경상 방언과 서울 방언의 VOT 지속 시간에 대한 비교 연구

조민하,신지영,Jo Min-ha,Shin Ji-young 대한음성학회 2003 말소리 Vol.46 No.-

This study examines the acoustic characteristics of Korean stops of two dialects, Seoul and Kyungsang, focusing on VOT(Voice Onset Time). 8 speakers of these two dialects were asked to read 590 words which contain the stops of different places of articulation and phonation types. The results showed that overall the VOTs of Kyungsang dialect were shorter than those of Seoul dialect. This was more prominent in lenis stops than in fortis or aspirated stops. It was also shown that there were significant VOT overlapping differences between the two dialects.

종결어미 '-거든'의 화용전략과 억양의 기능

조민하(Min Ha Jo) 한국어학회 2014 한국어학 Vol.65 No.-

The purpose of this study was to examine the functions of pragmatic strategy and intonation of “-geodeun”, the final endings. For that, the spontaneous speech of 30 womens was analyzed. The results of this study showed that the pragmatic strategy function of “-geodeun” was formed through the coordination of the meaning, conversation structure, and intonation. The “background” meaning and “bounding structure” were commonly used among 10s while the semantic expansion of reason and grounds were often used, along with indirect expressions, among women in their 20s and 30s. 10s were found to use single boundary tones, such as “L”, “H”, etc., to express assertiveness. Meanwhile, women in their 20s and 30s tended to use complex boundary tones, such as “HL”, “LHL”, etc., to pursue politness strategy. This suggests that the the listener-oriented intention, accompanied by respect towards the counterpart of conversation, was reinfored as the age was higher. The results of this study may provide basis for the research and education related to the pragmatic strategy vital for successful communication.

성별에 따른 구어 의문형 어미의 문법성과 화용성 -자유발화의 억양 분석을 통하여-

조민하(Jo, Min-ha) 우리말글학회 2021 우리말 글 Vol.91 No.-

본 연구는 자유발화의 억양 분석을 통해 구어 의문형 어미의 문법성과 화용성을 밝히는 것을 목적으로 한다. 연구에 대한 결론을 요약하면 다음과 같다. 첫째, 의문형 발화는 화용적 기능을 실현하는 평서문으로 분류할 수 있다. 의문형 발화는 의문문, 혹은 서술형과 문법적으로 변별적 특성을 드러낸다. 의문형 어미는 다양한 경계 성조와 결합하여 표현적 기능, 관계적 기능, 담화 기능을 수행한다. 둘째, 의문형 발화의 화용적 특성은 화자 변인에 따라 유의미한 변별성을 드러낸다. 여성은 관계적 기능의 실현 비율이 높고, 남성은 표현적 기능의 실현 비율이 높다. 여성은 연령이 증가하면서 ‘공손성’의 사용 비율이 높아지는 반면, 남성은 연령이 증가할수록 ‘공손성’이 낮아진다. 셋째, 성별에 따른 운율 표지와 형태 표지의 사용 양상이 변별적이다. 여성은 주로 ‘H’, ‘LHL’의 실현 비율이 높고, 남성은 ‘L’, ‘LH’, ‘HL’의 실현 비율이 높다. 여성은 간접성을 드러내는 어미 사용 비율이 높고, 남성은 단언적 속성의 어미 사용 비율이 높다. The purpose of this study is to examine the grammaticality and pragmatics of final endings in interrogative form. The results of the study are summarized as follows. First, The utterance in the form of Interrogative belongs to the declarative sentence that realizes a pragmatic function. The final endings in interrogative form realize expressive, relational, and discourse functions by various boundary tones. Second, The final endings in interrogative form reveal a significant difference in pragmatic characteristics according to speaker variables. In the case of females, the using rate of relational function is high. Also, the ratio of politeness used by females increases with age. In the case of a male, the using rate of expressive function is high. In addition, The ratio of politeness used by males decreases with age. Third, The patterns of prosody markers and forms markers according to gender are discriminatory. Females have a high rate of using ‘H’, ‘LHL’, and the endings of indirect meaning. The males have a high rate of using ‘L’, ‘LH’, ‘HL’, and the endings of assertive meaning

성별에 따른 억양의 공손전략 - 20대 대학생 자유발화 분석을 통하여 -

조민하 ( Jo Min-ha ) 한국화법학회 2018 화법연구 Vol.0 No.42

The purpose of this study was to examine the gender-based variability of politeness strategies in intonation. in order to examine these strategies, the spontaneous speech of university student born in Seoul was analyzed. The results of my analysis are as follow. First, The intonation used in the polite expressions reveals a significant correlation by gender. The nonassertive ‘M:’ was used more frequently by female speakers while the assertive ‘HL’ and ‘LHL’ were used more frequently by male speakers. Second, connective endings used in polite expression also differ by gender. Female speakers use a higher percentage and variety of polite expression connective endings than male speakers. Third, The meaning of polite expression is more diverse in female speakers while male speakers mainly used in the sense of ‘blame.’ Male speakers are relatively insensitive to perceptions of politeness and utilize socially high hierarchical politeness strategies.

중국인 학습자의 한국어 경음화 오류 분석을 통한 교육 방안 연구

조민하(Jo, min-ha),여문리(LU WENLI) 우리말글학회 2017 우리말 글 Vol.73 No.-

본 연구의 목적은 중국인 학습자의 한국어 경음화의 오류 양상을 분석하여 교육 방안을 마련하는 데 있다. 이를 위하여 중국인 학습자 20명을 대상으로 산출 실험과 인지 실험을 실시하였다. 중급 이후에도 경음화 교육에 주안점을 두어야 한다. 중급은 복잡한 규칙 이해가 필요한 유형의 원리 교육에, 고급은 자연스러운 음운 연쇄를 위한 산출 교육에 초점을 둔다. 단어뿐 아니라 문장이나 대화와 같은 텍스트 형식의 연습이 필요하다. 특히 중급은 문장 단위 사용에 어려움을 겪는다. 가능한 실제 상황의 자연스러운 활용에 주안점을 둔다. 역할극이나 게임 등 학생들의 흥미 유발을 위한 활동을 병행하도록 한다. 한국어의 경음 발음을 습득하는 데 주안점을 둔다. 평음과 경음의 구분을 위해 폐쇄 구간의 길이와 긴장성에 대해 인식하고 연습하도록 한다. The purpose of this study is to analyze error patterns of Korean glottalization among Chinese learners to provide some recommendations. To this end, production and cognition experiments were conducted on 20 Chinese learners. Education on glottalization should be intensively provided even for students at the intermediate level or above. Intermediate classes should focus on the understanding of complicated rules, and advanced classes should focus on production of natural phonemic sequences. Besides words, learners also need to practice sentences and conversations. Intermediate learners in particular should design more than a sentence unit to improve fluency, focusing on the natural of use the Korean language in real situations. To this end, role-play or game activities can be used to stimulate students’ interest. Acquiring the pronunciation of Korea unaspirated fortis stop is important. In order to distinguish lax stop from fortis stop, they should recognize and practice the length of closure duration and tension.

발화 말 억양의 양태성 연구 ―인식 양태 어미를 중심으로―

조민하 ( Jo Min-ha ) 고려대학교 민족문화연구원 2018 民族文化硏究 Vol.80 No.-

본고는 발화 경계에 실현되는 억양의 양태성을 밝히는 것을 목적으로 한다. 이를 위해 여성 자유발화 음성 자료를 분석하여 인식 양태 어미의 실제 사용 양상과 억양이 기여하는 양태 의미를 파악하였다. 정보의 내면화 정도인 [새로 앎]은 다양한 경계 성조가 나타나는 반면, [이미 앎]은 ‘L’, 혹은 ‘H’에 편중된다. 청자 지식에 대한 [기지 가정]은 확인의 ‘H’에 집중되나, [미지 가정]은 ‘H’와 함께 설명의 ‘LHL’도 실현된다. 정보의 획득 방법에서 [단순 지각]은 주로 반응 유도의 ‘H’, ‘LH’로 나타나지만, [추론 지각]은 ‘HL:’, ‘L:’와 같은 장음화된 경계성조와 복합성조인 ‘LHL’에 의해 실현된다. 화자의 확실성이 높은 경우 단순 성조로, 확실성이 낮은 경우 복합 성조로 실현되거나 장음화 되는 경우가 많다. 양태 범주와 억양, 개별 어미와 억양은 통계학적으로 유의미한 관련성을 갖는다. 억양은 인식 양태 어미들의 의미와 사태에 대한 의미적 대립 관계를 명확하게 드러내는 요소이다. 즉, 명제에 대한 화자의 태도는 각 어미 형태 내에서 억양을 통해 구체화된다. 어미 형태의 기본 의미를 상위 범주로, 운율 요소가 실현하는 파생적 의미를 하위 개념의 양태 범주로 세분화할 수 있다. The goal of this paper is to reveal the modality of intonation that is realized at utterance boundaries. For this purpose, we analyzed the spontaneous speech of female. This study analyzes a catalogue of epistemic modality endings and their frequency, and discusses modalities realized in intonation. The boundary tones depends on the degree of internalization of information, the method of obtaining information, and the assumption of listener’s knowledge. If the speaker's certainty is high, it is often realized in simple tones. On the other hand, when the certainty is low, the phenomenon of realization of complexity or lengthening tones are observed. Modality categories and intonation, and endings and intonation have a statistically significant relevance. The Intonation reveals the semantic diversity and semantic opposition of epistemic modality endings. The basic meaning of the ending form is upper category. The derivational meaning realized by the prosodic element realizes can be seen as a subcategory.

프레젠테이션의 효과적인 조음 및 운율 전략-정보전달적 말하기와 설득적 말하기의 비교를 통하여-

조민하 ( Min Ha Jo ) 한국화법학회 2014 화법연구 Vol.0 No.24

본고는 정보전달적 말하기와 설득적 말하기의 특성을 비교하여 프레젠테이션의 효과적인 조음 및 운율 전략을 밝히는 것을 목적으로 하였다. 이를 위해 대학 교양 과목에서 실시한 말하기 실습의 청중 평가문을 분석하고, 음성학적 관찰을 시도하였다. 연구 결과와 논의를 통해 아래와 같은 결론에 도달하였다. 정보전달적 말하기에서는 리듬감, 크기, 발음 등 전체 항목의 협응이 중요하며, 설득적 말하기에서는 리듬감이 느껴지도록 발화하되, 또렷한 발음을 구사하도록 한다. 유창성과 리듬감은 두 유형에서 모두 중요한 요소이나, 속도는 두 유형에서 모두 중요한 요소가 아니었다. 정보전달적 말하기에서는 알맞은 크기와 속도, 차분한 발성을 구사할 때 유창한 발표로 평가되는 반면, 설득적 말하기에서는 자연스럽고 역동적인 억양, 자신감 있는 발성을 구현할 때 유창한 발표로 평가된다. 정보전달 말하기에서는 휴지 길이의 변화를 주면서 안정적인 발성을 구사하는 경우 리듬감 있는 발화로 평가되는 반면, 설득적 말하기에서는 역동적인 음높이 곡선의 변화와 짧은 휴지 구간이 실현될 때 리듬감 있는 발화로 평가된다. 따라서 비유창성 집단의 경우, 간투사나 반복 표현을 자제하고 억양의 자연스러운 연결을 위해 노력한다면 유창한 발화로 기억될 수 있다. 말하기 유형을 비교하기 위해 그 기준을 마련하고, 청중의 인식에 중요한 조음 및 운율 요소를 추출하여 보다 현실적인 화법 교육 방안을 마련할 수 있는 기초를 제공하였다는 데 본 연구의 의의가 있다. The Purpose of this study was to examine effectual articulatory and prosodic strategies of presentation speech by comparing the characteristics of explanation speech and persuasion speech. the written audience evaluation statement from the speaking practice in the subject of university was analyzed, along with the phonetic observation. Based on the results of this study and discussion, the following conclusion was derived: Fluency was found to be the factor that led the presenter to receive favorable evaluation in the explanation speech and persuasion speech. The evaluation criteria for fluency varied, depending on the purpose of speaking. The proper volume, pace, calm and stable pronunciation facilitating the listeners` or audience`s understanding turned out to be important for the explanation speech, while the appeal, natural and dynamic intonation, and self-confident pronunciation were found to be important for the persuasion speech. In the explanation speech, the speaker maintain stable pronunciation with adjustment of pose duration. In the persuasion speech, the speaker needs to pay close attention to rhythmic intonation with adjustment of pitch and should refrain from interjection or repetitive expression in order to ensure natural and seamless flow of intonation.

구어 어말어미의 종결 구조와 억양의 기능

조민하(Jo Min-Ha) 한국어학회 2015 한국어학 Vol.69 No.-

The purpose of this study was to examine completion structure of final ending in spoken language through analysis on the use of intonation realized by female spontaneous speech. the results of this study were as follows: First, intonation was an important funtional element from grammatical and pragmatic aspects. Declarative sentence, imperative sentence, and propositive sentence were manifested mostly by ‘L’, and interrogative sentence was mostly manifested by ‘H’. Meanwhile, exclamatory sentence was mostly manifested by ‘HL:’ and worked on structural aspect through ‘H’, and ‘HL’ in pragmatic aspects. Second, grammatical function and pragmatic function of final ending in spoken language were found to be complementary. The form realized by declarative sentence, such as ‘-janha(-잖아)’ and ‘-da(-다)’ was productive for pragmatic usage. The form realized overall sentence types, such as ‘-eo(어)’ had the limited pragmatic function. Third, utterance-completing function was realized through coordination between form and intonation elements. The ending with neutral and universal meaning was used very often, but was limited in terms of pragmatic function. The ending with subjective meaning was used with slightly lower frequency, but turned out to be productive for pragmatic function. The connective ending realized utterance-completing function through intonation, while sentence-final ending was realized through coordination between intonation and form element. Forth, final ending was used productively for indirect expression utilized to make communication proceed in an undisrupted and smooth manner. The sentence-final endings and the connective endings were combined with ‘L:’, ‘M:’, ‘LHL’, ‘H’.

-는데의 종결기능과 억양의 역할

조민하 ( Min Ha Jo ) 우리어문학회 2011 우리어문연구 Vol.40 No.-

The purpose of this study is to investigate intonation fuction of ``-neunde`` connective endings functioning as final ending in the spontaneous speech through acoustic analysis. A total of 20 subjects having participated in the production experiment were Seoul dialect speaker of women. The results showed that functioning as final ending of ``-neunde`` were differentiated by the intonation, shaped by the contextual features. confirmed that expressed in a variety of modality through L%, H%, LH%, HL%, LHL% in declarative, interrogative, exclamatory sentence. The results that showed variety of functioning as final endings of ``-neunde`` due to be considered comprehensive and subjective semantic features and independent syntactic properties of ``-neunde``. divided into connective endings in case of expressed by intonation intent of the completeness and final endings in case of changed grammatical features and meanings of ``-neunde``.

일본어와 영어권 학습자들의 어두 폐쇄음 발음 오류 유형 연구

조민하(Min Ha Jo) 한국어학회 2005 한국어학 Vol.29 No.-