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2단 변속기 적용 전기차의 구동 효율 향상을 위한 변속 제어 최적화
정택호,김영희 한국분무공학회 2023 한국액체미립화학회지 Vol.28 No.2
Recently, the global automobile industry is aiming for a transition from internal combustion locomotives to zero-emission vehicles. Electric vehicles powered by battery energy can operate at peak performance and improve fuel economy by applying multiple motors or multi-speed transmissions. In order to design a two-speed transmission, it is necessary to evaluate and analyze the application system and performance of electric vehicles. In this study, control performance optimization of a twostage battery electric vehicle equipped with an AMT-based automatic transmission was performed and performance according to control pattern changes was analyzed. In order to improve the operating efficiency of the motor, the shift control that sets the optimal operating point according to the vehicle speed and required torque was derived from the motor efficiency map. The performance of battery energy consumption and transmission loss energy according to the hysteresis interval was analyzed and optimized. The hysteresis interval applied to the optimal shift map acted as a factor in reducing the frequency and loss of shifts. It has been shown that keeping the hysteresis interval at about 4 km/h can reduce energy consumption while reducing the number of shifts.
대형경유자동차의 NO₂/NO<SUB>X</SUB> 비율과 NO<SUB>X</SUB> 배출특성에 관한 연구
정택호(Taek Ho Chung),김선문(Sun Moon Kim),문선희(Sun Hee Mun),홍희경(Hee Kyoung Hong),이승환(Seoung Hwan Lee),서석준(Seok Jun Seo),김정화(Joung Hwa Kim),정성운(Sung Woon Jung),김인구(In Gu Kim),이종철(Jong Chul Lee),이종태(Jong Tae 대한환경공학회 2019 대한환경공학회지 Vol.41 No.4
대형경유자동차에서 배출되는 NOx는 국내 NOx 배출량 중 높은 비율을 차지하고 있으며, NO₂는 인체에 유해하며 대기환경을 오염시키는 물질로 알려져 있다. 본 연구에서는 대형경유트럭과 대형경유버스에서 배출되는 NOx를 실시간으로 측정하였으며, 다양한 조건에 따른 NO₂/NOx 비율과 NOX 배출특성을 파악하였다. 실시간으로 NOx의 농도를 측정한 결과 NO와 NO₂의 농도는 높은 출력을 요구하는 가속구간에서 증가하는 것으로 나타났다. 시험모드별 대형트럭의 NOX 배출량은 WHVC>NIER 9>UDDS 순으로 낮은 평균속도에서 높게 배출되었다. 반면, 대형버스의 NOx 배출량은 평균속도가 증가할수록 높게 배출되는 것을 확인하였다. 엔진 상태에 따른 대형트럭과 버스의 NOX 배출량은 엔진 미가열조건에서 23%, 78% 높게 배출되었다. 대형트럭과 대형버스의 NO₂/NOx 비율은 엔진 가열조건에서 각각 0.7~1.0%, 7.7~7.8%로 확인되었다. 본 연구의 결과는 도로변대기측정망의 NO₂ 농도 산정을 위한 기초자료로 활용될 것으로 기대한다. NOx emitted from heavy-duty diesel vehicles has a high percentage of domestic emissions in Korea. It is known that the NO₂ emission was polluted the atmospheric environments and was harmful to humans. Therefore, investigation on NO₂//NOx Ratio and NOx Emission Characteristics of Heavy-Duty Diesel Vehicles were carried out. In this study, NOx emissions from heavy-duty trucks and buses were measured by chassis dynamometer for heavy-duty vehicle in real time. Also, NO₂/NOx ratio and NOx emission characteristics were analyzed by emission analyzer according to various conditions. It is revealed that NO and NO₂ concentrations were increased in the acceleration section from results of NOx concentration in real time. The NOx emissions of heavy-duty trucks in test mode was confirmed a high level in order the average speed, but NOx emissions of heavy-duty buses were increased as the average speed increased. The NO₂/NOx ratio of heavy duty trucks and buses was 0.7~1.0% and 7.7~7.8% at hot start engine condition. The results of this study will contribute to be used as basic data for the estimation of NO₂ concentration in the roadside air monitoring network.
배출허용기준 및 주행모드에 따른 중형화물차의 대기오염물질 배출특성
정택호 ( Taek Ho Chung ),김선문 ( Sun Moon Kim ),이종철 ( Jong Chul Lee ),임윤성 ( Yun Sung Lim ),김인구 ( In Gu Kim ),이종태 ( Jong Tae Lee ),김형준 ( Hyung Jun Kim ) 한국액체미립화학회 2020 한국액체미립화학회지 Vol.25 No.1
NOx, PN and CO emissions from diesel trucks make up a significant portion of domestic air pollutant emissions. Therefore, test vehicles with various emission standards and driving modes were selected to evaluate the emission characteristics of regulated pollutants (NOx, PN, CO) in medium-duty trucks. As a result of test, all test vehicles were satisfied with Euro 5 or 6 regulation. NOx emissions of Euro 6 vehicles with after-treatment of LNT + DPF were lower than those of Euro 5 vehicles with DPF. In WLTC mode, all vehicles have high NOx emissions at section of extra high speeds, which are determined by increased fuel consumption and high combustion temperatures. CO and PN emissions from all vehicles were found to be low at section of low speeds. Also, The NO<sub>2</sub>/NOx ratio was analyzed at 7-23% in each mode, and the NO<sub>2</sub>/NOx ratio increased as the average vehicle speed increased. In NIER 9 mode, the CO, HC, and PN emissions were higher under cold conditions of engine than hot conditions of engine. In addition, vehicles with after-treatment system of LNT have similar NOx emissions level in this study.
자동차 배출가스 중 BTEX의 비율과 C2-benzenes의 상관성 연구
문선희,정택호,정성운,김선문,서석준,이승환,김정화,홍유덕,홍희경 한국분무공학회 2018 한국액체미립화학회지 Vol.23 No.4
Benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and xylene (BTEX) were well known as ozone precursors from photochemical reactions and contribute to the formation of photochemical smog which pose health hazards. Also, some of these compounds directly affect the human health due to their toxicity such as benzene. In this study, BTEX ratios and correlation of C2-benzenes (xylenes, ethylbenzene) in vehicle exhaust from recreational vehicle (RV) and multi-purpose vehicle (MPV) were characterized using a chassis dynamometer. VOCs were collected by tedlar bag and a GC/MS system was used for their quantification. Among all of the BTEX, toluene has the highest concentration(more than 30% in composition of BTEX). The average ratio of toluene to benzene emissions (T/B ratio=2.2) was found in vehicle exhaust. The average m,p-xylene/ethylbenzene and m,p-xylene/o-xylene ratios were 1.0 and 3.0 respectively. As a result, it showed a good correlation between the C2-benzenes (R2=0.98~0.99). In the future, it can be used as a marker for effect evaluation to atmospheric environment by vehicle exhaust.
김은영,정택호,서석준,정성운,김선문,이승환,김정화,이종태,이용민,송명기,최운선,박규태,김경훈,이태형,배민석 한국대기환경학회 2020 한국대기환경학회지 Vol.36 No.1
PM2.5 is well known to be greatly affected by the vehicle emissions, which can affect climate change and the human body. Recently, the number of vehicles has been increasing continuously in Korea. However, there are still very few studies on the relationships between chemical components actually emitted from vehicles. Therefore, this study aims to analyze the actual tunnel flow coefficient for car emission rate based on the measurements of individual physical parameters (e.g., tunnel wind speed and traffic volume). As a result, the average tunnel flow coefficient were shown as 187, 335, 294, and 219 m3/vehicle·km in Summer, Fall, Winter, and Spring, respectively. The overall average of tunnel flow coefficient was determined as 259 m3/ vehicle·km for vehicle emission rate. The emission factors can apply to investigate the both seasonal and chemical unit of vehicle emissions in real atmosphere, which can contribute to calculate the total road emissions related to their environmental effects.
실도로 주행 PEMS를 이용한 상용차의 가스 상유해대기오염물질 배출 특성 연구
한상우,정택호,김정화,서석준,전준민,채정석,황성철,전문수,차준표,한진석 한국도시환경학회 2018 한국도시환경학회지 Vol.18 No.3
In this study, A PEMS (Portable Emissions Measurement Systems) was installed in diesel and gasoline commercial vehicles to determine the emission factors of Hazard Air Pollutants (HAPs) in gas-phase according to various driving conditions. The correlation of PEMS was performed before actual road test. As a result of comparing the used PEMS with the CVS of the chassis dynamometer, it can be confirmed that it has very high reliability. As a result of analyzing data using the Moving Average Method (MAW) among the data evaluation methods proposed by the EU using PEMS, both the diesel and gasoline commercial vehicles were found to satisfy both route compliance and path completeness in Urban, Rural and Motorway sections. As a result of evaluation of HAPs according to running roads, the emission factor is higher in urban driving conditions in the order of Urban > Rural > Motorway, though there is a slight difference in the tendency of emission factors for each mode depending on individual components of VOCs. However, this tendency was not observed for carbonyl compounds. HAPs emissions are very low in this test vehicle, and various test environmental factors may act as interferences. 본 연구에서는 디젤 및 가솔린 상용차량을 대상으로 PEMS(Portable Emissions Measurement Systems) 장치를 장착하여 실도로에서 다양한 주행조건에 따른 가스 상 유해대기오염물질(HAPs)의 배출계수를 파악하였다. 실도로 시험 전PEMS의 상관성 시험을 진행하였다. 사용된 PEMS 장비를 차대동력계의 CVS(Constant Volume Sampler) 장비와 비교분석한 결과, 매우 높은 신뢰성을 가지고 있음을 확인할 수 있었다. PEMS 장비를 이용하여 EU에서 제안한 데이터 평가방법 중 이동평균구간방법(MAW)를 적용하여 데이터를 분석한 결과, 디젤 및 가솔린 상용차 모두 도심(Urban), 교외(Rural)및 전용도로(Motorway) 구간에서 경로 적합성 및 경로 완료성이 모두 만족하는 것을 확인할 수 있었다. 실도로 주행에따른 HAPs 평가결과, VOCs는 개별 성분별에 따라 주행모드별 배출계수의 경향성에 다소 차이가 있으나 대체로 Urban > Rural > Motorway 순으로 도심지내 주행 조건에서 배출계수가 더 높게 평가되었다. 그러나 카보닐화합물의 경우 이러한 경향성을 보이지 않았다. 본 시험 차종에서는 HAPs 배출이 매우 미량으로 나타나고 있어, 다양한 시험 환경인자가 간섭 요인으로 작용할 수 있어서 성분별 농도 경향성이 다르게 나타난 것으로 사료된다.
주행모드별 경유 중형화물자동차의 온실가스 배출 특성 연구
홍희경,정택호,정성운,김선문,서석준,김인구,이상은,이승환,김정화,홍유덕,문선희 한국수소및신에너지학회 2019 한국수소 및 신에너지학회논문집 Vol.30 No.1
This study was investigate the characteristics of GHGs (CO2, CH4, and N2O) emissions of diesel medium duty trucks according to their various driving modes. GHGs emissions decreased as vehicle speed increased, and emissions increased after 64.7 km/h. The 4.5 ton trucks show higher values of CO2, CH4, N2O, 35%, 25%, and 57%, respectively, comparing of the 2.5 ton trucks. Also, CO2 emissions under WHVC mode were 20% lower than those under the NEDC mode. In the case of cold start condition, CO2 emissions were 12-13% higher than those for hot start condition. In the future, the result of present study will provide basic data to set up GHGs emission standards for medium and heavy duty vehicles.