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정지웅 서울대학교 농업생명과학대학 농업개발연구소 1998 농업생명과학연구 Vol.2 No.-
After the participatory research (PR) not only as a way of new research methodology in social science but also as a democratic and effective approach to grassroots people's development was first introduced in the early 1980s in Korea, this research is the first case showing how the PR approach could be adopted by a farmers' club, what consequences it has brought about during a two years of period, and what implications it gives to theoreticians. A young farme who had learned about the PR approach in a nonformal course offered in 1993 by the College of Agriculture and Life Science, Seoul National University felt that this approcah would be the most effective way of community development and then made up his mind to attend the weekly PRIK (Participatory Research Society in Korea) meeting with professionals and other farmers who were interested in PR. While attending this PR meeting, the introduced this PR approach to the dairy farmers' club in his small suburban village called San-Hyun located around a tourist lake spot assigned as the "green-belt zone" by the Government whose development is very much limited in many ways. This paper, first shortly describes the basic framework of a participatory research approach to rural development, secondly also shortly describes how the approach was applied by the farmers' club for two years (1993-95), what actual consequences it could bring about to the farmers with special reference to anti-pollution action, and finally draws some implications for theoreticians. The term 'participatory research' was first chosen in the late 1970s by adult education professionals to emphasize the necessity to involve those who are the supposed beneficiaries of research in the entire research process, specifically talking about the participation of the working classes, the peasants, the exploited and the poor in an analysis of their own reality. (Hall, Gillete, and Tandon 1982:7-8) As an approach to social change, it is defined as a process used by and for people who are exploited and oppressed by the dominant power structures of society. (Tobias 1981:1-2). The PR was first applied in 1993 by a farmers' club led by a young potential farmer who also got a research grant from the Korean Daesan Rural Cultural Foundation in 1994 and whose case study was reported in a book entitled "Participatory Research Approach and its Cases" printed in Korean in 1995. (Cheong and Associates 1995) After the young farmer discovered the PR approach to be the best way to develop his community, he introduced the idea to the San-Hyun Club members and proposed to apply it to their self-directed efforts for sloving their community problems in close cooperation with a PRIK team. Then finally the Club as a whole made the decision in April 1993 to employ the PR approach for better/more efficient dariry farming in the green-belt zone impinging upon a great deal of constraints for a pollution-free environment under the title of "Anti-pollution dairy farming" as its first research project. While the Club member farmers were building septic tanks and accommodation sotre houses, they strongly felt that such action is not enough to solve the environmental pollution problem and that they need to improve their farming system for the cow waste so that it can be recycled and used as soil compost for forage crop farming on divided uplands. They also worked on a revolving pasture ground system for dairy cows to graze for some while(about one month) with no waste cleaning and for farmers to plant forage after tillering, so that three or four such divided lands could be revolved for dairy and forage farming. As a result all 10 members of the Club who were engaged in dairy farming built septic tanks in their own way for cows' disposed waste in line with the local authority's policy and impacted five non-member dairy farmers who also built their won anti-pollution facilities. while building these facilities, they found a way to get public support for the project implementation. They were proud of these facilities built as a result of their own participatory research. They also created a new dairy farming system as a revolving model for a farmer to raise 20 cows on 1,000 square meters of ground/land for one month and to grow forage crops on that land after tillering, which is also used as cow pasture after the forage crop harvest. By this revolving system the cow waste does not have to be cleaned, but is used as soil compost making the land more fertile. It also shortened the labour hours and raised more head of cow, so that they could increase their income. This system was adopted by one farmer and all the others are adopting this new farming system in the future upon securing land even on lease. Through this model creation, all members were confident that this system would contribute a great deal to building a pollution-free community. As part of their particpatory research, most of the Club members constructed a simple house style soil compost accommodation store house near the dairy house, which can keep the lake and the whole community from water pollution due to the rainfall that makes the ordinary soil compost accommodation produce pollution. In this accommodation store house the soil compost and animal waste could be fermented for some while and used as good organic fertilizers, otherwise thouse are only materials causing pollution. This research also showed that farmers living in the green-belt zone with a lot limitation to development have some way to earn a self-sufficient living by working on sustainable agriculture by their cooperative search for an innovative farming system. This is not only the author's observation but also the opinion of the farmers' Club leader uttered to cope with the Uruguary Round/globalization impact. This participatory research conducted by farmers in close cooperation with an academic group revealed that this is a good and effective approach to rural development which can bear practical fruits and showed the possibility that farmers can conduct or participate in research which can create even better viable knowledge. Knowledge is no longer monopolized by scholars informed in a high level of intellectual and methodology expertise.
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정지웅 한국교회사회사업학회 2009 교회와 사회복지 Vol.10 No.-
본 논문에서는 장애학의 관점에 근거하여, 계몽주의 시대의 정신장애인 문제에 대해 고찰하였다. 장애문제에 대한 본격적인 역사적 사례 분석을 실시하기에 앞서,‘ 장애(인)’을 규정하는 전통적인 담론인‘개별적 모델’과‘사회적 모델’을 살펴보고, 이후 사회적모델의 연장선 상에 있는 장애학적(정치경제학적) 장애분석을 논하였다. 이후 계몽주의 시대의 장애문제에 대해‘프로테스탄티즘은 정신장애인의 복지에 어떠한 영향을 미쳤는가’라는 연구문제를 설정하고, 이를 규명하기 위해 프로테스탄트 노동윤리와 퀘이커교의 종교심리학적 특성이 정신장애인에 대한 일반인들의 인식과 복지 인프라 구축 및 프로그램 내용 구성 등과 어떠한 관계가 있는지 살펴보았다. 역사적 사례를 연구한 결과, 장애 이데올로기에 의해, 계몽주의 시대 정신장애인의 복지 수준이 하락하는 경우(대감호)와 상승하는 경우(윤리적 치료)가 있음을 알 수 있었다. 이를 통해 내릴 수 있는 결론은 장애인의‘장애’그 자체가 문제라기보다는, 장애를 둘러싸고 있는‘환경’이 문제로 작용할 수 있다는 것이다. 특히, 장애인복지나 사회복지의 수준을 결정함에 있어 기독교적(종교적) 변수가 매우 중요한 것임을 알 수 있었으며, 이를 위해 대안적인 기독교사회복지실천을 위한 고려사항을 제언하였다. This paper is a review through disability studies on matters of the mental disabled in the Age of Enlightenment. Before serious historical analysis of disability problems, I generalized disability discourses till now. After this I established research question,"eHow did Protestantism affect welfare of the mental disabled?"f, and looked into the relationship among Protestant labour ethics, Quaker"fs psychology, consciousness of the people toward the mental disabled, administration of welfare institutions. The conclusion of historical case study, by the diability ideology, level of the mental disabled in the Age of Enlightenment was declined by confinement, and was risen by moral treatment. I found out from this, disability itself is not matter but the environment more important, especially, in my research, variables related Christianity, so I suggested considerations for alternative Christian Social Welfare Practices.
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정지웅,임형백,김정태,고운미,강상빈 한국농촌지도학회 2003 농촌지도와 개발 Vol.10 No.2
With emphasis on environmentally safe and sustainable and economically sound and oriented to consumer, this study intends to assess the consumer's cognition and attitudes for safe food distribution, to investigate the supplying system of the organic farm products, to survey the consumer and life cooperatives dealing with organic farm products, and to draw some implications toward environment and consumer-oriented agriculture. Related literatures and available documents were reviewed to conceptualize the environmental-and consumer-oriented agriculture and consumer and life cooperatives, to grasp the nationwide status of such alternative agriculture and consumer cooperatives, and investigate the consumers' cognition and attitude. In order to investigate the consumers' needs for organic farm products and to grasp the active consumer and life cooperatives dealing with organic farm products, questionnaire method and non-structured interview were applied. The environment-and consumer-oriented agriculture refers hero to the farming system in which any farm food and other living products giving no harm to human and livestock health and catering the consumers' need. The consumer and life cooperatives is consumer's group buying and selling organic farm products organized in the cooperative system with which any consumer can be affiliated to buy organic farm p개ducts safely and reasonably.
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정지웅 서울大學校 農業生命科學大學 農業開發硏究所 1997 서울대농학연구지 Vol.22 No.1
While the self-directed learning theory was systematized in the late 80s in the field of adult education in the United States of America, it was first introduced in the early 90s in higher agricultural education as a new paradigm in soil science education by Dr. Philippe Baveye at Cornell University. As a result of author's field study at the Cornell University in the United States, Prof. Baveye's autodidactic approach to his graduate course was more deeply investigated and it is anticipated that self-directed learning approach to agricultural education will be more generally employed in line with
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