언어와 사고의 발달

조명한(趙明翰) 서울대학교 언론정보연구소 1980 언론정보연구 Vol.17 No.-

9시 뉴스 외 2편

조명선(曺明仙) 고요아침 2006 시조시학 Vol.- No.-

아동의 언어발달 단계에 관한 심리학적 연구 Ⅰ : 초기 언어

조명한,정복선 서울大學校 語學硏究所 1975 應用 言語學 Vol.7 No.1

This study, in which the data were longitudinal transcriptions of the spontaneous speech of three Korean children, aimed at depicting developmental stages of their language. In order to write generative grammars of the three children's utterances, analysis of distributional characteristics and underlying semantic relations were made. Thereafter, the following five developmental stages of earlier child language were proposed: Monoreme stage, which has been traditionally called one-word sentence; Duoreme stage, in which the first-position word of the two-word utterance functions either as a vocative or a deictic interjection: Two-word sentence-stage, in which either syntactical relation in grammartical level or case-relationship in cognitive level is explicitly implied; Three or more words sentence stage, a stage of more complex constructions of hierarchical structures in which semantical relation as well as sentence length is more complicated.

일본의 황국사관

조명철(趙明哲) 일조각 2000 韓國史市民講座 Vol.27 No.-

[특집 : 사회과학의 인간주의적 접근 : 문제와 반성] 소박한 인간관으로서의 인본주의심리학

조명한 한국인문사회과학회 1978 현상과 인식 Vol.2 No.2

언어습득의 몇 가지 문제

조명한 서울대학교 어학연구소 1977 語學硏究 Vol.13 No.2

While the study of language development in children has rich historical tradition, especially, the last decade has seen a much more rapid development in subtelety of research methods, depth of theoretical issues, and abundance of new findings. This paper aimed to review five current questions about language development in order to suggest some promising directions. First, any effort to try to apply a certain grammar to child language has only taken researchers to endless distributional detail of doubtful generality, and never sufficiently complete. Therefore, 'the goal of creating a type of grammar that is suitable for both adult and child language remains. The two cannot be considered in isolation from each other, for eventually the child's language becomes that of the adult.' Second, both of the findings that reveal the gradual continuity of language development and the tremendous effects of parental speech on children strongly discourage the innateness hypothesis. Third, a lot of characteristics in child speech has proved to have some generality which supports the universality hypothesis, but not innateness. The D.I. Slobin's principle, 'new forms express old functions, and new functions are first expressed by old forms', is compatible with cognitive prerequisites for the syntactic development. Fourth, recent studies on the structure and/or acquisition of word meaning have focused attention on the role played by prototypes or best exemplars in the internal structure of natural categories to which words refer. A new paradigm of reference that radically departs from the traditional view of all-or-none categorization is emerging. Fifth, efforts to teach chimpanzees language are remarkably in progress. The chimpanzees have become capable to demonstrate stage I child language, so that the species-specific and species-uniform assumption for human language is open to doubt.

[개관논문]언어처리에서의 통사의 역할

조명한 서울대학교 심리과학연구소 1984 심리학의 연구문제 Vol.- No.1

언어처리 과정이 개념주도적인 위에서 아래로의 처리이냐 자료주도적인 아래에서 위로의 처리이냐의 논쟁과 각 개별 처리과정이 계별적이냐, 병행적인 처리이냐에 관해서 논의했다. 이 논의에서 우리는 주의의 자동성과 제한 용량체계의 개념을 개입시켰었다. 그리하여 통사처리의 기본 성격이 주의를 필요로 하지 않는 자동적인 처리과정이며, 한계 용량을 초과하지 않기 때문에 가용 용량이 허용하는 한 의미 장치가 통사처리와 함께 참여해 상호작용 결과와 병행적인 처리현상으로 나타날 수 있음을 검토했다. 아울러 우리말과 영어를 자료로 한 실험을 살펴보아 특히 통사처리에 많은 처리용량이 할당되는 경우 의미요인과 상호작용 효과가 나타나지 않는 것으로 보아 통사처리과정이 자율적인 처리과정이며 의미상의 처리는 그 이후에 이루어지는 것이라는 논의를 했다. 아울러 자율성의 입장에서도 처리상에서 착오가 일어나 때 backtracking이 일어남을 용인하고, 의미와 통사의 병행적인 해석의 구성과정과, 통사적인 분석만으로 명제의 표상을 이룩할 수 없는 것이라는 여지를 마련해야 함을 논의했다.

단어내 연상요인으로서의 연상어수와 연상빈도 : 단어연상에 대한 상대적 거리 이론 Relative Distance Theory World-Association

조명한 서울대학교 1968 서울대학교 論文集 Vol.14 No.-

Factors operative in word association may be divides, as Jung has classified, into the associative and non-associative ones. Recently studies on word association have increasingly emphasized on the latter factors which include subjects' intraverbal habits or style, instructional set, and context in which a word appears. These studies observed modification of the availability of associations and their probability of occurrence through undertaking operations relevant to the factors. Both the associative and non-associative factors are generally consedered in terms of the associative strength with an implication of the Hullian constructs of habit strength and excitatory potential, although the underlying processes have not been seriousely studied. Evidences for the strength concept, which connotes "the response given to a stimulus is the one having the greatest associative strength for that stimulus," were supported through investigations concerning the associative factors of frequency norms; various studies revealed linear relationship of the norm or rank of associative frequency to the probability of occurrence of an association. The present study proposal a further classification of the associative factor into the tow phases of associative frequency and continued assocciations obtained respectively in the single-word association and successive association tests. The Present study attempted to find out relationship between the two inner-item associative factors and to specify the functions. For these purposes, Study Ⅲ was concerned with the constructions of verbal materials available to be used in the Korean psychology lab, and thus with measurements of their meaningfulness(m) and associative frequency. Study Ⅱ attempted to reveal relations between the two factors of meaningfulness and associative frequency. Thereafter, an extremely positive correlation was observed between the meaningfulness and the parameter, α, of the determinant of single-word associative hierarchy, while significant difference in successive responding rate was estimated between high and low communality words. That is, on the one hand, the higher the meaningfulness of a word the more flattly the hierarchical slope of single-word association drops, and, on the other hand, the higher the commuality of a word the more rapidly the successive associations drop. Furthermore a biserial r of. 88 was calculated between the two scores or meaningfulness and associative frequency. The author has believed that these results lead us to consider the two inner-item associative factors by means of the slope character of the associative hierarchy. To keep in line with the requirement, and inner-item associative factor of relative distance (RD) was proposed in Study I and was operationally defined as distance from an associate to the next one as measured by cultural associative norms; thus, the distance would be represented in a form of description "remote" or " near". Accordingly, with varying RD, it was found that repetitions of associations were directly related to the RD, not only where strengths of the primary associates were different but also where those of the primaries were not, regardless of high vs. low meaningfulness. Moreover, latencies measured for these stimulus lists having diffent RD were observed as lack of difference. Especially for the major findings that the frequencies of repetitions were function of RD and the latencies were not, following concepts and implications of the RD were discussed. RD is a valid and useful measure as well as simple and quantitative one which represents the strengths of single-word associations in their positions of the successive association hierarchy. There may hold no competitional relationship between successive asociations as usually conceived in the strength concept. Latencies measured were discussed as indicating the function of meaningfulness and other complex factors, such as familiarity, frequency-of-usuage, pronunciability, and so on. Therefore, the RD may reflect availability of strength or inner-item strength based on the hypothesis of subtheshold priming or activation of successive associations available to an item. According to these concepts, some practical implications of the RD theory for verbal learning, creative activity, clinics and education were suggested as examining the associative function in cognitive processes.

宮澤賢治의 童話思想

趙明烈 중앙승가대학교 2003 中央增伽大學論文集 Vol.10 No.-

宮澤賢治의 작품에 대한 평가는 다방면에서 계속 연구되고 있다. 그의 탄생 100주년을 넘긴 시점에서도 그의 작품이 연구되고 평가되는 것은 그의 작품이 쉽게 평가될 수 없는 다양성을 지니고 있기 때문이라고 생각한다. 본 논문에서는 충분치는 못하지만 그의 종교적 사상, 즉 법화행자적인 그의 생활을 조명해서 그가 추구한 보살행의 실천에 대해 살펴보았다. 특히 賢治의 종교적 의식을 통해서 창작된 작품을 임의로 선택해서 고찰했는데, 그 가운데서도 법화문학의 창작에 관심을 가지고 몰두했던 시기의 작품이 다수였기 때문에 그 작품들을 통해서 작품이 지니는 사상을 관찰해 보려고 노력했다. 賢治가 창작해서 스스로 이름을 붙인 서역이문의 동화에서는 약간 의도적이었다는 점도 발견된다. 법화경적 사상을 이미지화해서 구성했다고 생각되는 작품에서 賢治 사상의 일면을 고찰해 보았다.

단어 자유연상에 대한 상대적 거리의 개념과 연상적 의미

조명한(趙明翰) 서울대학교 언론정보연구소 1970 언론정보연구 Vol.7 No.-