 것으로 사료된다. 임상치료에서 타목시펜을 quercetin 혹은 quercetin을 함유한 음식물과 함께 병용할 때 이들의 약물동태학적 상호작용을 고려하는 것이 바람직하다고 사료된다.
119 구급대원의 직무관련 특성과 외상 후 스트레스가 직무만족도에 미치는 영향
Objective : The purpose of this study was to investigate the current status of job satisfaction, post-traumatic stress (PTS) and associated factors with job satisfaction among 119 rescue workers. Methods : The study subjects were 507 rescue workers who worked in G Metropolitan City and J province. General characteristics, job-related characteristics, PTS and job satisfaction were collected by self-reported questionnaires via official e-mail. Job satisfaction by subjects' characteristics were tested by t-test, ANOVA, and multiple regression analysis. Results : Of 507 rescue workers, the overall PTS scores and job satisfaction score were 13.58±12.99 and 85.19±13.37, respectively. In multiple regression analyses, job satisfaction score were significantly lower in subjects with fair (β=-3.53, p=0.003) or poor (β=-7.69, p=<0.001) self rated health and with longer duration of career (β=-3.53, p=0.025). With regard to rescue field related characteristics, witness of injury of co-workers (β=-3.02, p=0.022), obvious dead treatment (β=-3.60, p=0.011) and PTS (β=-4.21, p=0.013) were associated with lower job satisfaction. Conclusion : Job satisfaction were associated with general characteristics, field related factors and PTS. Risk reduction of rescue field and management of PTS will help to increase the job satisfaction of 119 rescue workers. key words: Job satisfaction, Post-traumatic stress, 119 rescue workers
地方自治行政의 住民參與에 관한 硏究 : 서울特別市를 중심으로
The participation of the people in administration, especially the Citizen participation in local administration is necessary in a sense of materializing democratid administration or administrative democratization, attaining its goals as well as solving various social problems it has to pursue. Nowadays, that the necessity of inhabitants' participation is felt more keenly than ever before is attributed to the expansion of administrative functions and delicated administration as economic and social circumstances become complicated. Such necessity also should be accepted as a logical consequence of the needs of the times for solving the difficult economic and social problems and attaining the goals of administration, thereby enhancing the administrative effects. The participation of imhabitants in administration could guarantee the responsibility of administration by reinforcing the function of representative democracy and strengthening the control of inhabitants. However, despite of the necessity of the participation of inhabitants in administration, the degree of participation is still not extensive and its process is also formalized in our country. Most of the people have a tendency to believe that it is a mere format of democratic administration and therefore the practical participation of inhabitants in administration is not realized yet. The present study was carried out by a descriptive method, investigating literature, such as domestic and foreign books, papers, periodicals and other various data of government agencies. In addition, sundry records and data collected were also statistically treated for analyzing and evaluating the actual condition of the Seoul citizens' participation in the metropolitan administration. In order to reinforce the descriptive method, additional data were obtained through interviews with some city government officials concerned. The scope of the study was limited to the Special City of Seoul which represents the metropolitan administration, problems related to the participation of inhabitants and to the presentation of proper corrective schemes. This paper consists of five chapters as summarized hereunder: Chapter 1 is devoted to the purpose, necessity, method and scope of the study. Chapter 2 analyzes and comments on the theories of inhabitants' participation in local self-governing administration. As a proposition of analysis, political and economic environment and the sharing of functions are described. A model was made up for analyzing the actual condition of inhabitants' participation. Chapter 3 analyzes and evaluates the actual condition of Seoul citizens' participation in the metropolitan administration using the model suggested in Chapter 2, thereby inducing problems involved. Chapter 4 discusses such problems and attempts to present proper schemes for their solution. Chapter 5 is devoted to the conclusion of the present study in which the results obtained are summarized and the direction of inhabitants' participation in local self-governing administration is suggested. As a matter of fact, the citizen participation is not considered to be practically possible because of their inability to get rid of passiveness and dependence under the present powerful administrative initiative. In the case of local administration, they do not take part in the process of the inflow of information and policy-making process but, in most cases, they are asked to cooperate at the stage of policy implementation. This suggests that the local government demands the unilateral servile of inhabitants. In order to develop true democratic administration by the participation of inhabitants and execute active administration under their cooperation and voluntary participation, it is felt necessary to activate direct participation and substantialize indirect participation. It is also necessary to cultivate the autonomous consciousness of inhabitants and widen the channel of their formal participation. To this end, it is felt imperative to facilitate the democratization of the attitude and value of those civil servants of all local governments.