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LIBERATED BY OPPRESSION: LITERARY REFLECTIONS OF COLONIAL KOREA BETWEEN THE UNITED STATES AND JAPAN
존프랭클 계명대학교 한국학연구원 2014 Acta Koreana Vol.17 No.2
Many mistakenly posit the presently close relations between Korea and the United States as having begun with Japan’s surrender in 1945. The alliance exists to this day, and there are still many who can scarcely imagine a Korean peninsula without U.S. military forces present. The curious triangle of Korean-U.S.-Japanese relations, however, began much earlier. A forced treaty with Japan in 1876 was the first attempt to coerce Korea away from the traditional East Asian world order, while a treaty of “amity and commerce” with America in 1882 represented a more autonomous move toward a new global configuration. With annexation in 1910, the first battle lines had been drawn: Japan had betrayed Korea and America represented the best hope for salvation. And this was more than historical reality; it also clearly manifest itself in works of early modern Korean fiction, which reveal a naïve optimism regarding America’s role in Korea’s mod-ernization and rescue. With the failure of America, however, to come to Korea’s aid during the independence movement of March 1, 1919, there came a turning away from the U.S. and to Japan. The U.S., once the promised land, became a wasteland, while Japan came to fill the vacated position of redeemer. From the 1920s, we see a systematic dismantling of America’s privileged position and a concomitant acceptance of the reality of Japanese hegemony. Ironically, however, Japanese oppression and American silence liberated Koreans psychologically from the naïve fantasy of U.S. salvation, even as they politically drove them further toward subjugation and assimilation.
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존프랭클 한국문학연구학회 2006 현대문학의 연구 Vol.0 No.29
새로운 시작 : 북미 대학의 한국문학 연구 존 프랭클몇 십 년 전만 하더라도 북미 대학에서 한국문학의 입지는 미미했다. 자격을 갖춘 교수는 드물었고 자격과 능력을 갖추었다 하더라도 한국문학 교수 자리를 찾기는 너무나 힘들었다.그러나 지난 십여 년 동안 북미 대학에서 한국문학 분야는 열악했던 과거의 상황에 비해 급속히 발전했다. 헌신적인 제 1세대 교수들과 새롭게 학위를 받은 박사들, 나날이 더해 가는 북미 대학들의 한국문학에 대한 관심 그리고 한국 정부와 개인의 재정적 지원 등의 복합적 요인으로 불과 이십여 년 전에는 상상조차 못했을 정도로 지난 몇 년 동안 북미 대학의 한국문학 분야는 큰 성과를 이룩했다. 또한 북미에서 한국문학 박사과정을 전공할 수 있는 대학의 수도 많아졌을 뿐만 아니라 분야도 다양해졌고 관련 교수직도 증가하고 있다.북미대학에서 한국문학연구 초기에 그 박사과정이 있던 곳은 하와이대학교 마노아와 UCLA 뿐이었다. 그러나 지난 십여 년 동안 하버드, U.C.버클리 그리고 시카고 대학 같은 많은 북미 최고의 대학들이 그 선례를 따르고 있다. 현 발전 속도를 유지한다면 한국문학 연구 분야가 없는 대학은 북미 최고 대학으로서의 요건을 갖추지 못했다고 할 시기가 멀지 않았다. State of the Union : Korean Literature Studies in American AcademeJohn M. FranklOnly a few decades ago, Korean literature in American universities was a minute, and oft-overlooked, field. Qualified teachers were extremely rare, and, even assuming one were fortunate and obstinate enough to find a mentor and complete a doctoral degree, employment prospects were dismal. In the last decade, however, the field of Korean literature in American universities has grown from its extremely modest beginnings into a diverse and rapidly expanding field. A fortuitous combination of dedicated “first-generation” professors, newly-minted Ph. Ds, growing interest on the part of American institutions, and generous financial support from Korean sources, both public and private, has in the last several years pushed Korean literature in American universities much further forward than most could have imagined even two decades ago. Institutions at which one may pursue a degree in Korean literature are now quite numerous and diverse, as are future job prospects for those who complete the Ph. D. Institutions such as University of Hawaii, Manoa and UCLA were among the earliest to offer bona fide Korean literature doctoral degrees. In the last decade, however, a large number of top universities such as Harvard, U. C. Berkeley, and the University of Chicago have followed suit. If the field continues to develop at its current pace, it may soon be fair to say that no top American university will be able to afford being without a Korean literature component of some sort.
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Korean Literature between East Asia and Europe
존프랭클 아시아.유럽미래학회 2014 유라시아연구 Vol.11 No.2
This article explores the historical shifts in Korean conceptions of national identity, national language, and national literature. For much of Korea’s history, it did not possess a written language, and nearly all writings were composed in literary Chinese. Although the Korean writing system was invented in 1443 and promulgated in 1445, it enjoyed relatively little official usage until the close of the nineteenth century. In the early twentieth century, following the Japanese annexation of Korean in 1910, certain Korean intellectuals simultaneously attempted to preserve a Korean ethnic nation where no Korean political state existed, and to take stock of the immense changes the peninsula had undergone in nearly all spheres of life. Those involved in literature were faced with the task of forging a new definition of Korean literature in a world that now demanded a correspondence among territory, blood, and language. It was language, specifically written language, however, that proved the most recalcitrant to this new nationalist conception of “Korean-ness.” Following Korea’s liberation from Japan in 1945, a somewhat understandably xenophobic monolingualism briefly engulfed a nation in which bilingualism had been the norm for millenia. After little more than a single generation, however, Korea today has returned to where it had been for over a thousand years before: bilingualism is the norm for educated Koreans, and Korean literature is once again beginning to reflect that fact. Today young Korean writers are producing Korean literature in the English language. This is not a truly new development. Rather, when viewed in the context of Korean history as a whole, these writers are the heirs to a long and proud tradition of bilingualism and biculturalism in Korea.
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