Nano-S가 해양수질 및 저질에 미치는 영향에 관한 연구 2. 현장실험 결과

조천래,장영남,조현서,Cho, Chon-Rae,Jang, Young-Nam,Cho, Hyeon-Seo 해양환경안전학회 2007 海洋環境安全學會誌 Vol.13 No.1

본 연구의 목적은 적조구제에 사용하기 위해 개발된 Nano-S를 해양에 이용함에 있어 Nano-S가 해양환경에 미치는 영향을 연구하는 데에 있다. 실험은 2005년 8월부터 2006년 2월까지 총6개월에 걸쳐 이뤄졌다. 해역과 조간대에서 실시하였으며, 1%의 고농도구와 0.1%의 저농도구로 구분하여 실시하였다. 조사결과 전 실험구에서 적조구제물질의 투여에 따른 유의적인 증감은 전반적으로 나타나지 않았다. 해역의 수질에서 pH, 염분, DO는 전 실험시간에 걸쳐 서서히 증가하는 경향을 나타내었으며, 영양염류는 실험기간에 걸쳐 농도가 서서히 감소하는 경향을 나타냈다. 해역의 저질에서는 측정항목의 농도가 낮아 졌으며, 조간대에서도 거의 같은 양상을 나타내고 있었다. 이러한 결과는 투입한 물질의 양과 관계없이 대조구를 포함한 거의 전 시험구에서 동일하게 나타났다. 중금속의 경우 고농도 투여구를 중심으로 조사한 결과 물질투여 시험구에서 투여 전후에 유의할만한 결과는 나타나지 않았다. 또한, 투여구를 대조구와 비교하여서도 농도차이는 뚜렷이 발견되지 않았다. The purpose of this study was to observe the effect on the water quality and sediment environment by the use of Nano-S for anti-Red tide material. The experiment was performed at subtidal and intertidal zone during six months(from Aug 2005 to Feb. 2006). The experiment sites were divided with concentration of materials. One is lower concentration(0.1%) and the other is higher concentration(1%). The results of experiments didn't show the remarkable influence of the materials effect before and after applying the Nano-S and the red mud. pH, salinity and DO were slowly increased during experiment period but nutrients were conversely decreased in the seawater. In the subtidal zone, qualities of sediments, IL, AVS and COD, were gradually lowered and the similar results were appeared in the intertidal zone. These results showed similar trends over all the experiment sites including control site. The results of heavy metals also did not show the interest different effect before and after applying the Nano-S and red mud compared with control site.

안성천과 경안천 수중 과불화화합물의 잔류농도와 분광학적 특성

조천래 ( Chon Rae Cho ),이두희 ( Doo Hee Lee ),이병천 ( Byoung Cheun Lee ),김수진 ( Sue Jin Kim ),최경희 ( Kyung Hee Choi ),윤준헌 ( Jun Heon Yoon ) 한국환경분석학회 2010 환경분석과 독성보건 Vol.13 No.4

Concentrations of perfluorinated compounds (PFCs) in water samples from Anseong and Gyeongan stream were measured using an LC-MS/MS system. The average perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS), perfluorohexane sulfonate (PFHxS), perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and perfluorononanoic acid (PFNA) concentrations of samples collected from Anseong stream were 43.4 ng/L, 15.0 ng/L, 14.5 ng/L and 3.5 ng/L, respectively. In the case of Gyeongan stream, the average concentration of PFOS, PFOA, PFHxS and PFNA were 15.5 ng/L, 8.3 ng/L, 5.4 ng/L and 1.5 ng/L, respectively. From the result, PFOS was found the dominant PFCs in these streams. The PFCs detected from the streams were correlated with DOC concentration, UV/vis factor and Fluorescence properties of water samples. In general, PFCs concentration had positive correlations with DOC concentration, A250/365 and A465 and synchronous Fluorescence indexes (Protein-Like Fluorescence, Fulvic-Like Fluorescence, Humic-Like Fluorescence). However, PFCs were negatively correlated with S(R). This result showed that concentration of PFCs could be significantly influenced by the aromaticity and molecular weight of organic compounds in water samples.

한국 연안 해수 및 퇴적물 중 PFCs 잔류농도

조천래(Cho Chon-Rae),윤준헌(Junheon Yoon),김동우(Dongwoo Kim),제인호(Inho Je),조근옥(Geunok Cho),조현서(Hyeon-Seo Cho) 한국해양환경·에너지학회 2009 한국해양환경공학회 학술대회논문집 Vol.2009 No.11월

4대강 유역 및 공단지역 환경 중 PFOS 및 PFOA의 잔류수준 비교평가

조천래 ( Chon Rae Cho ),엄익춘 ( Ig Chun Eom ),김은주 ( Eun Ju Kim ),김수진 ( Sue Jin Kim ),최경희 ( Kyung Hee Choi ),조현서 ( Hyeon Seo Cho ),윤준헌 ( Jun Heon Yoon ) 한국환경분석학회 2009 환경분석과 독성보건 Vol.12 No.4

PFCs are group of fluorochemicals that have been produced and used for over 50 years for various purpose including soil/stain resistance and surfactant applications. These chemicals were degraded to Perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) that were kinds of persistence metabolites. Previous studies showed that these chemicals can be accumulated in various environmental media. In this study, the concentration level of PFOS and PFOA were measured in 59 samples collected from 4 major river watersheds and 6 industrial complex areas in 2006 and 2007. Mean concentration of PFOS in water, sediment and soil were N.D.-1180.0 ng/L, N.D.-9.17 ng/g dry-wt. and N.D.-10.97 ng/g dry-wt. respectively. Mean concentrations of PFOA in water, sediment and soil were N.D.-13850.0 ng/L, N.D.-2.07 ng/g dry-wt. and N.D.-1.04 ng/g drywt., respectively. The concentration of PFOS in water samples were significant difference among river, industrial complex stream and waste water treatment effluent (p<0.05). But PFOA were no significant difference among those samples. These results suggested that concentration of PFOS in water was direct effected by industrial complex activities.

광양만 주변해역 주상퇴적물에서의 다환방향족탄화수소류(PAHs)의 오염에 관한 연구

유영석,조천래,조현서,You, Young-Seck,Cho, Chon-Rae,Cho, Hyeon-Seo 해양환경안전학회 2008 해양환경안전학회지 Vol.14 No.4

PAHs는 인간활동에 의한 화석연료 이용으로 해양환경 중에 넓게 분포되어 있다. 환경 중 다양한 경로를 통해 해양으로 유입된 PAHs는 잠재적으로 해양 수서환경 생물에 대해서 발암성과 돌연변이를 일으키고 있다. 광양만은 여수화학공단, 광양제철소, 콘테이너부두가 위치해 있고 도시화가 진행되어 PAHs의 오염이 예상되는 해역이다. 본 연구는 광양만의 주상퇴적물에서 PAHs의 오염에 관한 연구를 수행하였다. 주상퇴적물은 1999년 7월에 4개 정점(A, B, C와 D)에서 채집하여 soxhlet extractor로 추출하고 GC-MS를 이용하여 PAHs 13종을 검출하였다. 주상퇴적물에서 13종 PAHs 화합물 모두가 검출되었으며, Total PAHs는 275.04${\sim}$2,838.6464(평균 406.43)${\mu}g/kg$ dry wt.의 범위로 검출되었고 분석한 PAHs 화합물 중 Naphthalene이 40.60${\sim}$2294.06${\mu}g/kg$ dry wt.로서 거의 모든 시료에서 가장 높게, Anthracene이 2.63${\sim}$11.30${\mu}g/kg$ dry wt.로서 가장 낮게 나타났다. Total PAHs와 PAHs 화합물의 상관관계는 Naphthalene, Acenaphthylene, Phenanthrene과 같은 저분자량 물질에서 상대적으로 높은 상관관계를 나타내었다. P/A(Phenanthrene/Anthracene)비와 F/P(Fluoranthene/Pyrene)비에 의한 기원의 형태는 연소기원과 유류오염기원의 복합적인 영향을 받는 것으로 나타났다. 광양만 주상퇴적물에서의 TotaI PAHs 농도는 생물학적 영향에 대한 기준(Biological effect guidelines)인 ER-L(Effect Range-Low), ER-M(Effect Range-Middle) 및 OAET(Overall Apparent Effect Thresholds)보다 적은 값을 보였다. PAHs are of mainly anthropogenic origin from urban runoff, oil spill and combustion of fossil fuels. Some PAHs are potentially carcinogenic and mutagenic to aquatic organisms. This study was carried out to survey the contamination of PAHs in the column sediments around Gwangyang bay. Yeosu petrochemical industrial complex, POSCO(Pohang steel compony) and Gwangyang container harbor are located near the bay. The column sediments were collected at 4 stations(A, B, C and D) and fractionated at intervals of two-centimeter depth on July 29, 1999. PAHs in colmn sediment samples were extracted in soxhlet extractor and were identified and quantified by GC-MS. PAHs compounds were analyzed and found to be 13 species. Total PAHs concentrations in the column sediments ranged from 275.04 to 2,838.64${\mu}g/kg$ dry wt. Naphthalene had the highest concentration in the range of 40.60 to 2,294.06${\mu}g/kg$ dry wt. and Anthracene had the lowest concentration in the range of 2.63 to 11.30${\mu}g/kg$ dry wt. The correlation coefficients between individual PAHs and total PAHs in the column sediments were relatively higher in the low molecular compounds such as Naphthalene, Acenaphthylene and Phenanthrene. The relationship between the P/A(Phenanthrene/Anthracene)ratio and F/P(Fluoranthene/Pyrene)ratio showed that P/A ratio was generally above 10 and F/P ratio was above 1 in all sediment samples. These data indicate that PAHs in the column sediments around Gwangyang bay seem to be of both pyrolytic and petrogenic origin The values of PAHs in the column sediments were lower than the biological effect guidelines.

시화호 해수 및 유입하천수 중 PFCs의 농도 분포

저현서(Cho Hyeon-Seo),강조해(Kang Jo-Hae),조천래(Cho Chon-Rae),박정채(Park Jeong Chae),이대인(Lee Dae-In) 한국해양환경·에너지학회 2006 한국해양환경·에너지학회 학술대회논문집 Vol.2006 No.-

시화호내ㆍ외해수와 유입되는 하천수 중 PFCs의 농도분포를 2005년 11월에 채취한 시료를 이용하여 분석하였다. 시화호의 표층수, 저층수 및 유입하천수 중의 농도는 perfluorohexanesulfonate (PFHS)가 ND~0.8, 0.3~0.5, 1.8~35.9 ng/L, perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS)는3 3.6~11.6, 3.6~8.1, 5.8~253.2 ng/L, perfluorooctanesulfonamide (PFOSA)는 ND~0.5, ND~0.4, 0.3~2.7 ng/L, perfluorononanoic acid (PFNA)는 ND~3.5, ND~0.6, ND-125.0 ng/L, pefluorooctanoic acid (PFOA)는 ND~3.3, ND~0.7, 0.7~405.5 ng/L의 범위로 각각 검출되었다. 전반적으로 PFOS와 PFOA가 전체 PFCs에서 상대적으로 높았으며, 지역별로는 시화호로 유입되는 하천수 중 산업단지부근에 위치한 L1~L5 지점에서 다른 조사지점의 농도에 비해 상대적으로 매우 높은 농도를 보였다. Water samples collected from the surface and bottom layer of Sihwa lake, and the inflow stream water around Sihwa lake were analyzed to determine the concentration of PFCs on November, 2005. Ranges of concentrations of perfluorohexanesulfonate (PFHS) in seawater of the surface and bottom layer of Sihwa lake and the inflow stream water around Sihwa lake were ND-0.8, 0.3~0.5 and 1.8~35.9 ng/L, respectively. Those of perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS) were 3.6~11.6, 3.6~8.1, 5.8~253.2 ng/L, perfluorooctanesulfonamide (PFOSA) were ND~0.5, ND~0.4, 0.3~2.7 ng/L, perfluorononanoic acid (PFNA) were ND~3.5, ND~0.6, ND~125.0 ng/L, perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) were ND~3.3, ND~0.7, 0.7~405.5 ng/L, respectively. Dominant compounds of PFCs were PFOS and PFOA. Concentrations in site(L1~L4) of inflow stream located on the industrial complex were higher than the values of seawater and the others stream.

득량만 북동내만해역의 해양수질 및 저질의 계절적변동특성에 관한연구

조현서(Cho Hyeon-Seo),조천래(Cho Chon-Rae),최민호(Choi Min-Ho),박정채(Park Jeong Chae) 한국해양환경·에너지학회 2006 한국해양환경·에너지학회 학술대회논문집 Vol.2006 No.-

본 연구는 남해안에 위치한 반폐쇄성인 득량만의 북동내만해역에서 해양수질과 저질의 계절적 변동특성을 파악하기 위하여 수행하였다. 18개 정점에서 2005년 8월 24일부터 2006년 5월 25일까지 계절별로 총 4회에 걸쳐 수질과 저질에 대하여 조사를 실시하였다. 염분은 동일한 조사시기에 조석간에 차이는 거의 없었으며 담수유입에 따른 염분의 변동이 크게 나타났다. 부유물질(SS)의 분포는 계절에 따라 상당히 다른 양상을 보이고 있었다. 얕은 수심과 조류의 영향을 크게 받고 있어 일기에 따른 변화가 컸다. 용존산소(DO)는 대부분의 조사 해역에서 하계와 춘계는 Ⅱ등급, 추계와 동계는 Ⅰ등급의 수질을 나타냈다. 화학적 산소요구량(COD)은 국지적으로 높은 농도를 보이는 정점도 있었으나 전체적으로 약 정 ~In등급 수준의 수질을 나타냈다. 규산 규소는 전반적으로 동계에 가장 낮은 농도 분포를 보였으며, 하계에 가장 높은 농도분포를 보이고 있었다. 총질소(TN)는 동계에 낮은 특성을 다른 조사시기에는 Ⅲ 등급 전후의 수질을 보여 질소의 농도가 높은 것으로 나타났다. 총인(TP)의 경우 하계에 최고 농도를 보였으며, 전 조사시기를 통해 대부분의 조사 해역에서 Ⅱ~Ⅲ 등급의 수질을 보였다. 산휘발성황화물(AVS)은 몇몇 지점을 제외하고 거의 모든 정점에서 수산생물의 성장에 영향을 미친다는 0.2 ㎎/g-dry를 초과하는 농도분포를 보였으나 저질의 오염 기준치인 1 ㎎/g 이상(일본수산자원보호협회편, 1980)보다는 대부분의 해역에서 기준보다 낮은 분포를 보였다. 퇴적물의 화학적 산소요구량(COD)은 하계와 추계 조사시에 다소 높은 평균값을 보였으나 하계 조사시에는 상대적으로 10~15 ㎎/g-dry 전후의 낮은 농도분포를 나타내고 있었다.

Nano-S가 해양수질 및 저질에 미치는 영향에 관한 연구

조현서(Cho Hyeon-Seo),조천래(Cho Chon-Rae),장영남(Jang Young-Nam) 한국해양환경·에너지학회 2005 한국해양환경·에너지학회지 Vol.8 No.3

광양만 유역의 수질 및 표층퇴적물에서의 PFOS 및 PFCs의 오염에 관한 연구

조현서(Hyeon Seo Cho),강조해(Jo Hae Kang),이대인(Dae In Lee),조천래(Chon Rae Cho),최민호(Min ho Choi) 한국해양환경·에너지학회 2005 한국해양환경공학회 학술대회논문집 Vol.2005 No.11

Per Fluorinated Compounds(PFCs) are fully fluorinated organic molecules produced synthetically in an electrochemical fluorination process PFOS, PFOA, PFHS, PFOSA are including among PFCs these compounds have high molecular weight and created are environmentally stable these compounds used in a variety of applications, such as in lubricants, paints, cosmetics, and fire-fighting foams. Produced and used widely over the last half-century, PFCs are being detected in wildlife and humans around the globe. Kwangyang Bay is a semi-closed coastal sea on the south coast of Korea. The total population within the bay watershed is approximately 240,000 people. Several rivers and ditches, including the Seomjin River, one of Korea's five biggest river systems, enter the bay, and seawater is exchanged with the South Sea at the southern part of the bay. The water depth is less than 5m in the western part of the bay, and is more than 20m near Myodo and in the eastern part of the bay. The area is characterised by a semidiurnal tide. Land-based pollution sources(river water, sediment) were investigated in January 2005 and seawater and sediment samples were collected in November 2004 and January 2005. Ranges of concentrations of PFOS, PFOA, PFHS and PFOSA in stream waters were ND-1411.5ng/L, ND-376.0ng/L, ND-488.0ng/L and ND-3.6ng/L, respectively. Stream sediments were ND-5.43ng/g dry-wt, ND-0.47ng/g dry-wt, ND-0.14ng/g dry-wt and ND-0.47ng/g dry-wt, respectively. Ranges of concentrations of PFOA in sea water at November 2004 were ND-5.0ng/L.. PFOS and PFOA in sea water at January 2005 were ND-14.3ng/L and ND-4.9ng/L, respectively.

광양만유역 점오염원의 오염부하량과 시간변동 특성

이대인(Dae In LEE),조현서(Hyeon Seo CHO),조천래(Chon Rae CHO),이정훈(Jeong Hoon LEE),강조해(Jo Hae KANG),최민호(Min Ho CHOI),김도희(Do Hee KIM),윤진숙(Jin Suk YOON) 전남대학교 수산과학연구소 2004 수산과학연구소논문집 Vol.13 No.-

Temporal and spatial characteristics of pollutant loads from the various pollution sources in Kwangyang Bay were evaluated. Total discharging loadings of BOD, TN, and TP by unit loading estimation were 11,524 ㎏/day, 11,536 ㎏/day, and 827 ㎏/day, respectively, and were mainly affected by the industrial and population sources. The Yeosu and Kwangyang cities as administrative district had the highest pollutant loads. Flow rate ranges from about 30-4,406,400 ㎥/day in December to 240-35,337,600 ㎥/day in August with a flow rate of PS27 (the Seomjin River) as the highest one. Total COD, TN, and TP loadings in August were about 89,915 ㎏/day, 2,077,845 ㎏/day, and 50,123 ㎏/day, respectively, which exceeded those of December. Especially, of input sources, the Seomjin river had the most pollutant loads. Wastewater discharging loads from the water treatment facilities was the greatest contributors to pollutant loads in the inner part of Kwangyang Bay. Point sources located in south-western part of the bay showed high concentration in heavy metals distribution. Seasonal variations of pollutant loads were related to the changes of flow rate, those were increased rapidly on August, 2004. For the improvement of water quality in this area, pollutant loads were reduced within the limits of the environmental capacity.