갯벌토양 미생물 군집에 미치는 Methyl tert-Butyl Ether (MTBE)의 영향

조원실,조경숙 대한환경공학회 2006 대한환경공학회 학술발표논문집 Vol.2006 No.12

경기지역 산업시설 방류수 생태독성 영향 평가

조원실,김상훈,양형재,Cho, Won-Sil,Kim, Sang-Hoon,Yang, Hyoung-Jae 한국환경보건학회 2011 한국환경보건학회지 Vol.37 No.2

Objectives: Industrial development in Korea results in a rapid increase in the number of chemicals, some of which may be responsible for toxicity to aquatic ecosystems. In addition, the types of hazardous chemicals included in industrial effluents have gradually increased. Therefore, chemical analysis alone is not enough to assess ecological effects of toxic chemicals in wastewater. Methods: In response to new regulations as whole effluent toxicity (WET) tests for effluent discharge of 15 publicly owned treatment works (POTWs) and 25 industrial effluent treatment plants in Gyeonggi-do, which will be effective from 2011, a necessity of studies emerges that investigates toxicity levels. Results: In case of the public treatment plants, none of them had exceeded the criteria for ecotoxicity. As for individual wastewater discharge facilities, on the other hand, two types were found to exceed the criteria: pulp and paper manufacturing facilities and pharmaceutical manufacturing facilities. For the pulp and paper manufacturing facilities, monitoring results could not help determine the exact toxicant identification. However, Daphnia magna inhibition effect or death was found to leave white plums, suggesting that suspended solids treated and the polymer used in coagulant dose. In case of pharmaceutical manufacturing facilities, the general water quality parameters cannot affect Daphia magna. However, conductivity and salinity can have an effect to be 14,000 ${\mu}s/cm$, 8.1‰ by salts, respectively. Toxicity Identification Evaluation (TIE) and Toxicity Reduction Evaluation (TRE) procedures results appeared to be effective for identifying toxic compounds in $Cl^{-}$ and $SO_4^{2-}$. Conclusions: It is necessary to develop control measures for water treatment chemicals and salts used for processes such as coagulation in individual wastewater discharge facilities in order to achieve the goal to protect aquatic ecosystems in public waters.

Struvite 결정화에 의한 축산폐수로 부터 질소·인 자원의 재생

조원실,윤성준,라창식 한국동물자원과학회 2003 한국축산학회지 Vol.45 No.5

Operational parameters for struvite crystallization, as a process to recover nitrogen and phosphorus resources from animal wastewater, were studied in this research. Crystallization distinctive of NH_(4)-N and PO_(4)^(3-) in accordance to chemical sources, influent ?, aeration and stirring was examined using 2L of working volume of struvite reactor. Also, to find an effective treatment process combining with electrolysis method, removal characteristics of NH_(4)-N and PO_(4)^(3-) in 6 different processes was tested. As chemical sources for the derivation of struvite formation, MgSO_(4) and MgCl_(2) were superior to CaCO_(3) and CaCl_(2). From experiment which was conducted to know the effects of aeration and stirring on struvite formation, it was revealed that aeration stimulated the crystallization reaction by inducing faster ? increase. While 90% of P removal was achieved within 1 hour under aeration, 14 hours was consumed under stirring condition. Struvite formation under aeration was affected by influent ?. No crystallization was observed at ? 5 level, but active crystallization reaction was induced over ? 6.0. 95% of P removal by struvite formation at ? 6, 7 and 9 was achieved within 3h, 2h and 10min, respectively. However, over ? 10, operational problem due to excessive foam formation occurred, and blunting of crystallization reaction was observed at ? 11. When consider the ? range of animal wastewater, ? 7 to 9. efficient struvite formation could be achieved by simple aeration, without andy chemicaa usage for ? adjustment. Among tested processes, the treatment process which electrolyzing the supernatant from struvite reactor, providing air to both reactors, showed best pollutant removal respectively, and 92.4% of color removal was obtained.

우사깔짚에서 발생되는 온실가스 배출량 산정: 모의 실험결과

조원실 ( Won Sil Cho ),이진의 ( Jin Eui Lee ),박규현 ( Kyu Hyun Park ),김정대 ( Jeong Dae Kim ),라창식 ( Chang Six Ra ) 한국동물자원과학회(구 한국축산학회) 2013 한국축산학회지 Vol.55 No.1

우사바닥깔짚으로부터의 온실가스 배출량을 산정하기 위해 깔짚으로의 분뇨부하량을 정확히 조절할 수 있는 모의우사바닥에서의 깔짚두께별 CH4와 N2O 가스 발생량을 조사하였다. 톱밥이 10, 15cm 높이로 깔린 0.2583m2(L 0.63m×W 0.41m) 크기의 우사바닥으로의 한우와 젖소의 분뇨부하는 친환경 축사표준모델의 축사면적과 축종별 일일 분뇨배설량 자료를 기준으로 한우는 1.586 kg/m2/d, 젖소는 3.588kg/m2/d로 정하고 24시간 주기로 분뇨를 투입/혼합하면서 깔짚으로부터 발생하는 온실가스 발생량을 조사하였다. 총 12개의 모의우사바닥을 이용하여 모든 실험은 3반복으로 3회에 걸쳐 수행되었다(5~7월, 9~11월, 2~4월). 그 결과 단위면적당 CH4 발생량은 한우, 젖소 모두에서 깔짚이 두꺼운 경우 적게 발생하는 경향을 보였으나 통계적으로 유의적인 차이가 없었으며 (p<0.05), N2O 발생량의 경우에도 깔짚두께에 따른 차이가 없는 것으로 나타났다. 한우와 젖소를 비교할 때 단위면적당 온실가스 발생량은 젖소가 CH4는 약 7.5배, N2O는 약 1.2배 많았으며 연간 배출되는 CH4는 한우 7.4g/head/year, 젖소 130.4g/head/year로 젖소가 한우에 비해 21배 높은 것으로 나타났다. 또한 N2O는 한우 3,267g/head/year, 젖소 14,719g/head/year로 젖소가 약 4.5배 많았으나 배설된 N 대비 N2O-N은 한우 0.2148kg N2O-N/kg N, 젖소 0.1632kg N2O-N/kg N으로 오히려 한우가 높았으며 IPCC 2006 GL값 0.07kg N2O-N/kg N과 비교시 한우는 약 3.07배, 젖소는 약 2.33배 높은 것으로 나타났다. To know the emission amount of greenhouse gases from bedding materials of cowshed floor, the emission rates of methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide(N2O) gases from a simulated cowshed floor(SCF) with sawdust that manure loading rate into the bedding material could be accurately controlled were assessed in this study. The manure loading rates of Korean beef and Holstein dairy cattle into the SCF of 0.258m2 surface area with 10 to 15cm height sawdust were 1.586kg/m2/d and 3.588 kg/m2/d, respectively, and those were calculated on the basis of "Standard model for sustainable livestock" and "Data for excretion amount of manure from livestock". All experiments were done in triplicates in three different seasons(May to July, Sep. to Nov., and Feb. to Apr.) using 12 SCFs. The effects of bedding material thickness on CH4 and N2O emission from SCFs for both Korean beef cattle and Holstein dairy cattle were not statistically significant(p<0.05). Emission amount of CH4 and N2O per square meter of SCF for Holstein dairy cattle was 7.5 and 1.2 times higher than that of Korean beef cattle, respectively. The yearly CH4 amount per head was 17.7 times higher in Holstein dairy cattle, obtaining 130.4 g/head/year from SCF for Holstein dairy cattle and 7.4g/head/year from SCF for Korean beef cattle, and N2O was also 3.8 times higher in Holstein dairy cattle (3,267g/head/year in Korean beef cattle and 14,719 g/head/year in Holstein dairy cattle). However, the N2O-N per loaded nitrogen into SCF was higher in Korean beef cattle, having 0.2148 and 0.1632 kg N2O-N/kg N in Korean beef cattle and Holstein dairy cattle, respectively, and those values were 3.07 and 2.33 times higher than that of Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change(IPCC) 2006 guideline(GL) (0.07kg N2O-N/kg N).

갯벌 미생물 활성 및 다양성에 미치는 Methyl tert-Butyl Ether(MTBE)와 MTBE 대사산물의 영향

조원실 ( Won Sil Cho ),조경숙 ( Kyung Suk Cho ) 한국미생물생명공학회 2008 한국미생물·생명공학회지 Vol.36 No.4

기초 탐구 활동 중심 환경 수업이 초등학생들의 환경적 태도에 미치는 효과

조원실(Won-Sil Cho),김용근(Yong-Guen Kim) 한국환경교육학회 2009 環境 敎育 Vol.22 No.3

This article extracted feasible elements for an environmental education program from the 'Intelligent Life', an integrated subject of the 7th elementary school curriculum, and designed a program for second graders in the elementary school and applied it to them in order to examine how the students' environmental attitudes changed. In the controlled class, the instruction followed the lessons specified in the 7th national curriculum faithfully while for the experimental class 1, only the inquiry activity-based environmental education program was applied. Moreover, in experimental class 2, the inquiry activity-based environmental education program was implemented and wrap-up activity was performed as well with the products. To verify the program, questionnaires on the change of environmental attitudes were distributed and analyzed total three times in the pretest, posttest 1(right after the program), and posttest 2(30 days after the program). T-test was carried out with the SPSS 12 program to verify the effect of the applied program. To make up for the quantitative analysis, qualitative analysis was also conducted. The followings show the results gained after the program was implemented. First, This program showed a significant difference(p<.05) in the students' formation of environmental attitudes. Second, it was verified that the inquiry activity-based environmental education class that reorganized the second grade elementary students' 'Intelligent Life' subject had a more positive effect in the cultivation of environmental attitude than the class that followed the present curriculum as it was. It will be necessary to perform follow-up researches on the relativity between curricula for kindergarteners and lower grade elementary school students.

다양한 토양 환경에서 Methyl tert-Butyl Ether와 그의 대사산물이 노출되었을 때 미생물 군집에 미치는 영향: 논, 밭, 갯벌 시료 비교

조원실(Won-Sil Cho),조경숙(Kyung-Suk Cho) 한국환경보건학회 2008 한국환경보건학회지 Vol.34 No.6

Toxic effect of methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE), tert-butyl alcohol (TBA) and formaldehyde (FA) on microbial activity and diversity was compared in rice field, leek patch, and tidal mud flat soil samples. MTBE, TBA and FA with different concentrations were added into microcosms containing these soil samples, and placed at room temperature for 30 days. Then the microbial activities such as dehydrogenase and viable cell numbers and microbial community using a DGGE (Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis) fingerprinting method were measured. Among the samples, dehydrogenase activity in rice field was inhibited the most by MTBE, TBA and FA. The toxic effect was higher according to the following orders: FA > MTBE > TBA. Dominant species in the microcosms contaminated with MTBE, TBA and FA were Chloroflex, Bacilli, gamma-proteobacteria in the rice field sample, Sphingobacteria, Flavobacteria, Actinobacteria, Bacilli, gamma-proteobacteria in the leek patch sample, and Sphingobacteria, Flavobacteria, delta-roteobacteria, gamma-proteobacteria in the tidal mud flat sample. Toxic effect of methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE), tert-butyl alcohol (TBA) and formaldehyde (FA) on microbial activity and diversity was compared in rice field, leek patch, and tidal mud flat soil samples. MTBE, TBA and FA with different concentrations were added into microcosms containing these soil samples, and placed at room temperature for 30 days. Then the microbial activities such as dehydrogenase and viable cell numbers and microbial community using a DGGE (Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis) fingerprinting method were measured. Among the samples, dehydrogenase activity in rice field was inhibited the most by MTBE, TBA and FA. The toxic effect was higher according to the following orders: FA > MTBE > TBA. Dominant species in the microcosms contaminated with MTBE, TBA and FA were Chloroflex, Bacilli, gamma-proteobacteria in the rice field sample, Sphingobacteria, Flavobacteria, Actinobacteria, Bacilli, gamma-proteobacteria in the leek patch sample, and Sphingobacteria, Flavobacteria, delta-roteobacteria, gamma-proteobacteria in the tidal mud flat sample.

산림 토착 미생물 군집에 미치는 유류 첨가제 노출 농도 및 시간의 영향

조원실(Won-Sil Cho),조경숙(Kyung-Suk Cho) 한국환경보건학회 2008 한국환경보건학회지 Vol.34 No.5

The toxicity effects of methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE), tert-butyl alcohol (TBA) and formaldehyde (FA) on indigenous microbial community in forest soil were studied. MTBE, TBA and FA with different concentrations were added into microcosms containing forest soil samples. After 10 and 30 days, total viable cell number and dehydrogenase activity in the microcosms were evaluated. Bacterial communities in the microcosms were also analyzed using a denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE). Dehydrogenase activity and total viable cell number were decreased according to the increase of MTBE, TBA and FA concentrations (P<0.05). FA toxicity was the the highest, and TBA toxicity was the lowest. The results of principal component analysis using DGGE fingerprints showed that the microbial communities contaminated with MTBE, TBA and FA were grouped by exposure time, but not by exposure concentration. Dominant species in the microcosms were as follows: gamma-proteobacteria, Chloroflexi, Actinobacteria, Clostridia and Bacilli f or M TBE, TBA a nd FA. The toxicity effects of methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE), tert-butyl alcohol (TBA) and formaldehyde (FA) on indigenous microbial community in forest soil were studied. MTBE, TBA and FA with different concentrations were added into microcosms containing forest soil samples. After 10 and 30 days, total viable cell number and dehydrogenase activity in the microcosms were evaluated. Bacterial communities in the microcosms were also analyzed using a denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE). Dehydrogenase activity and total viable cell number were decreased according to the increase of MTBE, TBA and FA concentrations (P<0.05). FA toxicity was the the highest, and TBA toxicity was the lowest. The results of principal component analysis using DGGE fingerprints showed that the microbial communities contaminated with MTBE, TBA and FA were grouped by exposure time, but not by exposure concentration. Dominant species in the microcosms were as follows: gamma-proteobacteria, Chloroflexi, Actinobacteria, Clostridia and Bacilli f or M TBE, TBA a nd FA.

혐기성 미생물에 의한 toluene과 xylene 분해 특성

조원실,조경숙,류희욱 한국냄새환경학회 2004 실내환경 및 냄새 학회지 Vol.3 No.2

화학적/전기화학적 방법을 이용한 돈사폐수 처리

윤성준,조원실,김창혁,박재인,신종서,라창식 한국동물자원과학회 2003 한국축산학회지 Vol.45 No.4

In a batch mode treatment process, which eveltrolyzes the wastewater after derivation of N-P crystal fromation and recovery, the characteristics of pollutant removal induced with the changes of loading rate and hydraulic retention time were studied. MgCI_(2) to PO_(4)^(3-) in influent was 1.3. When analyzing the average treatment efficiencies and removal characteristics obtained from four separate operations (Rum Ⅰ, Ⅱ, Ⅲ, Ⅳ), removal efficiencies of PO_(4)^(3-) was not function of its loading rate. Under a condition of sufficient aeration and Mg source provided, over 88% of PO_(4)^(3-) was eliminated by the formation of MAP without any ? adjustment, in spite of loading rate variation. An optimum-loading rate of NH_(4)-N to achieve high removal efficiency was approximately 100g/㎥/d. Below that loading rate, the removal of NH_(4)-N was proportional to the loading rate into the system, and hence stable and high removal efficiency, over 90%, was achieved. However, when the loading rate increased over that rate, removal efficiency began to drop and fluctuate. Removal efficiency of TOCs was dependant upon the hydraulic retention time (r^(2)=0.97), not upon the loading rate. Stable and high color removal (94%) was obtained with 2 das of HRT in electrolysis reactor.