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D.H.로렌스의 감성주의 교육관: 감성 위기 시대와 생명적 자아의 복원
조일제(Jo Il-Jae) 새한영어영문학회 2009 새한영어영문학 Vol.51 No.1
This paper is intended to investigate D.H.Lawrence's view of sensibility-oriented education based on his anti-intellectualism in his major two novels, The Rainbow and Women in Love and some education related essays with a great notice to Lawrence's teacher career for about 9 years. His society of 20th century's England was biased to the perverted way of life in the atmosphere of industrialization, scientism, and intellectualism. So people in the industrial-technical society became mechanical, automatic, and materialistic state of mind which lost dynamic, living life and energy out of them. Such situation was similar to school children, teachers, university students and professors. Lawrence was very serious, repulsive, and critical to the situational atmosphere of educational field and the whole society. Ursula, an elementary school teacher in The Rainbow saw all the schoolteachers compelling children into one disciplined, mechanical set, reducing the whole set to an automatic state of obedience, and commanding their acceptance of various pieces of knowledge. She hates the will of the teacher and school authority is imposed upon the will of the children. Lawrence thinks that the 'will' is a negative element against spontaneous, living, vital self, which leads people fixed, mechanical, and empty entity. In this way, Ursula wants to be free from her school and seeks a real, dynamic, wonderful world which can give the fullness of her soul. She found that the university was not different from the elementary school in the unreal, misleading points when she entered the university to get a regular teacher certificate. To her, professors was a flunkey to the god of material success and a serviceman at the commercia shrine. Ursula hates the university's simple and shabby commercialism, materialism, and intellectualism. Dr. Frankstone, physics professor who rejects special mystery of beings is a representative of modem academic materialism and intellectualism. He believes that life consists in a complexity of physical and chemical activities. According to Lawrence, such kind of thinking way deprives man of 'To Be.' What he believes in is 'a being infinite', impossible within a limited set of concepts. Lawrence says that the being infinite belongs to dark world. "Dark real body of life", what he calls, is related to dynamic, vital self, based on senses and sensibility which is impossible in the materialistic, mechanical, and intellectual consciousness/self. Birkin, a school inspector, in Women in Love suggests "dark knowledge" to Hermione, his temporary lover who is overcharged with intellectual, mental consciousness and is always proud of her intellectual, mental knowledge. Dark self/consciousness, what Lawrence calls, is blood-self/consciousness. It is the opposite of intellectual, mental self/consciousness. Lawrence places much greater importance on blood-consciousness than mental consciousness. Birkin argues about the issue 'dark knowledge' with Hermione and Ursular, his later lover and a grammar school teacher now in this novel. Lawrence sees only a fixed, static entity, an abstraction, and an extraction from the living body of life that is blood-being/soul from an intellectual man. For this reason he was quarreling with Bertrand Russell, a great intellectualist at his days. Lawrence thinks that intellectualism works upon control-principle and machine-principle, so looks upon it as a fall or a sin against spontaneous, instinctive, and sensitive adjustment for children. Therefore a natural man, or a savage man in a state of nature is ideal to Lawrence than a civilized man. Lawrence's educational view and motto are very similar to those of Jean Jacques Rousseau, who asks one to "Return to the Nature." Rousseau's romantic, naturalist educational motto which is expressed in his educational novel, Emile, can be found equally in Lawrence's novels and educational essays. Like Rousseau, Lawrence believes that one should mainta
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조일제 ( Il Jae Jo ) 한국로렌스학회 2009 D.H. 로렌스 연구 Vol.17 No.1
This thesis applies the poetics of chiasmatic encounter to D.H. Lawrence`s literary works. The poetics of chiasmatic encounter can be used in various areas of studies as an academic research approach. Basically it is an encounter and an interaction between two different entities. Therefore it is characterized by dialectic movement and process which can cause a certain change and difference between the two opposites, namely subject and object. In Lawrence`s literature, the poetics of chiasmatic encounter plays an important role and makes a significant effect as a literary technique, or a poetic, dramatic device in terms of composing, arranging remarkable scenes or episodes, and creating major characters and their relationship. So it works a key aesthetic device in D. H. Lawrence`s literary creation. His idea of dualism is related to this poetics of chiasmatic encounter. In his works there are various encounters and interactions between contrastive, opposite characters or selves and furthermore between two different humans that are male and female and between cultures as well. His chiasmatic poetics brings conflict, fight, tension, a broad spectrum of literary effects from dynamic life force, mysterious harmony, sense of creative evolution, balance, peace, and security, etc. This can be a sort of intertwining, constructing/deconstructing, interacting dual beings. Thus a great interest can be derived from this chiasmatic encounter. The effects of contrastiveness by the poetics of chiasmatic encounter are very exciting in many scenes of Lawrence`s novels. Lawrence`s unique apocalyptic idea brings such a kind of a contrastive effect. In this case, the destruction of modern people`s corruption, immorality, and old selves, death-like life is an inevitable requirement for the recreation of new self, society, and civilization. The negative, old life should, and can be destroyed and recreated into a positive, new life by apocalyptic deconstruction, which is Lawrence`s important philosophical faith. This kind of a contrastive literary design for chiasmatic poetics is shown importantly in Women in Love, "St. Mawr," "The Woman Who Rode Away." In this manner Lawrence`s the poetics of chiasmatic encounter gives an impressive, interesting, dramatic literary embodiment to his fictions.
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D. H. 로렌스의 극작품 『다윗』, 『노아의 홍수』-구약성경의 연극적 재창조
조일제 ( Il Jae Jo ) 21세기영어영문학회 2012 영어영문학21 Vol.25 No.4
This article is intended to examine the process of dramatic recreation and theatrical performance of D. H. Lawrence``s plays, David, Noah``s Flood adapted from biblical stories of Old Testament, and to review the religious characteristics and literary esthetic value of the two works. These works are written in the time of Lawrence`s much more serious tuberculosis suffering. Lawrence seeks the real, true, eternal life against death beyond his body`s destruction in these two works. Biblical stories about David and King Saul in ``Samuel I``, and Noah and his three sons saved from Flood Judgement by God in ``Genesis.`` are dealt with in the two works, and follow the original stories, but the Christian religious natures are in some degree changed into a new dimensions and appearances with the primitive, ancient American Indian religion, which is pantheistic, animistic natural faith, which are strange to the western modern people. Lawrence finds a new revelation in this primitive religion of American Indians. Therefore the special complexity and intertextuality produced from two religious types of Christianity and paganism are included in the two theatrical works. This paper reviews Lawrence`s Christian background, its growth and developments from early childhood through adolescent period to later life along with his great concerns about old primitive religious passion and ancient various mysterious strange life in pre-Christian, pre-Flood age. In this analysis all these informations and knowledge are used to understand Lawrence`s religious vision, its peculiarities, wish-fulfillment, and self-realization.
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과학에 대한 D. H. 로렌스의 태도와 포스트휴먼 사상
조일제 ( Il Jae Jo ) 한국로렌스학회 2011 D.H. 로렌스 연구 Vol.19 No.1
This article is intended to examine the aspects and characteristics of the posthuman thought in D. H. Lawrence`s scientific attitude in his novels and essays. For Lawrence, human-being is not different from animal, plant, heavenly star, sun, and other inorganic material things. This thought is based on scientific materialism, which is simply materialistic, but spiritually materialistic. And a part of human body is an independent ``thinking matter`` with its own life; for example, our hand is an organ like our brain. In D. H. Lawrence`s novels, an animal is identical with a human being which has dynamic, vibrating spiritual element and energy as the original fundamental universal matter. This thought of spiritual, pantheistic materialism of D. H. Lawrence was once dominant in his young days, and partly come from his reading of ``new science`` like Darwin, Spencer, Haeckel, Spinoza, Bergson, and other scientists and philosophers. D. H. Lawrence`s posthuman thought like this goes beyond the traditional humanism which is humanity-centered. So his thought is open to the posthumanism and the vision of new human-being in postmodern 21st century. D. H. Lawrence`s view on machine has double attitude, so ambiguous and ambivalent. Of course, he shows a hateful sentiment towards a lifeless, cold, automatic machine and mechanism. For him, however, mankind`s organs and body as a whole operate, and the operation works materially, physical- physiologically, with its own principles. His vision on human body is identical with Deleuze and Guattari`s assumption of "a desiring machine" and human body without organs, as a rhizome. Lawrence`s characters and things described in his novels could be anything or any kind in accordance with Deleuze and Guattari`s "becoming" principle. For example, a human being could be such animals as serpent, fox, horse, and heavenly forms like sun, moon, and stars. Furthermore such kinds of animal or heavenly things could be gods or powerful superbeings beyond human limitation. This thought can be called anthropomorphism. This vision of human being is posthumanism as an anti-humanism. In this way Lawrence can be connected with posthumanism. The above-mentioned posthuman thought as anti-humanism in D. H. Lawrence`s works leads to his theory of character creation based on physical-physiology of allotropy. Descriptive words and metaphoric expressions of characters in his novel The Rainbow, according to Lawrence`s answer in a letter to Edward Garnett, are directed to elemental physical state of allotropies which he tries to trace and his search for a human being as real, true being. This search for humanity is beyond traditional humanism.
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D. H. 로렌스 문학의 연금술적 상상력과 존재의 완성
조일제 ( Il Jae Jo ) 한국로렌스학회 2016 D.H. 로렌스 연구 Vol.24 No.1
This paper is intended to analyse and identify the aspects and characteristics in the alchemical imagination of D. H. Lawrence’s novels. Such alchemical imagination is an expression to find the fulfillment of creative self as an ultimate end of his art and life. In Lawrence, there are intentional consciousness and desire for the progress toward a primordial, ideal type of supreme being which protagonists in Lawrence’s novels seek. Critical of ordinary lower self, they are trying to get over lacking and corruptive state of modern people’s selves and want to advance into the highest state of selves through dynamic interaction with the nature and the universe. Protagonists in Lawrence’s novels seek the spiritual fullness of their selves beyond the ordinary lower level into transcendental level. They try to change their selves into a wonderful, creative ones, and return to the primordial state of their beings. Lawrence’s ideal like this is associated with an artistic alchemy. Choice-gold men like Adam and Eve in Garden of Eden in the beginning days of the paradisal scenes described in the novels are an embodiment of alchemical vision of creation. This aspect makes Lawrence viewed as an artistic alchemist. The protagonists in his novels wish to evolve into a supreme type of being like a refined choice gold man. So this tendency in Lawrence’s novels makes his novels into an alchemical work. In this respect, an alchemical approach to Lawrence’s novels can be a compass for a deep, real understanding and evaluation of his novels.
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