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최명덕 한국기독교학회 2005 한국기독교신학논총 Vol.37 No.-
The Classical Hebrew verbal system has long puzzled scholars. One of the most intriguing questions has been yiqtol with waw consecutives. In classical Hebrew yiqtol verbs are long considered as imperfects. However the presence of the yiqtol preterites are well accepted among scholars. The typical yiqtol preterite evidence is the yiqtol preterite with waw consecutive. In Hebrew Poetry there are many yiqtol verbs without waw which do not allow normal imperfect or jussive translations. Those are the yiqtol preterites. There has been a great confusion in translation of the yiqtol preterites since the the form of yiqtol imperfects and the form of yiqtol preterites are same in regular verbs. Most of the translators have considered yiqtol verbs without waw consecutives as imperfects. Thus they disregarded the presence of yiqtol preterites in Hebrew Poetry. Studies by Bauer, Polotsky, Moran, Rainey and few other scholars have borne witnesses to the presence of the yiqtol preterites in the Bible. There were yaqtul preterites in El Arnama Letters and the Canaanite verbal system relating to Hebrew yiqtol preterites. One can trace the origin of the yiqtol preterite with the aid of El Amarna verbal system. Comparison between Psalm 18 and Ⅱ Samuel 22 in terms of yiqtol verbs with and without waw consecutive are discussed to validate the presence of yiqtol preterites in Hebrew Poetry. It is difficult to differentiate between yiqtol imperfect and the yiqtol preterite since the forms of yiqtol imperfect and the yiqtol preterite in regular verbs are same. However, it is possible to differentiate between two among some certain weak verbs. Diagnostic markers of yiqtol preterites are discussed. Hiphil weak verbs, Hollow verbs and etc. It has long form with imperfects and the short forms with preterites. Thus morphological evidences for yiqtol preterites are available to some degree. With regular verbs the morphological diagnostic markers are not available. However, through contextual evidences, it is still possible to differentiate between imperfects and preterites in regular verbs. Some contextual validation on yiqtol preterite verbs without waw is discussed. With this study the ambiguous tense translation of the yiqtol form of the Hebrew verb would be resolved to some degree.
최명덕 건국대학교 1994 學術誌 Vol.38 No.1
The Gilgamesh Epic is a literary tradition preserved in written documents on twelve tablets about the adventure of the legendary king of the Summer. It describes the exploits of Gilgamesh, king of the Sumerian city-state Uruk. The exact period of the rdeign of this kig is unknown, however there was a king by this name in Uruk between 2700 and 2500 B.C. With its wide distribution, its long life and its translation into other language, it is the most significant literary creation on the whole of ancient Near East. The Flood acount is found on the Eleventh of the Series of Twelve Tablets of the late Assyrian versions, line 15 thorough 196. The story may have arisen from a specific historical flood that took place around 2000 B.C. The flood came to be regarded as a major turning point in human history and win the popularity to have several different versions in ancient Near East and neighboring areas. This paper introduces the Babylonian Flood account into Korean language. This is the first Korean translation from Akkadian Text of the Flood account in the Gilgamesh Epic. First line shows the transliteration of the Akkadian text. Second line is the normalization of the text according to grammatical values. Third line shows the Korean translation of the text. Necessary grammatical Comments are added on the footnotes. Many scholars has discussed whether any part of the Old Testament Flood Story has been derived from Babylonian sources. However, the available evidence proves nothing beyond the point that there is a genetic relationship between the Babylonian account and Hebrew account. I hope this first Korean translation of the Flood account in Gilgamesh Epic may help the students to appreciate the Akkadian literature of the Flood story and to compare it with the Hebrew Flood story.