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한국전쟁 시기 북한의 전시 생산체제: ‘공장 소개’와 ‘전시 생산정책’을 중심으로
차문석 평화문제연구소 2003 統一問題硏究 Vol.39 No.-
This paper intends to explore the wartime production system for managing industrial factory to carry out war. In the first stage, North Korea converted everything in country to the wartime system in order to carry out the war. In the second stage, North Korea, being faced with dreadful attack by the ROK-U.S. combined force, evacuated all plant and personnel into the north-area’s safety refuge(china and the Northen border areas). And in the third stage, North Korea attempted to normalizing the production of wrecked factory in reclaimed area. During wartime, the evacuation of factory and personnel to safety refuges had been executed under the urgent condition, and many efforts and policies had been executed in order to keep production facilities. But, in doing so there are many defects in practice, and armed revolt forces being organized in and out had attacked seriously production facilities. But the evacuation of great deal of plants and personnels executed in every wartime stages, and the immediate re-framework, operation, and production had make a great contribution to effort carrying out war, at the same time, after 1953, had contributed to rehabilitate the destruction of war. What emphasized is, wartime system had converted to new power resources-the mechanism of mobilization and justification-for North Korea’s postwar regime.
차문석 동국대학교 북한학연구소 2022 북한학연구 Vol.18 No.2
This study analyzes North Korea’s society and system through Foucault’s concept of heterotopia. In contrast to the notion of utopia, heterotopia refers to places that actually exist, as well as their exteriority. Museums, libraries, resorts, hotels, festivals, and public cemeteries—all existing everywhere— are examples of heterotopia. Specifically, this study investigates what can be called the North Korean phenomena, which includes Special Economic Zones and the city of Pyongyang itself. Through the concept of heterotopia, the meaning, symbol, and intent of such spaces and places—the North Korean phenomena—are analyzed and explained. In turn, the images that have been excluded or neglected are brought into the visible space. When the concept of heterotopia is applied, North Korea’s heterotopic places become “anti-spaces,” but they function not as defiance or resistance but as substantiation of existence. Moreover, just as Disneyland’s effort to create a utopia within (and thus without) the United States was ultimately about building a fantastic monumental space where history is lost, Pyongyang, too, appears to have forgotten history by reversing and halting the movement of history. 본 논문은 미셸 푸코(M.Foucault)의 헤테로토피아와 反공간 개념을 북한 사회를 분석하는 데 적용하면서 북한 사회를 보다 다양한 측면에서 드러내고자 한다. 이른바 ‘공간적 전환’(spatial turn)을 통해 본 연구는 북한의 평양과 특구가 헤테로토피아이자 反공간임을 규명하고 이질적인 공간들이 공존하는 북한에 실재하는 혼종적인 면모를 드러내고 정리하였다. 종국적으로는 ‘혼종 사회’로서의 북한이 좀 더 명확하게 그 모습을 나타내도록 하였다.헤테로토피아와 反공간 개념을 통해서 분석된 북한 사회는 사실상 혼종성을 가진 혼종적 존재이다. 평양과 특구는 북한의 일반 사회에 대한 反공간임과 동시에 서로의 反공간이다. 그리고 서로에 대해 맞서지만 전체적으로는 혼종을 구성해 낸다. 평양과 특구를 통해서 그 공간들 자체가 사실은 권력의 효과이며 지식이며, 권력의 담론이자 실천일 수 있다는 점도 인식하게 된다. 이들 공간 모두는 북한의 혼종성을 상징하는 공간이면서 제국주의와 적들과 싸워 건설했다는 역사적 시간의 응축물, 앞으로 나아가고자 하는 지향과 하지만 그 지향이 反공간에 의해 막힌 곳, 그럼으로써 현재가 유지되는 특수한 공간, 즉 헤테로토피아들이다. 어쩌면 북한이라는 거대한 공간 자체가 전지구적 차원에서 보았을 때 일종의 거대한 헤테로토피아일 수도 있다는 것도 하나의 가능한 인식으로 도출된다.
차문석 평화문제연구소 2006 統一問題硏究 Vol.18 No.1
This essay is a sort of area study, which focuses on Sinuiju, Pyeonganbukdo. This essay aims at tracking and describing the operation and actual condition of factories in Sinuiju during ``Arduous March``(since 1994). To approach the purpose, I use the interviews with North Korean who are from Sinuiju. Sinuiju has been well known as a ``light industry city``, ``cultural city``, and ``trade city`` in North Korea, and its factories and workers have woven their own factory history in unique and geo-sociologic mentality. On the one hand they have adapted themselves to the productivity desire of state power, but on the other they have always expressed deviant behaviors, in order to pursuit the their own political and economic interests, through rational and realistic behavior patterns stemming from their historical experience for a long time. Although the greater part of factories in Sinuiju were closed down during the Arduous March, now Sinuiju is seen as one of the best cities at great capability in North Korea. Namely, because of both the geographical advantage(commercial and political) of Sinuiju, and ``the realistic behaviors and attitudes of its residents, Sinuiju is being highlighted as a special area(including the special economic zone) which would show a way out of difficulties North Korea has faced since the Arduous March.