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자가치아 뼈 이식재의 발치와내 이식 후 골 치유 양상에 관한 연구
치과 뼈 이식재에 대한 연구가 활발히 이루어져, 최근에는 자가치아를 이용한 뼈 이식재가 개발되어 소개되고 있다. 이는 골전도(osteoconduction) 뿐 아니라 골유도(osteoinduction)능력을 지니며, 또한 환자 자신의 치아를 이용해 만들기 때문에 교차감염 및 항원-항체 반응이 없는 생체적합성 재료로 알려져 있다. 이에 본 연구는 자가치아 뼈 이식재의 골 치유 능력에 대한 효과를 알아보기 위해 다음과 같이 시행하였다. 단국대학교 부속치과병원 구강악안면외과에 내원하여 발치 후 아무런 처치를 시행 받지 않은 환자를 대조군으로, 발치 후 발치와에 자가치아 뼈 이식재를 이식 받은 환자를 실험군으로 하였다. 임상시험연구 승인 및 환자 동의를 얻은 후 실험을 시행하였고, 이들 중 심한 흡연자, 음주자 및 조절되지 않는 당뇨병 환자의 경우에는 대상에서 제외하였다. 자가치아 뼈 이식재 이식 직후 및 3.5개월 후에 파노라마를 촬영하여 발치와내 골밀도를 대조군과 비교 평가하였고, 또한 3.5 개월 후 CT를 촬영하여, 발치와내 골밀도를 대조군과 비교 평가하였다. 조직검사를 시행하기 위해 대조군 및 실험군에서 3.5개월 후 발치와 중앙에서 치조정으로부터 2mm trephine bur로 골조직을 시편을 채취하였다. 채취한 시편은 H&E 염색을 통한 광학 및 편광 현미경 관찰과 조직형태계측학적 분석(histomorphometric analysis)을 시행하여 다음과 같은 결과를 얻었다. 1. 파노라마상 3.5개월 후, 대조군과 실험군의 발치와내 골 밀도를 비교한 결과, 실험군에서 높은 골 밀도를 보였으나, 절대 값 평가(사진상 발치와내의 직접적인 골밀도 평가)에서는 통계적 유의성이 없었고(p>0.05), 상대 값 평가(발치와 주변골을 기준으로한 발치와내 골밀도 백분률)에서는 통계적 유의성이 있었다(p<0.05). 2. 파노라마상 시간 경과에 따른 골밀도 변화 평가에서, 대조군은 평균 7, 실험군에서는 평균 10 gray-level scale 증가를 보여, 양 군 모두 시간이 지남에 따라 유의성 있는 골밀도 증가를 나타내었다(p<0.05). 3. CT 소견상, 3.5개월 후 실험군은 대조군 보다 절대값 및 상대값 평가에서 높은 골 밀도를 보였으며, 통계적으로도 유의하였다(p<0.05). 4. 조직병리학적 소견상, 실험군에서 활발한 신생골 형성 및 층판골 형성을 확인 할 수 있었으며, 법랑질은 골전도능을, 상아질은 골유도능을 지닌 것처럼 보여졌다. 5. 조직형태계측학적 분석에서, 실험군에서 신생골 면적이 높게 나타났으며, 연조직 면적은 적게 나타났고, 통계적으로 유의하였다. 신생골 내 층판골 밀도도 실험군에서 유의 있게 높게 나타났다(p<0.05). 이상의 소견으로 볼 때, 발치와에 자가치아 뼈 이식재를 이식한 경우, 골 치유 능력이 향상 되는 것을 확인 할 수 있었으며, 신생골 및 층판골의 형성도 활발하였다. 자가 치아 뼈 이식재 중 법랑질은 부피 유지와 골전도 기능을, 상아질은 골유도 기능을 가진 것으로 생각되어진다. Research on dental bone graft material has been actively conducted. Recently, demineralized dentin matrix material has been developed and introduced. This material has an osteoinduction ability as well as osteoconduction ability. Also, as this material is made by using patient’s own extracted teeth, this can be a biocompatible material which has no cross-infection and antigen-antibody reaction. Therefore, this study was conducted to estimate an effect of demineralized dentin matrix material on bone healing. Subjects of this study were patients who visited department of oral and maxillofacial surgery, Dankook University Dental Hospital. Patients who received no treatment after extraction were control group and patients who underwent demineralized dentin matrix material application in extraction socket after extraction were experimental group of this study. Research was conducted after obtaining the admission of clinical research and patient consent and patients who are heavy smoker, drinker or having uncontrolled diabetes were excluded. Panorama radiography were taken at baseline and at 3.5 months after graft material placement. Extraction socket density was compared with control group. CT was taken to evaluate bone density in extraction socket and compared with control group. Bony tissue specimen was collected in the middle of extraction socket from alveolar crest by 2mm trephine bur after 3.5month for biopsy. The specimen was observed by optical microscope and polarizing microscope after H&E staining and also histomorphometric analysis was done. The results were as follows: 1. On panoramic view higher bone density was observed in subject group, compared with control group after 3.5 month, but there was no statistical significance(p>0.05) in evaluation of absolute value(direct bone density evaluation in extraction socket on panoramic view) and evaluation of relative value(bone density evaluation in extraction socket based on bone surrounding extraction socket) showed statistical significance(p<0.05). 2. On panoramic view, bone density increasement in extraction socket, from baseline to 3.5 month, was 7 gray-level scale in control group while experimental group showed 10 gray-level scale and these result was statistically significant(p<0.05). 3. On the CT view evaluation at 3.5 month, subject group showed higher bone density compared with control group in absolute and relative value and this value were statistically significant(p<0.05). 4. On histological findings, there was more active new bone and lamellar bone formation in subject group. Dentin with osteoinduction ability and enamel with osteoconduction ability were appeared. 5. On histomorphometric analysis, subject group showed statistically significant higher new bone area and lower soft tissue area(p<0.05). Also, lamellar bone percentage in the new bone was higher in subject group. Defference between the groups was statistically significant(p<0.05). From the result of above, bone healing was improved after application of demineralized dentin matrix material and also there was active new bone and lamellar bone formation. It was thought that enamel parts performs an important role in volume maintenance and osteoconduction and dentin parts performs an important role in osteoinduction.
1760년에 영국에서 시작된 산업혁명과 1789년에 시작된 프랑스 혁명은 18C 서구사회의 전역을 정치, 사회, 경제적으로 자유, 평등, 박애의 정신이 표 방하는 자유주의 사조와 민중의 뜻이 존중되는 시대로 이끌었다. 따라서 문화 와 예술의 흐름에도 대중들의 취향이 반영되는 시대가 되었다.1) 특히, 예술분야는 전시대에 비해 개인적 사상과 감정이 더욱 자유롭게 표현 되었으며 과거 교회나 귀족의 전유물이었던 음악은 중산 계급에게도 점차 확 산되어 매우 주관적이며 감정의 표현이 격정적인 질풍노도2)의 시대를 맞이하 였다. 우리나라에서의 서양음악은 선조말엽 고종 시절 궁정에서 러시아인 교관의 초빙과 군대의 사기진작을 도모하는 목적으로 서양식 군대의 창설과 함께 1900년 12월경 에케르트(Eckert, Franz)3)를 군악대장으로 궁정악대를 창설 하여 서양음악을 교육하고 기독교의 찬송가등을 보급하였으며, 다른 기악기와 더불어 오보에도 같은 시기에 도입되었다. 오보에는 기원전 2800년경에 메소포타미아의 왕의 무덤에서 발견된 벽화에 고대 그리스의 아울로스(Aulos)와 로마의 티비아(Tibia)4)가 발전된 것이며, 중세에는 서나(Surna)5)와 숌(Shawm)6)이라는 악기가 나타나게 되었다. 오보 에는 18세기~19세기를 거치면서 많은 발전으로 독주 음악이 나타나기 시작 하였으며 오케스트라나 솔로 악기로서도 그 대중성이 크게 증가했다. 또한 현 대에서는 더욱 발전된 연주를 위하여 악기의 연구는 끊임없이 지속되어져 오 고 있다.7) 오보에 리드는 더블리드로서 습도, 온도 등 동일한 케인으로 제작되어진 리 드에서도 수많은 변화가 나타난다. 이러한 현상은 많은 경험과 지식을 섭렵한 숙련된 리드 제작자가 제작을 하여도 변화를 예측하기에 매우 어렵다. 전문자 료 및 서적 등 구체화된 참고 자료를 바탕으로 체계적은 리드제작에 관한 연 구는 매우 중요하다 할 것 이다. 물론 리드제작에 있어 수학적 수치만이 절대 적인 것은 아니다. 리드제작자의 많은 경험과 섬세한 감각은 또 하나의 매우 중요한 사항이기 때문이다. 그러나 보편적이고 표준화된 기준치는 숙련을 요 하는 리드제작자에게 좋은 길잡이 역할을 할 수 있다. 이에 따라 본 논문은 한국 오보에 연주자들의 리드제작에 관해 고찰 하였으며, 리드제작방법 교육 에 대한 보편적이고 일반화된 내용을 바탕으로 마이크로미터(Micrometer)를 이용한 표준적 기준치를 제시하였다. Industrial revolution which was begun in England in 1760 and French revolution begun in 1789 led into the period valued liberalism and the meaning of the people while professing the spirit of freedom, equality, philanthropy politically, socially and economically throughout the western society in 18C. Therefore, the tastes of the people were also reflected in the stream of the culture and the art. Especially, the individual thought and the emotions are expressed more freely compared with the former period in the field of the art. The music which was the posessions of the the church in the past and the noble was spread gradually to the middle class and it was entered into the period of the Strum und Drang that was very subjective , expressed the emotions soulfully . Due to the western music in our country, Russian officer was invited and it was the purpose of boosting marale of the army at the court of the Gojong's era in the last days of Josun Dynasty. Eckert, Franz was the leader of the military music with the foundation of the western army around December in 1900 . The court musical band was founded and it educated the western music and spread a hymn of Christianity. And Along with the other musical instruments, Oboe was also introduced at the same period. The origin of Oboe was discovered at the wall painting inside the king's tomb in Mesopotamia around 2800 BC. As Aulos and Tibia of the ancient Greece were developed, the instrument called Surna and Shawm was appeared in middle ages. Oboe solo was started to appear due to the much progress through 18-19 century. Its popularity was increased largely as the orchestra and solo instrument. The research of the instrument has been continued constantly for the more developed performance in the modern times. Oboe reed appears with a many change in the reed that is produced by the same cane humidity, temperature etc, as the double reed. Even though the skilled reed producer that has had much experience and knowledge produces , this penomenon shows that it's very hard for him to predict this change. The research about the systematic reed production can be said very important based on special materials and books etc, flashing out apparatus criticus. Of course, the mathmatical numerical value is not absoulte when it comes to the reed production. That's because the reed producer's much experience and the delicate sense is another very important facts. However, the universal and standalized benchmark can play a good guide role for the reed producer needing the skills. This report considered about the reed production of the oboe players in Korea. It also presented standard benchmark used Micrometer based on the universal and generalized contents about the education of the reed production method.
정부간주의 관점에서 본 유럽연합의 에너지안보정책 : 나부코(Nabucco) 프로젝트 사례연구
본 연구는 EU에너지안보 정책결정과정을 나부코 가스 파이프라인 프로젝트에 대한 사례분석을 통해 살펴보고자한다. 유럽통합의 심화와 발전에 따라 EU공동에너지 정책결정과정에 대한 기존의 연구들은 초국가적 제도주의를 바탕으로 집행위원회의 역할에 주목해왔으며 EU에너지안보정책을 EU차원의 에너지 상황 및 이해관계를 중심으로 설명해왔다. 그러나 본 연구는 나부코 프로젝트 사례에 대한 정부간주의적 접근을 통해 EU에너지안보정책결정과정에서 여전히 회원국들의 이해관계 분포와 연정에 따른 충돌이 주효했다는 점을 지적하고자 한다. 2000년대 들어 EU의 러시아산 가스 의존도가 증가함에 따라 집행위원회는 에너지를 안보의 개념으로 설정하고 가스공급의 다변화를 통해 러시아산 가스 의존도를 낮출 수 있는 대안 파이프라인으로 나부코 프로젝트를 적극적으로 지지하기 시작하였다. 특히 2006년 1차 우크라이나·러시아간 가스분쟁 이후 단일한 가스 공급국에 대한 의존성 탈피는 EU에너지안보정책의 핵심으로 논의되었다. 이에 따라 나부코 프로젝트는 ‘EU공동에너지정책의 화신’으로 묘사되며, 이 시기 EU에너지안보정책의 핵심프로젝트로 구조기금을 통한 직접지원과 EIB, EBRD를 통한 간접지원이 모두 모색되었다. 그러나 2008년 GDF의 나부코 컨소시엄 참가 거부가 결정된 후 프랑스의 이해관계가 변하면서 나부코 프로젝트에 대한 EU 회원국들의 입장이 러시아산 가스 의존도, 나부코 컨소시엄 참여여부, 나부코 운송경로, 노드 스트림과 사우스 스트림 같은 대안 파이프라인에 대한 이해관계로 명확히 분열되기 시작하였다. 2008년 이후 나부코 프로젝트에 대한 지지를 철회한 프랑스와 함께 이전까지 나부코 프로젝트에 대한 프랑스와 동유럽 국가들의 적극적 지지에 별다른 의견을 내지 않던 독일과 이탈리아가 반(反)나부코연정을 형성하였다. 이에 따라 1차 가스분쟁과 유사한 환경적 요인에도 불구하고 2009년 나부코 공식협상은 회원국 간의 본격적 이해관계 충돌의 장이 되었다. 2009년 나부코 공식협상 이후 EU 에너지안보의 핵심은 단일한 가스 공급국에 대한 지나친 의존이 아닌 분쟁의 여파를 완화하기 위한 EU의 내부적 노력이 되었으며 이에 따라 나부코 프로젝트에 대한 집행위원회의 인식과 지원방안이 달라지기 시작하였다. ‘EU공동에너지정책의 화신’은 ‘순수한 상업적 프로젝트’로 변화하였으며, 직접지원과 간접지원이 동시에 논의되던 지원방안은 2009년 이후 간접지원만이 유지되었다. 2009년 2차 가스분쟁이라는 2006년 1차 가스분쟁과 유사한 환경적 요인이 있었음에도 불구하고 나부코 프로젝트에 대한 집행위원회의 인식과 지원이 명확히 변화한 원인은 2008년 프랑스의 이해관계 변화와 이에 따른 반나부코연정의 형성이었다. 이를 통해 유럽통합의 심화와 발전에도 불구하고 여전히 에너지안보 정책결정과정에서는 회원국들의 이해관계의 분포와 연정이 더욱 중요하다는 결론을 내릴 수 있다. The main purpose of this paper is to clarify EU’s decision making process of energy security from a case study of the Nabucco gas pipeline project. Most studies of EU’s decision making process of EU common energy policy focused its characteriestics as a Supernational institutions; especially European commission’s autonomy intervening EU’s decision making process. However, this paper is focused on the EU’s decision making process of energy security policy as the bargaining process of European member’s interest that intergovernmentalist suggested. During 2000s, European commission has conceptualized the energy as one element of the security and promoted energy policy for decreasing Russian gas dependency. Accordingly, Nabucco project had been supported as the alternative pipeline to Russian that. After 1st Russia-Ukraine gas dispute on January 2006, European commission had focused on diversification of the gas supply as the key of European common energy policy and strongly supported Nabucco project as ‘the embodiment of the European energy policy’. At that time, European commission had promoted funding to Nabucco project from the cohesion fund and indirect funding from EIB and EBRD. However, after a French energy company(GDF) was denied to join Nabucco consortium in 2008, France has withdrawn its support for Nabucco project. France, Germany and Italy formed a coalition for denying funding to Nabucco project on Nabucco summit in 2009. At the Nabucco summit in 2009, European member’s interest formations determined by the dependency of Russian gas, the economic interest form Nabucco consortium, the planned pipeline route of Nabucco project, the interest on alternative pipeline plan as Nord stream or South stream, were changed. Accordingly, notwithstanding similar environmental factor; 2nd Russian-Ukraine gas dispute on January 2009, EU’s energy policy and European commission’s cognition of Nabucco project have been changed. After Nabucco summit in 2009, the key of EU’s energy security policy has been changed improving resilience of EU’s internal market from diversification of the gas supply. European commission’s cognitions and supporting method to Nabucco project also have changed. ‘The embodiment of the European energy policy’ was changed to ‘a purely commercial enterprise’. Direct funding to Nabucco project from cohesion fund has been deleted after Nabucco summit in 2009. Notwithstanding similar environmental factor in 2009 with 2006, the reason of changed EU’s cognition and the key of EU’s energy security policy is the changed French interest after 2008 and coalition of anti-Nabucco project at the Nabucco summit in 2009; the bargaining that intergovernmentalist suggested. In conclusion, in spite of the developments of the European integration, European member’s interest formation and coalition at the bargaining are still important on decision making process of EU’s energy security policy.
한국에서 유행하는 동절기 적리 소 코로나바이러스의 검출 및 분리와 스파이크 당단백질 유전자의 분자적 특성 규명
Although winter dysentery (WD) has been suspected to occur frequently in Korea, the exact epidemiology of WD has remained unknown to date. Thus, the causative agents of WD were surveyed by using electron microscopy (EM) as well as antigen-capture ELISA, RT-PCR and nested PCR specific for bovine coronavirus (BCoV) from 97 fecal samples of 32 herds with WD collected from 8 provinces during 2002-2004. BCoV were isolated from the fecal samples positive for BCoV by ELISA, RT-PCR and nested PCR. The BCoV were consistently detected in all herds with WD collected from 8 provinces. Of other pathogens including bovine viral diarrhea virus, rotavirus, salmonella and coccidian oocysts, only coccidian oocysts were inconsistently but concurrently detected with BCoV. Ten WD BCoV were isolated from the fecal samples and exhibited cytopathic effects on inoculated HRT-18G cells and typical morphology of BCoV by electron microscopy. The isolated BCoV was identified as determined by an agglutination of virus particles by IEM with antiserum to BCoV, positive reaction by immunofluorescent test and ELISA using antisera or monoclonal antibodies specific for BCoV, and amplification of BCoV specific nucleocapsid gene by RT-PCR. In the subsequent studies, It was focused on the molecular analysis of the genomic sequences to characterize WD coronaviruses circulated in Korea. We analyzed the S glycoprotein gene to characterize ten winter dysentery (WD) coronavirus strains circulated in Korea during 2002-2003 and compared the nucleotide (nt) and deduced amino acid (aa) sequences with the other known BCoV. The phylogenetic analysis of the entire S glycoprotein gene revealed that the aa sequences of all Korean WD strains were closely related to each other and also to respiratory bovine coronavirus (RBCV) strain OK and enteric bovine coronavirus (EBCV) strain LY-138, but were distinct from the other known BCoVs. From these results, it was concluded that WD caused by BCoV occurred in high frequency and was widespread in Korea and the WD strains circulated in Korea had a genetic property of both RBCV and EBCV, but significantly distinct from the ancestral enteric strain. 국내에서 소 동절기 적리가 빈발한다고 추측되고 있으나 아직까지 그 정확한 역학 및 원인체 분리에 대해서는 보고 된 바 없다. 따라서 그 정확한 발생 실태를 조사하기 위해 8개 도에서 소 동절기 적리가 발생한 32개 농장 97개 설사분변에서 바이러스의 검출을 시도하였다. 바이러스의 검출은 고전적인 방법인 전자현미경법 외에도 국내에서는 사용되지 않았던 ELISA, RT-PCR, nested PCR 기법들을 개발·응용하였다. 또한 이러한 기법들에 의해서 강한 양성 반응을 보이는 설사분변에서 소 동절기 적리 바이러스의 분리 및 동정을 시도하였다. 32개 농장 97개 설사분변에서 소 동절기 적리 코로나바이러스가 관찰되었으며 그 외 소 바이러스성 설사병, 소 로타바이러스, 살모넬라 등의 원인체는 이러한 설사분변에서 검출되지 않았으며, 단지 콕시듐만이 간혹 소 동절기 적리바이러스와 동반되어 검출되었다. 10개의 소 동절기 적리 바이러스는 HRT-18G 세포를 통해 분리되었으며, ELISA, RT-PCR, nested PCR 기법, 면역형광항체법, 전자현미경 및 면역전자현미경으로 관찰한 결과 전형적인 코로나바이러스 양성의 결과를 관찰하였다. 이렇게 분리된 10개의 소 동절기 적리 분리주의 스파이크 당단백질 유전자의 핵산 염기 및 아미노산 서열에 대한 분자생물학적 특성을 미국과 캐나다에서 보고 된 소 코로나바이러스와 비교·분석하였다. 그 결과 prototype Mebus strain과의 핵산염기서열을 비교·분석한 결과 국내 10개 분리주는 S1 subunit와 S2 subunit에서 총 77개와 52개의 핵산 염기서열의 차이가 있었다. 국내 10개 분리주의 전체 S 유전자에 대한 계통분석도에서 모든 국내 소 동절기 적리 분리는 상호간에 높은 상동성을 보였으며, 또한 호흡기형 소 코로나바이러스주인 OK주와 소화기형 소 코로나바이러스주인 LY-138과 그 염기서열이 매우 밀접함을 알 수 있었다. S1 subunit 내의 초가변부위의 계통학적 분석에서 국내 분리주 모두는 호흡기형 코로나바이러스 OK주와 BCQ3994 그리고 소화기형 코로나바이러스인 LY-138과 같은 클러스터에 포함되었다. 호흡기형 소 코로나바이러스의 특이적인 아미노산 염기서열로 알려진 4개소에서 aa 510, aa 543, aa 578은 국내 소 동절기 적리 코로나바이러스에서도 관찰되었다. 이러한 결과를 종합하여 볼 때, 국내 분리 소 동절기 적리 코로나바이러스는 호흡기형 및 소화기형 소 코로나바이러스의 양쪽 특성을 가지고 있는 바이러스임을 시사하고 있다. 또한 국내 분리주 및 외국의 강독주는 약독주에 비해서 S2 subunit의 첫 번째 소수성기의 친수성기의 증가로 바이러스에 의한 세포의 융합력 증가 혹은 병원성에 차이가 있을 수 있음을 알 수 있었다. 본 연구결과 국내에서는 소 동절기 적리가 빈발하고 있음을 알 수 있었으며, 이러한 결과는 국내 소 동절기 적리의 조사를 위한 중요한 역학 데이터로서 활용 할 수 있을 것이며, 또한 국내에서 분리된 소 동절기 적리 코로나바이러스에 대한 분자적 특성을 규명하여 외국 분리주와의 차이점을 밝힘으로서 국내에 유행하는 소 동절기 적리 코로나바이러스에 대한 백신 개발에 있어 유용한 자료로 이용될 수 있을 것이다.
Expression of Apoptotic versus Anti-apoptotic protein in Middle Ear Cholesteatoma
Cholesteatoma is an expanding growth of keratinizing squamous epithelium with the aggressive clinical characteristics of bony destruction in the middle ear and temporal bone. Although cholesteatoma is a pathologically benign lesion, its destructive and expansive characteristics might induce the serious problems of hearing loss, otorrhea and intracranial complications. Cholesteatoma is classified into congenital and acquired cholesteatoma according to the onset of disease. Various hypothesis had been suggested to explain the etiology of cholesteatoma including retraction pocket, proliferation, immigration, and metaplasia. Those theories share the issue of hyperproliferation and hyperkeratosis. Hyperproliferation might imply the breakdown of epithelial homeostasis, which is maintained by proliferation and apoptosis. Though researchers investigated the role of apoptosis in cholesteatoma, apoptosis is still a highly controversial topic. c-FLIP (Cellular FLICE inhibitory protein) is a close homologue of Caspase 8, inhibiting the initiation of apoptosis cascade of the extrinsic pathway. There was an up-regulation of c-FLIP in various types of malignancy and benign hyperplastic skin disease. p53 is a well-known tumor suppressor gene activating the intrinsic pathway of apoptosis via Caspase 3 and regulating the cell cycle preventing cancer development. Though various studies had been conducted regarding the role of p53 in cholesteatoma. The expression of p53 in cholesteatoma tissue is in debate. Ki-67 is a representative proliferation marker which is expressed only in the proliferative phase of the cell cycle. Up-regulation of Ki-67 was identified in many benign epithelial diseases including cholesteatoma. The author evaluated the expression of anti-apoptotic and proliferative proteins (c-FLIP, Ki-67) and the apoptosis marker of p53 in the cholesteatoma and compared the expression rates between retroauricular skin and cholesteatoma. In addition, subgroup analysis of congenital and acquired cholesteatoma was also performed. An immunohistochemistry was performed with 35 cholesteatoma specimens and 10 normal retroauricular skin tissues to evaluate the expression of c-FLIP, p53 and Ki-67. Thirty five cholesteatoma were composed of 14 congenital cholesteatoma and 21 acquired cholesteatoma. The expression rate of each marker was measured with a cell count plug-in software operated in an image processing program of ImageJ to determine the differences between retroauricular skin and cholesteatoma, as well as between congenital and acquired cholesteatoma. The results are as follows: 1. c-FLIP was expressed in basal, spinous and granular layer of cholesteatoma and retroauricular skin. The expression rate of c-FLIP in basal layer did not differ between cholesteatoma and retroauricular skin (p=0.946). In suprabasal and granular layer, a significantly higher expression rate was identified in cholesteatoma than in retroauricular skin (p<0.001, p<0.001). The results revealed that acquired cholesteatoma showed a higher expression rate of c-FLIP in granular layer than that of congenital cholesteatoma (p<0.001). 2. The expression of p53 was identified in the basal and suprabasal layer of cholesteatoma and retroauricular epithelium. The expression rate did not significantly differ between cholesteatoma and retroauricular skin (p<0.396). Congenital cholesteatoma showed no difference with acquired cholesteatoma regarding the expression rate of p53. 3. Ki-67 positive keratinocyte was identified in the basal and suprabasal layers of epithelium. The expression of Ki-67 in cholesteatoma was significantly increased than in retroauricular skin (p<0.001). In the suprabasal layer of acquired cholesteatoma, the expression rate of Ki-67 was significantly higher than that of congenital cholesteatoma. 4. In the suprabasal layer of epithelium, the expression rate of c-FLIP had a significant positive correlation with the expression rate of Ki-67 (r=0.47 p=0. 001). However, there was no significant correlation between the expression rate of c-FLIP and p53 (r= 0.152, p=0.319). Based on these results, the up-regulation of c-FLIP correlated with the expression of Ki-67 in cholesteatoma, while the expression of p53 was not increased. Additionally, there was a prevalent expression of c-FLIP in acquired cholesteatoma than in congenital one. The author postulates that the anti-apoptotic process may play a significant role in the development of cholesteatoma leading to the inhibition of apoptosis and an increase in cell proliferation. Following studies regarding the molecular regulator of c-FLIP might provide further knowledge about the role of anti-apoptotic pathway in cholesteatoma
鄭在鎬 慶一大學校(慶北産業大學校) 1999 국내석사
Furniture is the necessities of life which is closely connected with food, clothing and shelter. Since man began to live fixated, furniture have been an implement of living which have satisfied the man's decorative, functional desire. Up to the present age furniture has been changed a lot in arrangement style, size, shape according to its use. Under the influence of experience and knowledge which are related to furniture, advertising, rapid social change, foreign culture introduction, etc., furniture has been a factor of interior space which has divided a living space, and furniture has been changed into an implement of living which attached great importance to decorative function. The modern furniture is various in material and shape, and lays emphasis on convenience, reasonableness, application of living space in functional aspect. On this point of view, this thesis would present the console design for wall decoration which could maximum application of living space(dwelling space) and pursue convenience, reasonableness, utility. Console's types was historically studied through the literature, a modern shape and a contemporary shape of console was compared, analyzed. And a basic concept was the console-type furniture design which serve a convenient living and at the same time have a decorative aspect, maximum application of wall. Since wood which had the beautiful grain and was colorful was used, and since a synthesized painting which applies a traditional painting technique(a Moksim painting) was used, a newly designed console which was suitable to contemporary sensibilities could be manufactured. In contemporary living space, the role of furniture has changed from the functional to the aesthetical. Hence a plasticity is emphasized. The console for wall decoration not only accommodate this change, but also is suitable to a contemporary dwelling space. Since the console for wall decoration satisfies both functional aspects and decorative aspects, it elevates a cultural level of living. A merit of the console for wall decoration is as follows. First, since a console for wall decoration have a decorative, receiving, shelving functions, it can maximum application of space, and produce delightful circumstances, and meet user's expectations. Second, since a synthesized painting which applies a traditional painting technique(a Moksim painting) is used, a console for wall decoration satisfies a user's various personality, and has a rarity and a economic value. Third, since a traditional construction method is used, a console for wall decoration have the steadiness, and is worth keeping. Fourth, since a console for wall decoration have a neat shape, it is suitable to a contemporary dwelling space, and is in a body with interior structure. Fifth, if the wood is varied and is high ranked, a console for wall decoration could be differentiated from western furniture and could have a artistic value. In the process of the study, especially in the process of the synthesized painting, since a surface decorative technique was very various, a new and unique character could be got when it was applied to manufacture other furniture. Therefore, it is desirable that the process of a synthesized painting is grafted together the process of western furniture's painting. Through this study, it was made clear that industrial arts not only reflected, but also led the realities. Therefore, we must revival our traditional plastic consciousness as early as possible and study continuously industrial arts as plastic arts in which the tradition is harmonized with the modern times.
Multi layer ceramic capacitor 공정의 cabinet dryer에 대한 위험성 평가
본 연구는 건조설비의 위험성을 제어하고 이를 통해 작업자의 안전을 확보하기 위한 목적으로 MLCC(Multi Layer Ceramic Capacitor, 적층세라믹콘텐서) Burn-out 공정에서 사용되는 Cabinet dryer를 대상으로 설비와 재료의 관점에서 위험성을 추정하였다. 설비 관점에서는 설비 및 부속설비 대상으로 육안 점검과 측정기기(열화상카메라, Digital Multi Mate, leakage current tester 등)를 이용한 기능 점검을 포함한 현장진단을 실시하여 히터류의 과열보호 미흡, 온도제어 방식에 따른 과열 등의 위험성을 추정하였고, 재료 관점에서는 건조물의 조성과 물성 그리고 내부 배기가스 흐름에 대한 CFD 해석을 실시하여 설비내부 배기가스 배출 흐름이 균일하지 않아 가스가 정체되는 위험성을 확인하였다. 추정된 위험성은 설비고장률 욕조곡선과 석유화학공장의 전기설비 설치에 관한 기술 지침을 통해 빈도와 강도를 산출하여 XY-Matrix를 도출하였으며, 위험성을 감소시키기 위한 대책으로 XY-Matrix로 도출된 우선순위 판정 결과를 반영한 건조설비의 제작 사양과 설비안전관리 기준을 제시하였다. 이러한 결과는 제조현장에서 사용되는 건조설비에 대하여 안전한 선택과 시공 및 지속적인 관리에 기여할 수 있을 것이며, 건조설비의 위험을 제어할 수 있는 효율적인 해결책이 될 것으로 판단된다. The main findings of this study obtained from diagnosing and assessing the cabinet dryer in MLCC Burn-out process can be summarized as follows. 1) In terms of equipment When estimating risk by visual inspection and functional test, it was found that basic safe operation conditions within control operation of all safety devices installed in cabinet dryer are good. The following risks were found. - Combination of cabinet dryer and control board - Deterioration of parts of electric system caused by heat transfer to electric motor enclosure - Missing of protection against overvoltage of electric system - Overheating that is caused by using system at higher temperature than control temperature with On/Off temperature control mode - Tracking phenomena caused by dust due to narrow intervals between terminals in control board 2) In terms of materials When it comes to risk of construction and physical property of a structure, only flammability was checked due to lack of data and there is no problem in the number of ventilation of drying equipment. The following risks were found through CFD analysis. - It is liable to explode due to stagnation of gas because flow of exhaust gas in equipment is unstable. Frequency and strength were calculated to reduce risk found in terms of equipment and materials by conducting risk assessment. The following conclusion was drawn by applying order of priority through XY-Matrix that frequency and strength were combined. - Manufacturing specification of cabinet dryer used in MLCC Burn-out process - Safety management standard for cabinet dryer used in MLCC Burn-out process
Alpide, a monolithic active pixel sensor의 pixel 시뮬레이션
ITS(Inner Tracking System) upgrade for the ALICE (A Large Ion Collider Experiment) of the LHC(Large Hadron Collider) at CERN is underway. High performance particle detector are required to work with the collider to understand heavy flavored production and quark – gluon plasma. ALPIDE chip which is a kind of Monolithic Active Pixel sensor have been designed. The key performance parameters for the detector are charge collection efficiency, charge collection time, and radiation tolerance. In this paper, calculate the electric field and electric potential in sensors based on device simulation. And simulate carrier transport process. Diffusion process and drift process were quantitatively analyzed during particle transport, and the sensor damage was also quantitatively analyzed by radiant flux. 유럽 CERN에 설치되어 있는 입자 가속기 LHC에서 수행중인 실험 ALICE(A Large Ion CCollider Experiment)의 ITS (Inner Tracking System) 성능향상 과제가 진행 중이다. ALICE는 빅뱅 이후 수 이내에 존재했던 Quark – Gloun Plasma의 이해를 위한 실험으로, LHC의 중이온 충돌 후 발생하는 강입자들을 측정하고 분석한다. 실험에는 고성능 particle detector가 중요한 역할을 하는데, 언급된 성능 향상을 위해 Monolithic Active Pixel Sensor인 ALPIDE가 개발되었다. ALPIDE의 성능을 결정짓는 중요한 요소는 charge collection efficiency, charge collection time, charge distribution, radiation tolerance 이다. 이 논문에서는 device 시뮬레이션을 통하여 센서의 전기장과 전위를 계산 한 후, 전자가 ALPIDE pixel 내에서 생성 된 후 수송되는 과정을 시뮬레이션 하였다. 전자가 수송의 핵심을 이루는 diffusion 과정과 drift 과정에 대해 정량적으로 분석하였으며, radiant flux에 의해 센서가 피해를 입은 경우 또한 정량적으로 분석하였다.