옥쌀과 토끼―1970년대 북한의 ‘먹는 문제’와 국가의 식생활 개입

조은성 역사문제연구소 2024 역사비평 Vol.- No.146

이 글은 북한의 식량문제에 대한 대응으로서 1970년대 옥쌀의 주식화 및 토끼고기 섭취 캠페인을 다룬다. 북한에서 옥수수는 강냉이로 불리는데, 1960년대 말부터는 강냉이가루와 밀가루 등을 섞어 쌀 모양으로 가공한 것을 ‘옥쌀’이라 불렀다. 북한은 70년대에 주요 시·군에서 옥쌀의 생산시설을 건설, 확충하고 인민들에게는 옥쌀로 밥을 지어먹을 것을 독려했다. 1970년대 초반은 이상기후 현상으로 곡물 생산량이 급감해 주요 수출국이 수출량을 줄였고 이에 따라 식량문제가 전 세계적으로 대두했던 시기였다. 특히 북한의 경우 급증한 인구로 인해 식량 수급에 대한 위기감이 높아지고 있던 때였다. 이 시기 북한은 한편으론 옥쌀을 쌀 대용으로 제시하고 다른 한편으로는 곡물이 아닌 풀을 먹는 가축을 키워 고기로 먹으라는 운동을 전개했다. 풀 먹는 집짐승으로 가장 많이 언급된 것 중 하나가 토끼였는데, 이는 토끼가 번식력이 매우 높고 빨리 크는 특성을 가졌기 때문이다. 이처럼 옥쌀과 토끼고기 먹기 캠페인은 1970년대 북한에서 국가가 적극적으로 개입한 식생활 정책의 산물이었다. 그러나 이러한 국가적 선전에도 인민들의 옥쌀에 대한 인식이나 토끼고기에 대한 생활 속 수용 양상에는 도농간 차이를 비롯해 상당한 균열이 있었다. 이 글에서는 1970년대 국가 주도 대용식으로서 옥쌀과 토끼고기가 선택되고 강제되는 과정을 살펴보고, 그에 대한 인민들의 반응과 실제 수용은 어떠했는지를 고찰한다. 이어 최악의 식량난을 겪었던 ‘고난의 행군’ 이후 대중화되어 북한 인민의 식생활에 자리잡은 옥쌀과 토끼요리가 갖는 의미를 논의해 볼 것이다. This article discusses the 1970s campaign to establish okssal as a staple crop and promote the consumption of rabbit meat in North Korea as a response to the country’s food problems. In North Korea, corn, or oksusu, is called kangnaengi. Since the late 1960s, it has been processed into rice by mixing corn powder with flour and other ingredients, resulting in okssal, which literally means corn rice but also implies jade rice in North Korean discourse. During the 1970s, North Korea built and expanded okssal production facilities in major cities and counties and encouraged people to cook rice with okssal. The early 1970s was a time of global food shortages as major exporting countries cut back on exports in response to abnormal weather conditions that caused grain production to plummet. North Korea, in particular, was facing a growing food crisis due to its rapidly expanding population. During this time, North Korea promoted okssal as a substitute for rice while also advocating the raising of grass-eating livestock for meat. One of the most commonly mentioned grass-eating domestic animals was the rabbit, known for its high fertility and quick growth. Overall, the campaign to consume okssal and rabbit meat was a product of the North Korean state’s active dietary policy in the 1970s. However, despite the state propaganda, there were significant disparities in people’s perceptions of okssal and their acceptance of rabbit meat in their daily lives, including differences between rural and urban areas. This article examines the process by which okssal and rabbit meat were selected and imposed as state-led substitutes in the 1970s and how people reacted to and actually accepted them. It then discusses the significance of okssal and rabbit dishes as they became popularized and entrenched in North Koreans’ dietary habits since the Arduous March of the mid-to-late 1990s, when the country experienced its worst food shortages.

Originators of Reliability Coefficients : A Historical Review of the Originators of Reliability Coefficients Including Cronbach’s Alpha

조은성,천성용 한국조사연구학회 2018 조사연구 Vol.19 No.2

The names of commonly used reliability coefficients, such as Cronbach’s alpha, give the impression that we are expressing respect for the first developers of the formulas. However, few studies have investigated the identity of each person who first discovered each reliability coefficient from a neutral point of view. This study examines the history of reliability coefficients and presents conclusions regarding who should be credited for developing each reliability coefficient. For example, this study claims that credit for inventing the alpha formula should be awarded to Kuder and Richardson (1937) and that the merit of developing a reliability coefficient based on a unidimensional confirmatory factor analysis model should be returned to Jöreskog (1971). This study criticizes the existing names of reliability coefficients as pseudo-historical (i.e., not actually but having the appearance of being historical), suggesting the use of ahistorical (i.e., without concern for history) names instead.

마케팅에서 갈등 연구: 이론적 고찰 및 제안

조은성,황인석 한국산업경제학회 2006 산업경제연구 Vol.19 No.4

다단연소 오일버너의 Nox 제어에 관한 연구 ( The Study on the Nox Controls in Multi-Staged Oil Burner )

조은성,안국영,김한석,안진혁,김용모 대한기계학회 1997 대한기계학회 춘추학술대회 Vol.- No.-

The Location of Demographic Questions in Questionnaires: Any Effects on the Survey?

조은성,변숙은 한국상품학회 2012 商品學硏究 Vol.30 No.2

Despite the widely-held belief that demographic questions should be located at the end of questionnaires, little research effort has been made to find empirical evidence for such a recommendation. Based on a laboratory experiment, this study compares survey responses between demographics-at-the-beginning and demographics-at-the-end questionnaires in terms of response quality, social desirability bias, omission rate of demographic questions, and ease of response. The results showed that there were no significant differences in survey response between the two locations of demographics. The findings reassure marketing researchers who need to use quota sampling, which requires demographics to be asked at the beginning of questionnaires.

애니메이션 제작과정에 관한 연구

조은성 커뮤니케이션디자인협회 커뮤니케이션디자인학회 2008 커뮤니케이션 디자인학연구 Vol.28 No.-

애니메이션은 움직임을 갈망하는 많은 사람들의 기본적인 욕구이고 꿈이다. 그러나 만들어진 작품들을 보고 있으면 움직임의 표현에 큰 아쉬움이 들게 된다. 좀 더 사실적 움직임을 표현하여서 보는 이로 하여금 작품 내용에만 몰입되게 해야 되는데, 부자연스러운 움직임은 작품에 집중하지 못하는 직접적인 이유 중 하나이다. 따라서 본 연구는 단편 애니메이션 <CROSS ENCOUNTER>를 대상으로 애니메이션 과정을 프로세스별로 분석 필요한 요소를 알아보고, 이에 따른 적용방법은 무엇인지 연구함으로 애니메이션제작에서 필요한 전반적인 과정을 이해하여 실질적으로 제작에 도움이 될 개념적인 과정에 대한 연구이다. Animation serves a fundamental desire and dream of many people who yearn to express motion. However, some works of animation leave disappointment because of the manner in which movements are represented. Realistic movements are essential for allowing viewers to be immersed in animation work, and unnatural motions are one of direct reasons prevent such attention. Therefore, Subject of this study is focused on shot animation, CROSS ENCOUNTER. Animation process searches analysis necessary constituent by process. Application method by this studies what it is. Understand necessary general process in animation manufacture. It is research about visualize Conceptional process to help in animation manufacture.

Effect of Quantum Mechanical Charges in Binding Sites of Metalloproteins

조은성 한국바이오칩학회 2007 BioChip Journal Vol.1 No.1

Conventional docking methods assume fixed charge model from force field parameters. Combined quantum mechanics/molecular mechanics (QM/MM) method has been applied to docking as a variable charge model and shown to exhibit improvement on the docking accuracy over fixed-charge-based methods. However, there are a number of examples for which adoption of variable charge model fails to reproduce the native binding mode. In particular, the method fails more often for metal-ion-containing proteins, metalloproteins. This class of proteins has highly polarized binding sites at which high-coordinate-numbered metal ions reside. We examine the docking results of this group of proteins and analyze the detailed interactions involved. We deduce the mechanism for success and failure of variable charge model. It is argued that extension of QM/MM docking method would correct the over-fitted charges so as to lead to better docking accuracy for docking of metalloproteins.

Quantum Mechanical Calculations for Binding Sites of Metalloproteins

조은성 한국바이오칩학회 2008 BioChip Journal Vol.2 No.2

Conventional docking methods which assume fixed charge model from force field parameters fail to predict right binding modes in a few groups of protein targets including metalloproteins. A new novel docking method with combined quantum mechanics / molecular mechanics (QM/MM) method has been applied to docking as a variable charge model and shown to exhibit improvement on the docking accuracy over fixed charge based methods. However, it has also been shown that there are a number of examples for which adoption of variable charge model fails to reproduce the native binding modes. The original implementation of QM/MM docking treated only ligands as quantum regions, which leaves metal ions present in binding sites with non-optimized charges. To address this problem, we extend the QM/MM docking method so that metal ions are included in quantum region, along with ligand atoms. This extension effectively rescales metal ion charge, but the results of docking experiment for binding mode prediction are unsatisfactory. Further analysis suggests that charge on metal ions transfers more greatly to surrounding protein atoms rather than ligand atoms, which explains the apparent over-correction of metal ion charge.

다단연소기를 이용한 저 NOx 연소특성 연구

조은성,성용진,정석호,Cho, Eun-Seong,Sung, Yong-Jin,Chung, Suk-Ho 대한기계학회 2003 大韓機械學會論文集B Vol.27 No.1

Staged combustion, such as air- and fuel-staging, is a relatively well-known technique fur reduction of NOx emission and used in combination with other techniques nowadays. However, the design variables are still selected depending upon operating conditions. There are many variables tested to investigate the NOx emission characteristics fur changing of fuel or air velocity, swirl intensity, and staging ratio of air and fuel in multi-staged burner. In air-staging case, the fuel-rich condition of the primary combustion zone is very helpful to reduce NOx emission and its range is known to be restricted by the increase of carbon monoxide. However, in many cases carbon monoxide level is not too high to be restricted operating condition. So we tried to expand the equivalence ratio range to the richer condition in the primary combustion zone and certificate the function of each burner component and its contribution to the overall NOx production.

동생 돌보기

조은성 고요아침 2020 한국동시조 Vol.- No.16