負担度が軽い「謝罪談話」における韓日対照研究

鄭賢?(정현아) 한국일본어학회 2015 日本語學硏究 Vol.0 No.44

본고는 한일남녀대학생을 대상으로 사죄담화를 구성하는 구조와 전개, 상호작용의 특징 등을 담화레벨에서 분석하여 고찰하였다. 조건을 통제(친구사이인 한일남녀대학생)하여 롤플레이 조사방법으로 수집한 사죄장면은 “불가피한 상황으로 인한 지각과 사죄 받는 쪽에도 과실이 있는 장면”으로 부담도가 적은 사죄장면이다. 사죄담화를 교섭담화, 핵담화, 후속관련담화, 삽입담화로 하위분류하여 분석, 고찰한 결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 부담도가 적은 사죄담화이기 때문에 모든 회화가 사죄를 받아들이고 있지만, 일본인남녀모어화자와 한국인여성모어화자는 미안하다, 죄송하다 등의 “사죄정형표현”을 사용하는 “핵담화”로 사죄담화가 시작되는 반면, 한국인남성모어화자는 장면 설정으로 인하여 상황설명과 과실에 대한 언급 등을 하는 “교섭담화”가 “핵담화”보다 먼저 나타나는 회화가 50%를 차지하였다. 특히, 상대방에게도 과실이 있는 지각장면이기 때문에 서로를 비난하는 대화가 나타났지만, 한국인남성모어화자에서 이러한 경향이 많이 보였다. 둘째, “핵담화”는 일본인남녀모어화자에서 많이 나타났고, “후속관련담화” 와 “삽입담화”는 한국인남녀모어화자에서 약간 많이 나타났다. 셋째, “핵담화”를 반복적으로 사용하는 경향은 일본인남녀모어화자, 특히 여성모어화자에게서 많이 나타났다. 넷째, 사죄내용과 관련이 없는 삽입담화가 사용되는 이유는 딱딱한 상황을 부드럽게 하기 위한 배려행동으로 볼 수 있으며, 한일남녀모어 화자에게서 공통적으로 나타났다. 사죄라는 언어행동을 담화레벨에서 분석하여 전체상을 보려는 시도는, 한국과 일본의 문화를 이해하기 위한 자료를 보다 거시적으로 제공할 수 있다고 생각한다. In a lightly imposing scene of apology, it turned out that both Korean and Japanese male and female native speakers tend to use interaction of ‘core discourse’ with formulaic expressions of apology. In particular, Japanese native speakers showed a higher tendency to use it than Korean native speakers. Since it is not a highly imposition situation of apology, they often used ‘discourses related to follow-up’ and ‘parenthetical discourse’. In detail, Japanese female native speakers had a tendency to repeat ‘core discourse’ and more ‘parenthetical discourses’ while Japanese male native speakers showed a obvious tendency to terminate conversation only with ‘core discourse’. Korean male native speakers were characterized with ‘negotiating discourse’ which occurred before ‘core discourse’ began while Korean female native speakers had a strong tendency to end conversation only with ‘core discourse’.

화용론적 관점에서 본 불만표명행위의 한중일 대조 - 상하 힘의 관계의 변화에 따른 특징을 중심으로 -

정현아(鄭賢兒) 한국일본어학회 2022 한국일본어학회 학술발표회 Vol.2022 No.9

한중일 여학생의 불만표명행위에 대한 대조연구 - 상하 힘의 관계의 변화에 따른 특징을 중심으로 -

정현아(鄭賢兒) 한국일본어학회 2022 日本語學硏究 Vol.- No.74

This paper focuses on the mutual interaction of the act of expressing dissatisfaction, and quantitatively analyzes and discusses the (dis)similarities that Korean, Chinese, and Japanese female students use in a situation wherein the power relationship has changed. First, the tendency of Korean female students to express their dissatisfaction showed that <confirmation of the situation and direct/indirect expression of dissatisfaction> was used between peers rather than toward seniors while <Confirmation of alternatives and acceptance of alternatives and concessions> was used toward seniors rather than between peers. Korean female students tended to use language strategies that respect the seniors dignity. It is considered that the influence of power relationships is strongly reflected in language strategy. Next, the tendency of Chinese female students to express their dissatisfaction showed that <direct expression of dissatisfaction and requests for improvement, refusal, and acceptance of alternatives> was used between peers rather than toward seniors and <Confirmation of the situation and indirect expression of dissatisfaction, confirmation of compensation and rejection> were used toward seniors rather than between peers. Lastly, the tendency of Japanese female students to express their dissatisfaction showed that they tend not to use direct expressions of dissatisfaction regardless of the power relationship. <Confirmation of the situation and indirect expression of dissatisfaction> was used more frequently between peers than toward seniors and <Request for improvement and concession> was used toward seniors rather than between peers. Similar to Korea and China, in Japan, verbal behavior that infringes on the other persons dignity is used slightly more between peers where their hierarchical power is the same in the relationship.

신체적 피해상황에서 본 사죄담화의 한일대조 -한일남녀대학생의 사용경향을 중심으로-

정현아(鄭賢兒) 한국일본문화학회 2020 日本文化學報 Vol.0 No.85

Korean male college students are found to prefer using the trend of ‘core discourse’ after judging damage situations by ‘negotiation discourse’ and less by ‘successive core discourse,’ which continuously uses ‘apologies’. In contrast, Japanese male and female college students show the trend of continuing the interaction to solve the problem by ‘negotiation discourse’ after using ‘apologies’ first by ‘core discourse’ or ‘successive core discourse’. Moreover, it was observed that Korean female college students show almost the same rate of using ‘core discourse’ after judging the situation by ‘negotiation discourse’ and continue to use ‘negotiation discourse’ after using ‘core discourse’; they also use slightly more ‘successive core discourse’ than Korean male college students.

韓日男女大学生の「謝罪談話」の構造及び展開の特徴

鄭賢?(정현아) 한국일본어학회 2016 日本語學硏究 Vol.0 No.48

본고는 한일남녀대학생을 대상으로 사죄담화를 구성하는 구조와 전개 및 상호작용의 특징을 담화레벨에서 분석고찰하였다. 조건을 통제(친구사이인 한일남녀대학생)하여 롤 플레이 조사방법으로 수집한 장면은 “제3자와도 관련이 있는 앞으로 불쾌한 상황이 발생하는 사죄장면”이다. 사죄담화를 전치(前置)담화, 교섭(交渉)담화, 핵(核)담화, 후속(後続)관련담화, 삽입(挿入)담화로 하위분류하여 분석고찰한 결과는 다음과 같다. 먼저, 한일남녀대학생 모두 전치담화, 교섭담화, 핵담화, 후속관련담화, 삽입담화로 구성된 사죄담화가 나타났으며, 특히 핵담화와 교섭담화가 많이 사용되는 경향을 보였다. 이러한 사죄담화의 상호작용에 따라 사죄내용을 받아들이는 경우와 받아들이지 않는 경우가 나타났다(사죄내용을 받아들이는 대화: 한국남학생은 16대화 중 10대화, 한국여학생은 16대화 중 14대화, 일본남학생은 16대화 중 11대화, 일본여학생은 16대화 중 8대화). 또한 사죄정형표현을 사용하는 “핵담화”가 사죄장면임에도 불구하고 나타나지 않는 현상이 일어나는 등의 유사점이 나타났으며, 전반적으로 복잡하고 다양한 전개와 구조를 보였다. 하지만 사죄내용이 상대적으로 간단하게 받아들여지는 구조는 한국남녀대학생, 특히 여성 쪽에서 많이 나타나는 경향을 보였다. 반대로 교섭담화를 많이 사용하여 사죄내용이 받아들여지도록 하는 구조는 여성보다는 남성에게서 많이 나타나는 특징을 보였다. 다음으로, 한일남녀대학생별 특징을 보면, 한국남학생은 사죄내용이 받아들여지도록 “핵담화” 와 “교섭담화” 를 반복해서 적극적으로 사용하는데 반해, 한국여학생은 자신이 일으킨 잘못을 해결하기 위해 대안을 제시하는 등의 담화를 사용하는 특징이 나타났다. 또한 일본남학생은 사죄내용이 받아들여지도록 “핵담화” 와 “교섭담화” 를 반복해서 적극적으로 사용하는데 반해, 일본여학생은 상대방이 사죄내용을 받아들이지 않고 질책을 하면 자신의 의도를 변경하는 경향을 보였다. In a heavily imposing scene of apology, it turned out that both Korean and Japanese male and female university students tend to use more ‘prepositional discourse’ and ‘negotiating discourse’. Especially, the apologetic process under this condition turned out to be quite complex; apology could or could not be accepted according to the interaction of ‘core discourse’ and ‘negotiating discourse’. 10 apologetic conversations of Korean males (total 16) and 14 apologetic conversations of Korean females (total 16) were accepted by the party who was in a position of receiving the apology, while 11 apologetic conversations of Japanese males (total 16) and 8 apologetic conversations of Japanese females (total 16) were accepted by the party who was in a position of receiving the apology. In short, it turned out that in a heavily imposing situation, ‘core discourse’ decreases while ‘negotiating discourse’-a focus on reactions to solve a problem—increases. However, both Korean and Japanese male university students tended to repeat ‘core discourse’ and ‘negotiating discourse’ in order to have their apology accepted. On the other hand, Japanese females had a strong tendency to change their intention when the party receiving the apology directly expresses rejection to the apology. Korean females showed an active tendency to propose solutions such as laying down an alternative.

물질적인 피해상황에서의 사죄행동의 한일대조 - 상호작용의 특징을 중심으로 -

정현아(鄭賢兒) 한국일본어학회 2019 日本語學硏究 Vol.0 No.62

The purpose of this study is to qualitatively analyze, on the basis of actual conversational data, the kinds of language strategies Korean and Japanese male and female university students use in order to interact with each other when restoring their relationships. When Korean and male and female students had positive and smooth conversations, apologizers uttered expressions of apology (미안하다), acceptance of responsibility, and damage reimbursement in order to actively solve the problem. The opponent of the apologizer also utilized utterances of acceptance and accepted the apologizer’s apologetic behavior when there was the possibility of problem-solving. However, when Korean male students faced negative and unsmooth conversations, the opponent of the apologizer continuously and directly blamed the apologizer, and the apologizer tended to show avoidance of responsibility and utterances of complaint expressions to reject the apologizer’s apologetic behavior. Korean female students utilized words showing friendliness such as ‘friend’ to alleviate damage somewhat when blame between friends or other situations of losing face occurred. When Japanese and male and female students had positive and smooth conversations, the apologizer continuously used expressions of apology (ごめん、すまない、申し訳ない) and uttered acceptance of responsibility and damage reimbursement to solve a problem. The opponent of the apologizer also tended to use concession and utterances of acceptance, rather than utterances of the clear demand for damage reimbursement. In negative and unsmooth conversations, Japanese male student apologizers tended to politely express ending words when the willingness for damage reimbursement was uttered even between friends. When opponents of apologizers are Japanese female students, they tended to use indirect blame more frequently compare to other groups, to avoid linguistic behaviors that could cause the other to lose face.

相互作用における謝罪行動の韓日?照?究 : 韓日男女母語話者の使用傾向を中心に

정현아(Jung Hyun A,鄭賢?) 韓國外國語大學校 外國學綜合硏究센터 日本硏究所 2015 日本硏究 Vol.0 No.64

본연구는, 정신적인 피해를 준 경우의 사죄장면을 설정하여 한일남녀모어화자의 "사죄"라는 언어행동의 상호작용의 특징을 밝히는 것을 목적으로 한 것이다. 조건통제를 한 한일남녀모어화자의 대학생 친구간의 64회화를 분석대상으로 하였으며, 그 결과는 아래와 같다. 한일남녀모어화자의 사죄하는 쪽은, 주로 "상황설명, 사죄, 책임관련, 대인배려발화문"을 사용하며, 사죄 받는 쪽은, 주로 "사태확인, 비난, 양보, 문제해결발화문" 을 사용하여 문제가 되는 내용을 해결하기 위하여 서로 적극적으로 상호작용을 행하고 있었다. 특히 한국어모어화자는 사죄하는 쪽이 "과실수급발화문"을 많이 사용하는 경향이 보였다. 그러나 한국남성은 한국여성보다, "책임관련발화문"과 "비난발화문"을 많이 사용하였고, 한국여성은 한국남성보다 "상황설명, 대인배려발화문"과 "양보발화문"을 많이 사용하였다. 특히 한국여성은 대안(代案)을 제시하는 "과실수급발화문"을 많이 사용하고 있기 때문에 사죄내용이 사죄 받는 쪽에게 받아들여지는 회화가 많이 나타나는 특징이 보였다. 한편, 일본남성은 일본여성보다, "상황설명발화문"과 "비난발화문"을 많이 사용하였고, 일본여성은 일본남성보다, "사죄, 대인배려발화문"과 "사태확인, 양보, 문제해결발화문"을 많이 사용하였다. 즉, 여성 쪽이 상대의 face를 배려하는 발화문을 많이 사용하는 경향이 있고, 남성 쪽이 상대의 face를 침해하는 발화문을 보다 많이 사용하는 경향이 나타났다. The present study aimed to compare the similarity and difference of 'Apologetic behaviors' in interaction, using 64 conversations between college friends of Korean male and female native speakers and Japanese male and female native speakers, respectively. Both Japanese and Korean male and female native speakers that are obliged to apologize mainly used 'utterances of situational explanation, apology, accountability and/or interpersonal consideration' while those worthy apology mainly used 'utterances of situation confirmation, blame, concession and/or problem solving'. In detail, Korean native speakers who have to apologize mainly used 'utterances of mistake adjustment'. In apologetic interaction, in addition, Japanese male native speakers more used 'utterances of situational explanation' and 'utterances of blame' than Japanese female native speakers while Japanese female native speakers more used 'utterances of apology and interpersonal consideration' than Japanese male native speakers. In the meantime, Korean male native speakers showed apologetic interaction of using more 'utterances of accountability' and 'utterances of blame' than Korean female native speakers while Korean female native speakers more used 'utterances of situation explanation and/or interpersonal consideration' and 'utterances of concession' than Korean male native speakers. Particularly, Korean female native speakers used 'utterances of mistake adjustment' very often by proposing an alternative, so they had more conversations that accept apology. That is, it was found that females had tendency to more use considerate utterances for the other party's face while males tended to use utterances of hurting the other party's face more.

「謝罪行動」の相互作用の結果に対する韓日対照研究

鄭賢兒(정현아) 한국일본어학회 2017 日本語學硏究 Vol.0 No.52

본고는 한일남성모어화자의 사죄행동의 상호작용에 의한 결과의 특징을 중심으로, 다시 말해, 사죄가 받아들여지는 상호작용과 받아들여지지 않는 상호작용의 유사점과 차이점을 한국사회, 일본사회와 관련지어 분석 고찰하였다. 조건을 통제(친구사이인 한일남성모어화자)하여 롤 플레이 조사방법으로 수집한 장면은 “제3자와도 관련이 있는 앞으로 불쾌한 상황이 발생하는 정신적인 사죄장면”으로, 분석결과는 다음과 같다. 먼저, 사죄가 받아들여지는 상호작용의 “사죄관련발화문”에서는 “사죄”, “대인배려”, “과실수복” 발화문에서, “응답관련발화문”에서는 “문제해결”, “승낙” 발화문에서 한일남성모어화자의 차이점이 명확하게 나타났다. 하지만 “사죄발화문”과 “과실수복발화문”의 평가는 한국사회와 일본사회에서 다르게 나타날 것으로 생각된다. 문제해결을 위한 구체적인 대안을 나타내지 않고 단지 사죄하는 행동을 보이는 것과 자신이 일으킨 불쾌한 상황에 대해 사과하지 않고 대신에 대안을 제시하여 해결하려고 하는 행동을 보이는 것은 양국에서 마이너스 행동으로서 인식될 우려가 있다고 생각된다. This paper reviewed and analyzed the similarities and differences between the acceptable and unacceptable interactions in relation to Korean society and Japanese society based on the characteristics of the results of the interaction of the apologetic behaviors of the male Korean and Japanese speakers. The collected scenes from role-play by controlling the conditions (male Japanese and Koreans who are friends)are "a mental apology scen causing future unpleasant situations related to third parties". The results of the analysis are as follows. First, in the "utterance related to apology" area of interactions in which the apology is accepted, there was a significant difference between male Korean and Japanese speakers in the utterance of "apology", "concerns for others" and "mistake reclamation", and the utterance of "problem solving" and "acceptance" in the “utterance related to response“. However, the evaluation of the "utterance of apology" and "utterance of mistake reclamation" will be different in Korean and Japanese society. There is a concern that it may be perceived as a negative action in the two countries by just apologizing without showing concrete alternatives for problem solving or by trying to solve the problem presenting alternatives instead of apologizing for the unpleasant situation caused. Next, in the "utterance related to apology" area of the interactions in which the apology is not accepted, there was a significant difference between male Japanese and Korean speakers in the utterance of "explanation of situation", and "mistake reclamation", and the utterance of ‘criticism’ in the “utterance related to response“. The previous research showed that Japanese speakers tend to not like stating only a reason without expressing apology, and Korean speakers tend to express one’s dissatisfaction directly among close friends. Based on the results of previous studies and the results of this study, it is found that attention should be paid to the "utterance of situation explanation", "utterance of mistake reclamation” and ”utterance of criticism" in apologetic contact situation between Korea and Japan,

드라마를 통해 본 한중일 불만표명행위의 특징 - ‘미생(未生)’의 한중일 버전을 분석하여 -

정현아(鄭賢兒) 한국일본어학회 2023 日本語學硏究 Vol.- No.78

This study explored traits of interactions among Korea, China, and Japan in the expression of dissatisfaction by analyzing the Korea-China-Japan edition of the business soap drama Misaeng to derive quantitative and qualitative results and examine its traits closely. According to the results of the analysis, in cases of direct dissatisfaction to a superior, Korea and China tended to use 〈rough talk-type〉 and 〈command-type〉, and Japan tended to use 〈command-type〉. In cases of indirect dissatisfaction, Korea, China, and Japan used both 〈confirmation-type〉 and 〈explanatory-type〉. Moreover, for all of Korea, China and Japan, dissatisfaction providers were using language strategies that mainly clarified or confirmed the fact, but compared to Korea, Japan and China used non-verbal strategies that were silent about the expression of dissatisfaction of the superior. In the case of expressing dissatisfaction to a colleague, an ofincreasing trait was shown in the ratio of 〈sarcasm-type〉 among direct dissatisfaction expressions in Korea, in the ratio of 〈rough talk-type〉 in China, and in the ratio of 〈command-type〉 and 〈sarcasm-type〉 in Japan, whereas the ratio of the dissatisfaction providers 〈apology〉 tended to be decreased in all of Korea, China and Japan.

지가를 통해 본 대구시 토지이용 변화에 관한 연구

정현 경주대학교 건설환경연구소 2003 建設環境論叢 Vol.- No.5

The purpose of this study is to provide administrative offices in Daegu-City theoretical bases for urban planning approach through analyzing the change and distribution pattern of land value of residential area in Daegu-City. The results of the study are as follows ; First, the more distant from the center of the city the district becomes, the more escaping from one-nuclei-structure gradually its land price curve is. Secondly, the analysis of the correlation of distance with land price shows that the correlation has been getting weak and the factors influencing land price have been getting various. Third, the analysis result of the correlation of population with land price shows that the correlation is so weak. The results have limit to analyzing the correlation of land price with urban spatial structure. Therefore, as next research paper, if the change of the distribution pattern and the related factors in urban spatial structure includes the social and economic factors, the results will be more persuasive.