탈식민 텍스트에 나타난 정치적 알레고리 : 조이스의 『율리시즈』 Joyce's Ulysses

최석무 한국제임스조이스학회 2003 제임스조이스저널 Vol.9 No.2

An allegorical text contains a complete and self-sufficient narrative, but through a series of selected correspondences it can be also applied to another event or condition. In colonialist texts such as Robinson Crusoe, the Manichean allegory is introduced to express the indisputable distinction between the colonizer and the colonized. On the other hand, postcolonial writers in the colonized countries, who are prevented from expressing their views directly, appropriate the allegory to convey their political messages. Ulysses, a story about a colonial city, may be read as an allegory about the British domination of Ireland. In "Telemachus," through the relationship of Stephen, Mulligan, Haines, and the Milkwoman, colonial history in Ireland is implicity suggested with each person representing an allegorical role. "Sirens" demonstrates a process of allegorical colonization, expressed in terms of becoming immersed in drinking and music. Also, as a story of marital infidelity Ulysses evinces that sexual domination of Molly by Boylan is allegorically interconnected with political domination of Ireland by Britain. Daily life shown in Ulysses may not look meaningful enough to become the subject matter of a novel. When read from the perspective of political allegory, however, each character and his or her behavior are of great significance to the understanding of political situations and colonial discourses adopted for the benefit of the colonizer. As in the case of Ulysses, allegory is a useful technique to postcolonial writers like Joyce who, threatened by censorship, would still like to convey a political message of resistance. Therefore, Joyce's use of political allegory in Ulysses is a covert textual method of analyzing and repudiating colonial past and thus pursuing a decolonized society.

식민지하의 여성과 성담론: 조이스의 작품에 나타난 아일랜드의 경우

최석무 신영어영문학회 2003 신영어영문학회 학술발표회 자료집 Vol.2003 No.8

영문학작품을 통한 영어교육의 필요성과 방법런

최석무 한국영미문학교육학회 1999 영미문학교육 Vol.3 No.-

오브라이언의 「이멜다 수녀」에 나타난 세속적 욕망 감추기

최석무 한국예이츠학회 2015 한국예이츠 저널 Vol.48 No.-

에드나 오브라이언(Edna O’Brien)은 금세기 이전에는 저평가된 작가이다. 우리나라에서는 오브라이언뿐만 아니라, 제임스 조이스(James Joyce) 이후의 아일랜드 작가들은 심도 있는 비평적 주목을 받지 못하고 있다. 「이멜다 수녀」(“Sister Imelda”)에서 오브라이언은 이멜다 수녀의 세속적 욕망을 교묘하게 숨기고 있다. 독자는 탐정소설을 읽고 있는 것처럼 이야기 속에 감추어진 욕망을 파헤쳐야 한다. 오브라이언은 남성중심 사회에서 정해진 성역할을 강요하는 이성애적 관계에 대해 화자가 회의적인 시각을 드러내게 하면서 동성애적 욕망을 정당시 한다. Until the end of the twentieth century, Edna O’Brien had largely been underestimated by critics. In Korea, almost all Irish novelists after James Joyce, including O’Brien, have not been for serious critical evaluation. In “Sister Imelda,” O’Brien ingeniously hides the secular desire of Sister Imelda. Readers are supposed to unravel that desire hidden in the story as if they were reading a detective story. O’Brien seems to justify same-sex desire out of the narrator’s skepticism of heterosexual relationships, which impose fixed gender roles in a male-dominated society.

「진흙」에 나타난 아일랜드 핼러윈

최석무 한국제임스조이스학회 2018 제임스조이스저널 Vol.24 No.2

It is widely believed that Halloween originated from the ancient Celtic pagan festival of Samhain, which celebrated the end of summer and the beginning of winter. Samhain or Halloween was considered the most supernatural time of the year—a time when the boundary between this world and the Otherworld blurred, allowing otherworldly entities to enter into the lands of the living. As implied in To Kill a Mockingbird, the meaning of Halloween has changed over time and has varied from place to place. In “Clay,” James Joyce demonstrates how Irish people at the turn of the century celebrated All Hallow’s Eve, the traditional name for Halloween. Interestingly, Joyce depicts an Irish Halloween in two different ways. He overtly demonstrates how Irish people celebrate the day, playing tricks upon people and enjoying fortune-telling games. On the other hand, Joyce covertly presents a Halloween ghost story that is not easy to identify. Since Maria is living a death in life, she may be seen as a ghost who visits Joe’s home to enforce the obligations of kinship. From Joyce’s way of presenting an Irish Halloween, it is assumed that the meaning of Halloween has significantly changed during Joyce’s time and that the people would like to celebrate life, not death, on Halloween. On top of that, Joyce did not want to highlight Catholic doctrines embodied in a typical Halloween ghost story as he believed that Protestants and Catholics should work together to build an independent Ireland. By conveying universal values rather than Catholic ones, Joyce also liked to appeal to wide readers around the world.

『율리시즈』 서술전략의 비밀 찾기 : 진선주 지음 『제임스 조이스의 “율리시즈”의 서술 전략』 (도서출판 동인, 2006, 307쪽)

최석무 한국제임스조이스학회 2007 제임스조이스저널 Vol.13 No.1

윌리엄 트레버의 사랑과 여름에 나타난 역사와 화해의 문제

최석무 한국제임스조이스학회 2020 제임스조이스저널 Vol.26 No.1

In Love and Summer, William Trevor, an Irish Protestant by birth and upbringing, endeavors to unravel the complicated problem of Ireland’s historic conflicts tormenting and dividing Irish people. The current event is linked to the past ones: Ellie’s affair with Florian is compared and interconnected with Miss Conulty’s affair with an Englishman and the sexual misconduct of the St. Johns, an Anglo-Irish Protestant Ascendancy family. Ellie’s relationship with Florian can be seen as an example of how Catholic women have been historically ill-used by Protestant men. Like James Joyce, for Trevor “the brutalism of love and politics were interconnected.” The story of sexual conquest reminds us of British’s of Ireland. By scrutinizing the relationship between two communities, Catholic and Protestant, Trevor has a chance to reflect on the cruel history of colonization and to offer a literary ground for reconciliation. Interestingly the catastrophe which might be caused by Ellie’s affair could be avoided by the help of Orpen Wren, an aged Protestant. Irrespective of the religious differences, people are depicted as good and kind. Ultimately Trevor suggests that, with such people, history of division and conflicts will not be repeated in Ireland.

호머와의 대응관계 넘어서기: “텔레마코스”에 나타난 다원적 관점

최석무 한국제임스조이스학회 2019 제임스조이스저널 Vol.25 No.1

To facilitate the understanding of Ulysses, Joyce produced two schemas for his novel highlighting the Homeric correspondences. When the novel was finally published in 1922, however, Joyce expunged the Homeric titles from each chapter, and in 1937 he told Nabokov that he regretted his emphasizing of Homer to promote Ulysses. Therefore, it is necessary to check if the Homeric correspondences Joyce offered make sense by scrupulously analyzing one of eighteen episodes, “Telemachus” in this article. The Homeric correspondences encourage us to discern between good and bad in “Telemachus,” but Stephen and Mulligan are depicted with multiple identities and cannot be easily defined as good or bad. When Mulligan deprives Stephen of his residence, he is a usurper just like Antinous. However, he also plays the role of Athene, who gives priceless advice to Telemachus. The Homeric correspondences cannot explain the multiple identities of characters Joyce has created in his work. Though Joyce uses Homer in Ulysses, he does not confine the character’s identity to the Homeric correspondences. He encourages the readers to read beyond them and find both multiple perspectives and characters with multi-faceted identities.

아일랜드 문학/아일랜드와 민족 작가 : 조이스 작품에 나타난 예이츠 W. B. Yeats in the Writings of James Joyce

최석무 한국제임스조이스학회 2000 제임스조이스저널 Vol.6 No.1

Because Joyce comes from the Catholic community and Yeats from the Protestant community, an agelong ruling class in Ireland, the two Irish writers are quite different in their literary world. Defining Irish identity and emphasizing physical struggle against the British, Yeats overtly expresses nationalistic views in his writings. On the other hand Joyce's way of doing this is more indirect. That is, Joyce in his writings subverts Yeats's conception of Ireland and Irish people and points out more appropriate ways of gaining liberation. Yeats claims that Irish people represent spiritualism while English people represent materialism. Joyce attacks this binary division by evincing that the national characteristics were made by the English to justify Irish failure in politics and make Irish people take their colonial status for granted. Joyce deconstructs the binarism by showing that Irish people asserting the national characteristics are absorbed in seeking material interests. Also, Joyce rejects heroic death and the myth of martyrdom which are well described in Yeats's poems and plays. To Joyce physical struggle against the British only proves the British conception of Irish people, a violent people. Instead of death and martyrdom Joyce praises this world and the pleasure of being alive. Joyce's consistent subversion of Yeats derives from his dilemma in Ireland where Anglo-Irish writers dominate the Irish literary world, leading Irish people spiritually. Joyce attacks Yeats who pretends to be the representative of Irish nationalist writers. Through his writing, Joyce, therefore, tries to recover the privilege of being called the Irish national bard.

A Critical Reflection upon Korean High School English Readings: Power Relations and Orientalism

최석무 한국영어교육학회 2005 ENGLISH TEACHING(영어교육) Vol.60 No.4

The purpose of this article is to expose the extent to which seven High School English Readings (abbreviated as Readings) are incorporating the power relations between the Orient and the West, and to demonstrate how those relations are expressed in terms of Oriental discourses. This article begins by revealing how English teaching started with the purpose of justifying Western domination in the Orient through the medium of English literature. Next, the author reveals how the same logic is repeated in Korean Readings, specifically illustrating the extent to which the Orient and the West are described biasedly and prejudicially in each textbook. According to this study, the West and America in particular are presented as moving powers of the world. On the other hand, the Oriental countries are generally attributed with negative images. Finally, the author proposes two solutions to the problematic issues of Korean Readings. First, teachers should assist students in critically assessing and reflecting upon the contents of such textbooks. Second, Korean Readings should be replaced by new ones written with new perspectives, with which all parts of the world are depicted unbiasedly and impartially. .